Dynamics Enhanced by Hcl Doping Triggers Maximum Pauling Entropy
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Novel Hydraulic Structures and Water Management in Iran: a Historical Perspective
Novel hydraulic structures and water management in Iran: A historical perspective Shahram Khora Sanizadeh Department of Water Resources Research, Water Research Institute������, Iran Summary. Iran is located in an arid, semi-arid region. Due to the unfavorable distribution of surface water, to fulfill water demands and fluctuation of yearly seasonal streams, Iranian people have tried to provide a better condition for utilization of water as a vital matter. This paper intends to acquaint the readers with some of the famous Iranian historical water monuments. Keywords. Historic – Water – Monuments – Iran – Qanat – Ab anbar – Dam. Structures hydrauliques et gestion de l’eau en Iran : une perspective historique Résumé. L’Iran est situé dans une région aride, semi-aride. La répartition défavorable des eaux de surface a conduit la population iranienne à créer de meilleures conditions d’utilisation d’une ressource aussi vitale que l’eau pour faire face à la demande et aux fluctuations des débits saisonniers annuels. Ce travail vise à faire connaître certains des monuments hydrauliques historiques parmi les plus fameux de l’Iran. Mots-clés. Historique – Eau – Monuments – Iran – Qanat – Ab anbar – Barrage. I - Introduction Iran is located in an arid, semi-arid region. Due to the unfavorable distribution of surface water, to fulfill water demands and fluctuation of yearly seasonal streams, Iranian people have tried to provide a better condition for utilization of water as a vital matter. Iran is located in the south of Asia between 44º 02´ and 63º 20´ eastern longitude and 25º 03´ to 39º 46´ northern latitude. The country covers an area of about 1.648 million km2. -
11Th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, PCI
11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI-2006) Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006 Abstracts _______________________________________________ Edited by Frank Wilhelms and Werner F. Kuhs Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 549 (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Frank Wilhelms, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Werner F. Kuhs, Universität Göttingen, GZG, Abt. Kristallographie Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany Preface The 11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI- 2006) took place in Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006. It was jointly organized by the University of Göttingen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI), the main German institution for polar research. The attendance was higher than ever with 157 scientists from 20 nations highlighting the ever increasing interest in the various frozen forms of water. As the preceding conferences PCI-2006 was organized under the auspices of an International Scientific Committee. This committee was led for many years by John W. Glen and is chaired since 2002 by Stephen H. Kirby. Professor John W. Glen was honoured during PCI-2006 for his seminal contributions to the field of ice physics and his four decades of dedicated leadership of the International Conferences on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice. The members of the International Scientific Committee preparing PCI-2006 were J.Paul Devlin, John W. Glen, Takeo Hondoh, Stephen H. Kirby, Werner F. Kuhs, Norikazu Maeno, Victor F. Petrenko, Patricia L.M. Plummer, and John S. Tse; the final program was the responsibility of Werner F. Kuhs. The oral presentations were given in the premises of the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (DSM) a few meters away from the Alfred-Wegener-Institute. -
Structural Challenges Faced by Arctic Ships
NTIS # PB2011- SSC-461 STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES FACED BY ARCTIC SHIPS This document has been approved For public release and sale; its Distribution is unlimited SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE 2011 Ship Structure Committee RADM P.F. Zukunft RDML Thomas Eccles U. S. Coast Guard Assistant Commandant, Chief Engineer and Deputy Commander Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety, Security For Naval Systems Engineering (SEA05) and Stewardship Co-Chair, Ship Structure Committee Co-Chair, Ship Structure Committee Mr. H. Paul Cojeen Dr. Roger Basu Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Senior Vice President American Bureau of Shipping Mr. Christopher McMahon Mr. Victor Santos Pedro Director, Office of Ship Construction Director Design, Equipment and Boating Safety, Maritime Administration Marine Safety, Transport Canada Mr. Kevin Baetsen Dr. Neil Pegg Director of Engineering Group Leader - Structural Mechanics Military Sealift Command Defence Research & Development Canada - Atlantic Mr. Jeffrey Lantz, Mr. Edward Godfrey Commercial Regulations and Standards for the Director, Structural Integrity and Performance Division Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety, Security and Stewardship Dr. John Pazik Mr. Jeffery Orner Director, Ship Systems and Engineering Research Deputy Assistant Commandant for Engineering and Division Logistics SHIP STRUCTURE SUB-COMMITTEE AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING (ABS) DEFENCE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CANADA ATLANTIC Mr. Craig Bone Dr. David Stredulinsky Mr. Phil Rynn Mr. John Porter Mr. Tom Ingram MARITIME ADMINISTRATION (MARAD) MILITARY SEALIFT COMMAND (MSC) Mr. Chao Lin Mr. Michael W. Touma Mr. Richard Sonnenschein Mr. Jitesh Kerai NAVY/ONR / NAVSEA/ NSWCCD TRANSPORT CANADA Mr. David Qualley / Dr. Paul Hess Natasa Kozarski Mr. Erik Rasmussen / Dr. Roshdy Barsoum Luc Tremblay Mr. Nat Nappi, Jr. Mr. -
