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El Colegio De México Centro De Estudios De Asia Y África LA El Colegio de México Centro de Estudios de Asia y África LA REGIÓN AUTÓNOMA UIGUR DE XINJIANG EN LA ESTRATEGIA DE CHINA EN ASIA CENTRAL Tesis presentada por JOCELIN SUSANA CRUZ NÚÑEZ para optar al grado de MAESTRIA EN ESTUDIOS DE ASIA Y ÁFRICA ESPECIALIDAD: CHINA DIRECTORA: DRA. MARISELA CONNELLY Ciudad de México, 2018 Agradecimientos Agradezco al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por el apoyo económico que me permitió realizar mis estudios de maestría. Al Colegio de México y al Centro de Estudios de Asia y África (CEAA) por la oportunidad que me brindaron para estudiar la maestría. A los profesores del área de China por su dedicación, especialmente a la profesora Marisela Connelly por su apoyo y paciencia para la realización de esta investigación. A mis compañeros de aventura, Rocío, Estefany, Adrián y Diego. A mi familia por su apoyo incondicional. Resumen La Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang es importante para la seguridad nacional de la República Popular China (RPCh) debido a los conflictos étnicos que se desarrollan en esta región. Sin embargo, su importancia no sólo radica en la problemática social, su ubicación geoestratégica (puente que une China y Asia Central), así como los recursos energéticos con los que cuenta (petróleo y gas), hacen de esta región preponderante para el desarrollo de la RPCh. En las siguientes páginas se muestra cómo las estrategias de la RPCh en Xinjiang y Asia Central están estrechamente relacionadas. Si bien, en un principio, la estrategia en la región centro asiática fue mantener estable la región, priorizando la seguridad, dicha estrategia evolucionó y abarcó otras áreas como la economía (intercambio comercial y de energéticos), que hoy en día tiene un papel clave en el aumento de la influencia regional y mundial de China. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explicar cómo Xinjiang es utilizada en la estrategia de China en Asia Central, como eje de la relación sino-centro asiática, analizando cuatro temas principales: los antecedentes históricos de Xinjiang en las relaciones de la RPCh con sus vecinos, las características más importantes (la seguridad, la economía y la energía) de la estrategia del gobierno chino en Xinjiang y en Asia Central, y la repercusión de la influencia de otros actores (Rusia, EE.UU y la UE) en el papel de China como líder regional. Palabras clave: Xinjiang, Asia Central, China, geopolítica, liderazgo Abstract The Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region is important for the national security of the People's Republic of China (PRC) due to the ethnic conflicts that take place in this region. However, its importance does not only lie in social problems, its geostrategic location (bridge linking China and Central Asia), as well as its energy resources (oil and gas), make this region extremely significant for the PRC’s development. The following pages show how the PRC's strategies in Xinjiang and Central Asia are closely related. Although the initial strategy in Central Asia was to keep the region stable, giving priority to security, this strategy evolved and covered other aspects such as economy (commercial and energy exchange), which today plays a key role in the expansion of China’s regional and global influence. This research aims to explain how Xinjiang is used in the strategy of China in Central Asia, as the pivot of the Sino-Central Asia relations, by analyzing four main subjects: the Xinjiang’s historical background role in the PRC’s relations with its neighbors, the most important characteristics (security, economy and energy) of the Chinese government’s strategy in Xinjiang and Central Asia, and the effect of the influence of other actors (Russia, US and EU) on China’s role as a regional power. Keywords: Xinjiang, Central Asia, China, geopolitics, leadership Índice Introducción ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Capítulo I: Antecedentes históricos .................................................................................................... 1.1 Xinjiang durante la República de China 1912-1949 .................................................................. 8 1.2 Xinjiang durante los primeros años de la República Popular China 1949-1976 ...................... 13 1.3 Xinjiang durante el periodo de reforma 1976-1990 ................................................................ 18 1.4 Xinjiang después de la caída de la Unión Soviética 1991-2000 ............................................... 23 Capítulo II: Estrategia regional en Xinjiang .......................................................................................... 