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Water Resources Planning - Strategic Options

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Water Resources Planning - Strategic Options Water Resources Planning - Strategic Options Volume 1 - Main Report Halcrow NRA National Rivers Authority R&D Note 35 v> Water Resource Planning - Strategic Options Volume 1 - Main Report Environment Information ^ Head Office Class No Access^ Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4OQD National Rivers Authority Rivers House Waterside Drive Almondsbury Bristol B512 4UD R&D Note 35 National River Authority Rivers House Waterside Drive Almondsbury Bristol BS12 4UD Tel: 0454 - 624400 Pax: 0454-624409 0 National Rivers Authority December 1991 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the National Rivers Authority. Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd has prepared this report in accordance with the instructions of the National Rivers Authority for their sole and specific use. Any other persons who use any information contained herein do so at their own risk. Dissemination Status Internal: Released to Regions External: Restricted Research Contractor This document was produced under R&D Contract 356 by : Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 0QD Tel: 0793-812479 Fax: 0793-812089 NRA Project Leader The NRA’s Project Leader for this R&D Contract was Jerry Sherriff - Head Office WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - STRATEGIC OPTIONS HALCROW REPORT AUTHORISATION Prepared by: T R TURNER Signature: ■ ' X Date: 2 /1 /9 2 Checked by: P J HAWKER Signature Date: 2 /1 /9 2 Approved by: J D LAWSON Date: 2 /1 /9 2 Form No. 13/0/90 HALCROW PROJECT TEAM D irector J D Lawson Manager P J Hawker Hydrologists P T Adamson M K T Shah Hydrogeologists E Cooper E E M Wilson Environmental Adviser D J Solomon Resources Engineer T R Turner Strategy Adviser R S Baxter WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - STRATEGIC OPTIONS VOLUME 1 - MAIN REPORT CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES SUMMARY 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Need for More Water 1 1.3 Strategic O ptions 2 INTRODUCTION 4 2.1 Purpose of the Study 4 2.2 Review of Previous Studies 4 2.3 Available Data 6 2.3.1 General 6 2.3.2 Demands 6 2.3.3 Resources 7 2.3.4 Environmental Aspects 7 2.4 Approach 8 2.5 Limitations of the Study 9 2.6 Environmental Issues 9 DEMAND FOR WATER IN ENGLAND AND WALES 11 3.1 How Demand is Assessed 11 3.2 Existing Demands 12 3.2.1 Public Sector 12 3.2.2 Private Sector 14 3.2.3 Comparison of Present Demand with Previous Forecasts 15 3.2.4 Net Use 16 3.3 Future Public Sector Demand 17 3.4 Future Private Sector Demand 19 EXISTING RESOURCES AND FUTURE NEEDS 21 4.1 Existing Surface Water Supplies 21 4.2 Existing Groundwater Supplies 25 4.3 Reliable Yield of Existing SuppMes 26 4.4 Possible Climatic Change 29 4.5 Future Environmental Constraints on Existing Sources 31 4.5.1 General 31 4.5.2 Surface Water Abstraction 31 4.5.3 Groundwater Abstraction 32 4.5.4 impact of Environmental Concerns on Yield 33 4.6 The Need For Increased Water Supplies 34 5 THE RANGE OF OPTIONS FOR FUTURE SUPPLIES 36 5.1 Regional Water Balances 36 5.2 Shortcomings of the Existing System 37 5.2.1 Political Aspects 37 5.2.2 Hydrological Aspects 38 5.2.3 Water Quality Aspects 39 5.3 The Range of Strategic Options 41 5.3.1 Definition of Strategic Options 41 5.3.2 Reducing The Need For Water 42 5.3.3 Increasing the Availability of Water Locally 42 5.3.4 Major Transfers 43 5.4 Costings 43 5.5 Environmental Impacts 44 6 OPTIONS TO REDUCE THE NEED FOR WATER 45 6.1 Leakage Control 45 6.2 M etering 46 6.3 Improving Efficiency of Water Use 49 6.3.1 Domestic Demand 49 6.3.2 Non-domestic demand 50 6.4 Restricting Supplies During Droughts 51 6.5 Overall Potential for Reduction 51 6.5.1 Leakage 51 6.5.2 Metering 53 6.6 Costs of Reducing the Need 54 6.6.1 Leakage Control 54 6.6.2 Metering 57 6.6.3 Drought Measures 57 6.7 Environmental Aspects of Reducing The Need 57 7 LOCAL OPTIONS FOR INCREASED SUPPLIES 58 7.1 Increased use of Groundwater 58 7.1.1 Conventional Development 58 7.1.2 Artificial Recharge 58 7.2 Increasing Use of River Water 61 7.3 Provision of More Storage 62 7.4 Integration of Resources 63 7.5 Re-use of Effluents 64 7.6 Desalination 66 7.7 Costs of Local Options 67 7.8 Environmental Aspects of Local Options 69 7.8.1 Increasing Use Of River Water 69 7.8.2 Increased Use Of Groundwater 70 7.8.3 Provision Of More Storage 71 7.8.4 Integration Of Sources 71 7.8.5 Re-Use Of Effluents 72 7.8.6 Desalination 72 8 OPTIONS INVOLVING TRANSFER OF WATER 73 8.1 Inter-Regional Transfers 73 8.1.1 General 73 8.1.2 Severn-Thames Transfer 73 8.1.3 Trent-Witham Transfer