Dielectric Anomalies in Crystalline Ice: Indirect Evidence of the Existence of a Liquid-Liquid Critical
Dielectric Anomalies in Crystalline Ice: Indirect evidence of the Existence of a Liquid-liquid Critical Point in H 2O Fei Yen 1,2* , Zhenhua Chi 1,2 , Adam Berlie 1† , Xiaodi Liu 1, Alexander F. Goncharov 1,3 1Key Laboratory for Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China 2High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China 3Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington D.C., 20015, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] †Present address: ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX United Kingdom “This document is the unedited Author’s version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in [The Journal of Physical Chemistry C], copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07635 ” Abstract: The phase diagram of H 2O is extremely complex; in particular, it is believed that a second critical point exists deep below the supercooled water (SCW) region where two liquids of different densities coexist. The problem however, is that SCW freezes at temperatures just above this hypothesized liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) so direct experimental verification of its existence has yet to be realized. Here, we report two anomalies in the complex dielectric constant during warming in the form of a peak anomaly near Tp=203 K and a sharp minimum near Tm=212 K from ice samples prepared from SCW under hydrostatic pressures up to 760 MPa. -
March 11,1871
PORTLAND, SATURDAY MOKJVING, MARCH _ 11, 1871. Terms $8.00 per annum, in Tlu* Portland advance. Hally Press BONDS. BUSINESS even _INSURANCE. DIRECTORY HOTELS Unpublished lay (Sumlays exoepted) by _bonds._ Portland Publishing Co., Annual Statement THE Advertising Agency. DAILY PRESS. Middle Hotel At in<j r.u--174* street, Advertise Directory, Tlte Fird Ex chance Street. Portland. ,nsertel7 •» papers in Maine and the POliTLAN J>. „,"TSmi the through Embracing leadini Hotels in the State,at which mortgage country at the publisher's lowes rales. Terms:—Eight Dollars a Year in advance. Firemen's Fond Ins. Co., of San Francisco, Central Railroad the Dai)? Prest may» Kays be round. Agricultural Implements A Needs Allred. SATURDAY, MARCH 11. 1871. The Maine state Press For the year ending December 1870. BAWYEft 7 31, * Per OF WOODrQRD, No. up Exchange St County House, litcbar.i H. Coding, Proprietor. Cent Gold at Capital in Geld... tiAAiMM) CO.r IOWA. Aararm. Is published every Thcrsdav Morning at a Capital paid in, dald,. Auctioneer. Elm Coml. St. W. S. Sc A. HellgiouN Department.. $2 50 a year; if paid in advance, $2.00 ‘.‘/.I V.V.*.*500$00 have now House, Young, Fropri. Beal Estate owned built and equipped, is first-class ; manner, bonds, year. by the Company. 150 000 327 Congress St. Auction Salei etors. about NS; ty Icms of 'be cltur. ho Suti- “ prlBtea ii flieU wVtta iiiV Maine every Evening. Private Sales during tbe day. ViiNE Hotel. Davis & Intelligence tronj Paine, Proprietors ON A div »c'.ool» and uiissionuiy n tctprisee ol Jit.lne will Rates of Advertising.—One inch of space, irB™?,fcebyCoBraml',1oner0r'ga*'i’ COMPLETED be Cash in .fllceand ROAD, »elcume<i t.oiu «leriry wea a in I oibt'il,.aat n- in length of golurnn, constitutes a Banks.. -
Research Papers the Incompressibility and Thermal Expansivity of D2O Ice
research papers Journal of Applied The incompressibility and thermal expansivity of Crystallography D2O ice II determined by powder neutron ISSN 0021-8898 diffraction Received 18 January 2005 a a a ˇ a b,c Accepted 3 May 2005 A. D. Fortes, * I. G. Wood, M. Alfredsson, L. Vocadlo and K. S. Knight aResearch School of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, bISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK, and cNatural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. Correspondence e-mail: [email protected] Using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction, the molar volume of a pure sample of D2O ice II has been measured, within its stability field, at 225 K, over the pressure range 0.25 < P < 0.45 GPa. Ar gas was used as the pressure medium, to avoid the formation of ‘stuffed ice’ gas hydrates encountered when using He. The third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state parameters of helium-free ˚ 3 D2O ice II, referenced to 225 K, are: V0,225 = 306.95 Æ 0.04 A (1299.7 Æ À3 0 0.2 kg m ), K0,225 = 12.13 Æ 0.07 GPa, with K0;225 fixed at 6.0. The thermal expansivity of metastable D2O ice II samples recovered to ambient pressure has also been measured, over the range 4.2 < T < 160 K; above 160 K an irreversible # 2005 International Union of Crystallography transition to ice Ic was observed. The volumetric expansion coefficient, V,at À4 À1 Printed in Great Britain – all rights reserved P =0andT = 225 K, is predicted to be 2.48 Â 10 K . -