2.1 Seguridad ................................................................................................................................. 30 2.2 Economía y desarrollo ............................................................................................................ 39 2.3 Energía ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Capítulo III: Liderazgo chino en Asia Central ....................................................................................... 3.1 Relaciones en materia de seguridad ....................................................................................... 58 3.2 Intercambio económico y comercial ....................................................................................... 64 3.3 Relaciones en materia de energía ........................................................................................... 77 Capítulo IV: Influencia en Asia Central ................................................................................................ 4.1 Influencia rusa en las relaciones de Asia Central .................................................................... 95 4.2 Influencia estadounidense en las relaciones de Asia Central ............................................... 104 4.3 Influencia de la Unión Europea en las relaciones de Asia Central ........................................ 111 Consideraciones finales ................................................................................................................. 125 Bibliografía ..................................................................................................................................... 131 Introducción Debido a las divisiones internas1 que se dieron después de la caída de la dinastía Qing (1644-1911) y la instauración de la República de China (1912-1949), el gobierno chino comenzó a plantearse una administración más fuerte en las regiones con minoría Han, con el fin no sólo de detener la influencia extranjera en dichos territorios, sino de fortalecer el nacionalismo, por lo que se crearon las regiones autónomas,2 logrando con la creación de la República Popular China (RPCh) el control y una real división territorial de los grupos étnicos, a través del Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL) y posteriormente estableciendo los lineamientos que regulan dichas áreas en la constitución de la República, sumado al apoyo internacional, que pugnaba por un control de los territorios cercanos a la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS), con el fin de evitar su expansión. Xinjiang fue establecida como región autónoma por el gobierno chino en 1955, momento en el que comenzaron una serie de campañas políticas y sociales, así como la migración de gran número de población Han, como medio de control interno. Sin embargo, la importancia de este territorio es histórica, al haber formado parte de la Ruta de la Seda, que permitió un amplio intercambio comercial y cultural3 con Asia Central4 y el resto del mundo. Aunque el gobierno chino no ejerció completo control sobre la zona hasta la derrota de los oirat (mongoles) en 1755, momento en el que China anexa formalmente Xinjiang, entonces llamado Turquestán Oriental, a su territorio.5 Posteriormente se enfrentaron a los khojas (turcos) que para principios del siglo XIX dominaban el comercio de la región (Kashgar). La debilidad del gobierno para controlar el territorio se agravó cuando en 1862 comenzó la rebelión de los dunganes (musulmanes), para tener un mayor control el gobierno Qing integró el 1 Gobierno de señores de la guerra en varias regiones y lucha entre el Partido Comunista de China y el Guomindang. 2 Las regiones autónomas y sus fechas de creación son: Mongolia Interior en 1947, Xinjiang Uigur en 1955, Ningxia Hui y Guangxi Zhuang en 1958, Tíbet en 1965. 3 El intercambio comercial en Xinjiang se daba en los oasis a lo largo del desierto Taklamakan, convergiendo en la ciudad de Kashgar. 4 Entonces conocida como Regiones del oeste o el Turquestán Occidental. 5 Joseph F. Fletcher, “China and Central Asia, 1368-1884”, en John King Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese world order: traditional China’s foreign relations, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 218-219. 1 Turquestán Oriental a la administración china, convirtiéndola en provincia y nombrándola Xinjiang (La nueva frontera) en 18846. Después de su instauración como región autónoma, por medio de las diversas campañas desarrolladas por el gobierno chino, se buscó unir el territorio al gobierno central (política, económica y socialmente) y con ello disminuir la influencia extranjera en la región. Por otro lado, en lo referente a las relaciones con el exterior, si bien, en un comienzo fueron cautelosas, se llegaron a varios acuerdos con la Unión Soviética, no obstante, limitados a asuntos
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