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Civil Society, Government and the Opposition Movements in Poland: the Post-Communist Role Reversal

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Civil Society, Government and the Opposition Movements in Poland: the Post-Communist Role Reversal e W E E R / Warsaw East European Conferenc e W E E R / Warsaw East European Conferenc INTERNAT I ONAL BOARD : Egidijus Aleksandravičius, Vytautas Magnus University Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna Miroslav Hroch, Charles University Yaroslav Hrytsak, Ukrainian Catholic University Andreas Kappeler, University of Vienna Zbigniew Kruszewski, University of Texas, El Paso Jan Kubik, Rutgers University Panayot Karagyozov, Sofia University Alexey Miller, Russian Academy of Sciences Richard Pipes, Harvard University Mykola Riabchuk, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Alexander Rondeli, Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies John Micgiel, Columbia University Barbara Törnquist-Plewa, Lund University Theodore Weeks, Southern Illinois University ED I TOR I AL COMM I TTEE : Jan Malicki, University of Warsaw (Director of the WEEC – Warsaw East European Conference, chair of the Committee) Leszek Zasztowt (chair of the WEEC Board), University of Warsaw Andrzej Żbikowski (secretary of the WEEC Board, University of Warsaw ED I TOR -I N -CH I EF Jerzy Kozakiewicz, University of Warsaw ASS I STANT ED I TOR Konrad Zasztowt, University of Warsaw ISBN: 978-83-61325-32-1 ISSN: 2299-2421 Copyright © by Studium Europy Wschodniej UW 2013 COVER AND TYPOGRAPH ic DES I GN J.M & J.J.M. LAYOUT Jan Malik, “MALGRAF” PR I NT I NG Zakład Graficzny UW, nr zam. 780/2013 Foreword ........................................................................................................... 9 I. POLAND Galia Chimiak, The Evolution of the Vision of Civil Society in Poland ..................... 13 Beata Halicka, The Shifting of Borders in 1945 in Memory of Poles, Germans and 29 Ukrainians ....................................................................................................... Richard J. Hunter, Leo V. Ryan, Economic Transformation and Privatization .......... 37 Magda Stroińska, Civil Society, Government and the Opposition Movements in Po- land: The Post-Communist Role Reversal ........................................................... 53 Alexander Tsimbal, The Policy of Polish Authorities Concerning the Orthodox Church in Poland 1921–1939 ...................................................................................... 65 II. EUROPE Klara Bruvere, Shifting Representations: The Effect of European Union Film Policies on the Latvian Cinemascape ................................................................................... 77 Casimir Dadak, The Greek Crisis, A Lesson for Poland............................................ 89 Inga Gaižauskaitė, Support for Democracy: Tendencies in Lithuania 1990–2012 ..... 101 Ieva Gajauskaitė, Lithuanian – Ukrainian Strategic Partnership in the Context of EU Neighborhood Policy.......................................................................................... 115 Cynthia M. Horne, Transitional Justice and Social Trust in Post-Communist Countries ......................................................................................................... 129 Natalia L. Iakovenko, Eastern Partnership: View from Ukraine .............................. 153 Diana Janušauskienė, Democratic Transformation in Lithuania: Still Post-Soviet? .... 161 Krzysztof Kokoszczyński, Has International Conditionality Worked in Central and Eastern Europe ................................................................................................. 169 III. SOUTH CAU C ASUS AND CENTRAL AS I A Magdalena Dembińska, Fluctuating Images of Enemies and Friends: Abkhazia, With Turkish Cyprus’ Lens ............................................................................... 177 Natalia Konarzewska, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in the South Caucasus (Instrumentalist Approach) ............................................................................... 205 Azim Malikov, Collective Memory, History, Identity in the Bukharan Oasis in Post- Soviet Period ................................................................................................... 213 Svajonė Mykėnė, Trends in Gender (In)equality in Azerbaijan .............................. 229 Alexander Rondeli, Georgia and Russia: What’s on Their Minds? ........................... 247 Yalchin Mammadov, Post-Communist Nation-State Building in the South Caucasus and the Challenges of the Consolidation of Demos ............................................. 257 IV. RUSS I A Yury Kabanov, Information Security in Europe: Perspectives of EU-Russia Common Policy ............................................................................................................... 