and Ely Ouse-Essex Scheme 77 8.1.4 Essex-Kent Transfer 79 8.1.5 Vyrnwy Supply Redistribution Scheme 80 8.1.6 Kielder - Anglian Region 81 8.2 A National Water Grid 83 8.3 Water From Europe 85 8.4 Transfer by Ship 86 8.5 Costs of Transfer Options 87 8.6 Environmental Aspects Of Transfer Options 88 8.6.1 Inter-Regional Transfers 88 8.6.2 Other Transfer Options 89 9 REGIONAL REVIEW OF STRATEGIC OPTIONS 90 9.1 The Country as a W hole 90 9.2 Anglian Region 93 9.2.1 Public Water Supply 93 9.2.2 Private Abstraction 94 9.3 Northumbria Region 95 9.3.1 Public Water Supply 95 9.3.2 Private Supply 97 9.4 North West Region 97 9.4.1 Public Water Supply 97 9.4.2 Private Supplies 98 9.5 Severn Trent Region 99 9.5.1 Public Water Supply 99 9.5.2 Private Supply 100 9.6 Southern Region 101 9.6.1 Public Water Supply 101 9.6.2 Private Supply 103 9.7 South West Region 104 9.7.1 Public Water Supply 104 9.7.2 Private Supply 105 9.8 Thames 106 9.8.1 Public Water Supply 106 9.8.2 Private Supply 108 9.9 Welsh Region 108 9.9.1 Public Water Supply 108 9.9.2 Private Supply 109 9.10 Wessex 110 9.10.1 Public Water Supply 110 9.10.2 Private Supply 112 9.11 Yorkshire 112 9.11.1 Private Water Supply 113 9.11.2 Private Supply 113 10 CONCLUSIONS 115 10.1 Concerning Current Practices 115 10.2 Concerning Current Levels of Demand 115 10.3 Concerning the Forecast Need for More Water 116 10.4 Concerning Strategic Options for Meeting Deficits 116 10.5 Concerning Costs of Strategic Options 118 10.6 Recommendations 119 GLOSSARY REFERENCES FIGURES APPENDIX A LETTER OF INVITATION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE VOLUME 2 - ANNEXES (bound seperately) A EXISTING RESOURCES B DEMAND FORECASTS C COSTINGS WATER RESOURCES PLANNING List of Tables Tables 2.1 Comparison of Forecast and Actual Water Demand 3.1 Current Public Sector Water Demand 3.2 Per Capita Water Consumption 3.3 Gross Private Sector Water Demand 3.4 Comparison of Demand Forecasts 3.5 Public Water Supply Demand Forecasts 3.6 Forecast Private Sector Demand 4.1 Surface Water Use by Demand Type 4.2 Regional Utilisation of Surface Water Resources for Current Public and Private Abstraction. 4.3 Reservoir Operation 4.4 Operation of Potential Storage Schemes in Wales 4.5 Drought Reliable Yields of Existing Public Water Supply Resources Available to the Regions 4.6 North West Region : % Distribution of Critical Periods for Surface Water Reservoir Systems 4.7 Forecast Deficits and Surpluses by Region 5.1 Regional Public and Private Demands in Relation to Gross Resources 6.1 Regional Forecasts of U.F.W. 6.2 Water Savings by Leakage Control 6.3 Water Savings by Metering 6.4 Overall Potential for Water Saving 6.5 Leakage Control Unit Costs 6.6 Total Costs of Leakage Control 6.7 Unit Costs of Leakage Savings 6.8 Unit Costs of Water Metering 7.1 Average Unit Cost for Local Options 8.1 illustrative Allocation of Craig Goch Yield 8.2 Craig Goch Transfers and Costs 8.3 Trent-Witham Transfers and Costs 8.4 Vyrnwy Transfers and Costs 8.5 Kielder Transfers and Costs 8.6 Estimated Costs for Transfer Schemes 8.7 Unit Cost Prices for Transfer Options 9.1 Forecast Public Supply Deficits in 2021 With and Without Metering 9.2 Forecast Private Abstractions for England and Wales 9.3 Resource Surpluses in Anglian Region 9.4 Strategic Options for Anglian Region 9.5 Anglian Region Private Abstraction Forecasts 9.6 Resource Surpluses in Northumbrian Region 9.7 Northumbrian Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 9.8 Resource Surpluses in North West Region 9.9 North West Region Forecast increase in Private Abstraction 9.10 Resource Surpluses in Severn Trent Region 9.11 Severn Trent Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 9.12 Resource Deficits in the Southern Region 9.13 Strategic Options for Meeting Southern Region Deficits 9.14 Southern Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 9.15 Resource Deficits in South West Region 9.16 Options for Meeting Deficits in the South West Region 9.17 South West Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 9.18 Resource Deficits in the Thames Region 9.19 Strategic Options for Meeting Deficits in the Thames Region 9.20 Thames Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 9.21 Resource Surpluses in the Welsh Region 9.22 Welsh Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstractions 9.23 Resource Deficits in the Wessex Region 9.24 Strategic Options for Meeting Deficits in the Wessex Region 9.25 Wessex Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 9.26 Resource Surpluses in Yorkshire Region 9.27 Yorkshire Region Forecast Increase in Private Abstraction 10.1 Costs of Strategic Options WATER RESOURCES PLANNING List of Figures Figures 1.
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