271 Krzysztof Szumski, Post-Communist Giants - China and Russia: Partners and Rivals ........................................................................................................ 281 Contributors ..................................................................................................... 287 FOREWORD Foreword his Warsaw East European Review (vol. III/2013) provides a general over- view of the major topics pertaining to the sphere of the Eastern studies as well as fields of interest as they were presented on last year’s Nineths An- Tnual Session of Warsaw East European Conference (2012, July 15-18) organized by the Center for East European Studies of the Warsaw University. General subject of the conference was entitled „Old and New: Past, Present and Future of the Post-Communist World”. Quite similarly to some previous annual sessions of the WEEC the issues of cooperation as well as working and operational contacts between the post-commu- nist countries and EU structures and institutions were most willingly taken as the themes of presentations and reports. In this review the section devoted to that is represented by five texts, out of which we particularly commend to your attention „Information Security in Europe: Perspectives of the EU-Russia Common Policy”. Also, difficult problems of the system changes transforming the post-soviet societies and economies have been very popular and permanently studied. In the review we have as many as seven presentations from this section, including the text by Cynthia M. Horne especially worthy to be read. Another section is devoted to the not-so-distant history represented by two texts here, and particularly the excellent work by Alexander Tsimbal. Caucasian section was especially frequented that year, so it has been repre- sented by group of texts, out of which the one on “Trends in Gender (In)equality in Azerbaijan” seems to be particularly informative. WEEReview iii/2013 9 Introduction In general terms, the Ninth Annual Session of Warsaw East European Con- ference had over 400 participants including about 150 speakers in thirty seven discussion panels and seven round tables. Thus, the task of this review is rather to point out the main directions of Eastern studies, policies and discussions as well as to encourage to participate in coming sessions of the WEEC. Jerzy Kozakiewicz Warsaw East European Review, Editor-in-Chief University of Warsaw 10 WEEReview iii/2013 I POLAND The Evolution of the Vision of Civil Society in Poland* GAL I A CH I M I AK Institute of Philosophy and Sociology Polish Academy of Sciences Collegium Civitas, Warsaw, Poland Where It All Began order to analyze the evolution of the vision of civil society, one should first ask about the group(s)seeking to develop civil society during communist times. This question is especially pertinent to Poland, where unlike any of Inthe other former communist countries in Europe, the communist regime had to cope with a number of local actors which sought to undermine its legitimacy. It has been rec- ognized that there are two main collective actors that should be taken into account when considering civil society in Poland. These are the unprecedented in its scope and unpar- alleled elsewhere in Europe social movement and trade union Solidarity (Solidarność), which emerged in the early 1980s, and the Polish opposition leaders. The latter devel- oped indigenous to Poland yet influential abroad civil society ideology. Among other in- ternational commentators, Jude Howell and Jeremy Lind observed that Adam Michnik “resurrected the language of civil society” to express his opposition to the authoritarian rule and his vision of an alternative democratic society1. As civil society embodies pluralism, an attempt to consider only one aspect of Polish society’s self-organization would be partial and unjustified. In order to fully understand how the vision of civil society has evolved since communist times, it is necessary to con- sider both the development of the postulates raised by Solidarność and the legacy of the opposition leaders in Poland. In addition to these two main factors which were instru- mental in toppling the communist system, two more collective actors on the civic scene merit attention. Firstly, the Catholic Church and the last pope John Paul II’s support for self-organization of Polish society during communist times should be recognized. As Adam Michnik put it, the Catholic Church shared the moral principles postulated by * An earlier draft of this paper was developed under the international research project “Has our dream come true? Comparative research of Central and Eastern European Civil Societies’ financed by Trust CEE (grant nr CBI_2009_11) implemented in Poland by the Institute of Public Affairs and published in Civil Szemle in 2012 1 Jude Howell and Jeremy Lind, Counter-Terrorism, Aid and Civil Society Before and After the War on Terror (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009),
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