Ice-Three (Ice III)
Ice-three (Ice III) Ice-three (ice III) is formed from water at 300 MPa by lowering its temperature to 250 K (see Phase Diagram). It is stable over a relatively small range of conditions in the P-Tphase space. Its unit cell, which forms tetragonal crystals (Space group P41212, 92; Laue class symmetry 4/mmm; analogous to keatite silica), is shown opposite. In the crystal, all water molecules are hydrogen bonded to four others, two as donor and two as acceptor. Ice III contains five membered rings joined as bicyclo- heptamers and has a density of 1.16 g cm-3 (at 350 MPa where water density = 1.13 g cm-3). The hydrogen bonding is disordered and constantly changing as in hexagonal ice. The tetragonal crystal (shown below) is pseudo-cubic with cell dimensions 6.666 Å (a) and 6.936 Å (c; 90º, 90º, 90º; at 250 K and 280 MPa) [385] and contains 12 water molecules. Its structure consists of tight right- handedafour-fold helices, containing two thirds of the water molecules, connected by the remaining water molecules which, thus, experience a differing molecular environment. Metastable ice-three may be formed within the ice-two phase space by raising the compression rate in the density driven phase transition from hexagonal ice down to 170 K [1545]. Ice-three has triple points with liquid water and ice Ih (-21.985 °C, 209.9 MPa), liquid water and ice- five (-16.986 °C, 350.1MPa), ice Ih and ice-two (-34.7 °C, 212.9 MPa) and ice-two and ice-five (- 24.3 °C, 344.3 MPa). -
Ice News Bulletin of the International Glaciological Society
ISSN 0019–1043 Ice News Bulletin of the International Glaciological Society Number 155 1st Issue 2011 Contents 2 From the Editor 12 Nominations for the Seligman Crystal 4 Recent work and the Richardson Medal 4 Iceland 13 Books received 4 Survey and mapping of Icelandic 14 News glaciers 14 Obituary: Colin Bull 5 Ice properties 16 Obituary: Shi Yafeng 6 Ice–volcano interaction 18 Obituary: Barclay Camb 6 Glacier rivers and lakes 23 For Whom the Ice Melts: Report from 7 Geomorphology the IGS Conference in Columbus, OH, 7 Multinational projects August 2010 8 Snow 28 Report from the New Zealand Branch 9 International Glaciological Society Meeting, February 2011 9 Journal of Glaciology 30 First Circular: Symposium on Seasonal 10 Annals of Glaciology 52(58) Snow and Ice, Lahti, Finland, May–June 11 Annals of Glaciology 52(59) 2012 11 Linda Gorman 34 Glaciological diary 38 New members Cover picture: An outlet glacier of the Greenland ice sheet. The glacier front is vertical, not because the glacier calves like many well-known counterparts in Greenland, but because the dry air blowing against the front causes sublimation of the ice, a faster process than ice deformation. Photo: Dirk van As. Scanning electron micrograph of the ice crystal used in headings by kind permission of William P. Wergin, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture EXCLUSION CLAUSE. While care is taken to provide accurate accounts and information in this Newsletter, neither the editor nor the International Glaciological Society undertakes any liability for omissions or errors. 1 From the Editor Dear IGS member With this first ICE issue of 2011 I would like through the members site we are certain only to inform you that, as some of you may al- paid-up members will be able to respond, i.e. -
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Fiat Lingua Title: Srínawésin: Lexicon of Verb Roots and Thesaurus Author: Madeline Palmer MS Date: 04-06-2013 FL Date: 05-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000014-00 Citation: Palmer, Madeline. 2013. Srínawésin: Lexicon of Verb Roots and Thesaurus. In Srínawésin: The Language of the Kindred: A Grammar and Lexicon of the Northern Latitudinal Dialect of the Dragon Tongue. FL-000014-00, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 May 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Madeline Palmer. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. ! http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ Srínawésin The Language of the Kindred: A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Northern Latitudinal Dialect of the Dragon Tongue Based on notes written by Howard T. Davis And Organized and Adapted by Madeline Palmer A Lexicon & Thesaurus of the Dragon Tongue Section I: Introduction…………………………………………………….…..……………………………………………………………….3 1.1. Constructing a Dictionary of Srínawésin………………………………………………………………………………..3 1.2. How to Use this Lexicon………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 1.3. A Note of the Derivation of Srínawésin’s Terms for Draconic Phenotypes………………………………4 Section II: Lexicon of Verb Roots…………………………………………..……………………………………………………………10 H……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....10 I…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 Ł……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 -
Self-Pressurized Rapid Freezing (SPRF): a Novel Cryofixation Method for Specimen Preparation in Electron Microscopy
Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 235, Pt 1 2009, pp. 25–35 Received 17 December 2008; accepted 31 March 2009 Self-pressurized rapid freezing (SPRF): a novel cryofixation method for specimen preparation in electron microscopy J.L.M. LEUNISSEN∗ &H.YI† ∗AURION ImmunoGold Reagents, Wageningen, The Netherlands †Emory School of Medicine Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, U.S.A. Key words. Cryo fixation, EM preparation, HPF, SPRF. Summary freezing in the presence of a cryoprotectant, with high heat extraction rates, and under hyperbaric pressure. A method is described for the cryofixation of For ultrastructural and immunocytochemical biological specimens for ultrastructural analysis and investigations, by far the largest share of all cryo-based immunocytochemical detection studies. The method employs specimen preparations, adequate cell and tissue cryofixation plunge freezing of specimens in a sealed capillary tube may be achieved by applying cryoprotectants (e.g. Tokuyasu, into a cryogen such as liquid propane or liquid nitrogen. 1973; Franks, 1977; Gilkey & Staehelin, 1986). High cooling Using this method a number of single-cell test specimens rates (>105◦Cs−1) allow vitrification of thin layers only were well preserved. Also multicellular organisms, such as (Dubochet & McDowall, 1981), which is not always sufficient Caenorhabditis elegans, could be frozen adequately in low ionic for general ultrastructural and immunocytochemical strength media or even in water. The preservation of these detection studies. High-pressure freezing (HPF) as presented unprotected specimens is comparable to that achieved with by Moor & Riehle (1968) is a technique that allows for high-pressure freezing in the presence of cryoprotectant. The a depth of 100–300 μm from the specimen surface to be results are explained by the fact that cooling of water in a frozen without detectable ice crystallization damage (Dahl & confined space below the melting point gives rise to pressure Staehelin, 1989; Studer et al., 1989; Vanhecke et al., 2008). -
High Density Amorphous Ice at Room Temperature
High density amorphous ice at room temperature Jing-Yin Chen and Choong-Shik Yoo1 Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–2816 Edited* by Russell J. Hemley, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, and approved March 23, 2011 (received for review January 14, 2011) The phase diagram of water is both unusual and complex, exhibit- neighbor oxygen-oxygen distance in ice VII decreases, eventually ing a wide range of polymorphs including proton-ordered or dis- bringing each of the hydrogen atoms to the midway points of ordered forms. In addition, a variety of stable and metastable the neighboring oxygen atoms (i.e., symmetrized ice-X) above – forms are observed. The richness of H2O phases attests the versa- 60 70 GPa (22). Above 150 GPa ice X further transforms to tility of hydrogen-bonded network structures that include kineti- an antifluorite-like structure (23). At higher pressures, it is also cally stable amorphous ices. Information of the amorphous solids, predicted to transform to orthorhombic structures such as Pbcm, however, is rarely available especially for the stability field and Pbca, and Cmcm (24). From 40–100 GPa, under increasing tem- transformation dynamics—but all reported to exist below the peratures, ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have crystallization temperature of approximately 150–170 K below found evidence of enhanced hydrogen self-diffusion and signifi- 4–5 GPa. Here, we present the evidence of high density amorphous cant ionic conductivity below the melting curve of H2O (25, 26). (HDA) ice formed well above the crystallization temperature at Yet, with decreasing temperatures (below 270 K), hydrogen-dis- 1 GPa—well inside the so-called “no-man’s land.” It is formed from ordered ice VII transforms to antiferroelectrically dipole-ordered metastable ice VII in the stability field of ice VI under rapid com- ice VIII (27). -
Published Version
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 84, APRIL–JUNE 2012 Ice structures, patterns, and processes: A view across the icefields Thorsten Bartels-Rausch Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland Vance Bergeron Ecole Normale Supe´rieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France Julyan H. E. Cartwright Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC—Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain Rafael Escribano Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain John L. Finney Department of Physics and Astronomy, and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom Hinrich Grothe Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria Pedro J. Gutie´rrez Instituto de Astrofı´sica de Andalucı´a, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain Jari Haapala Finnish Meteorological Institute, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland Werner F. Kuhs GZG Crystallography, University of Go¨ttingen, D-37077 Go¨ttingen, Germany Jan B. C. Pettersson Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Go¨teborg, Sweden Stephen D. Price Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom C. Ignacio Sainz-Dı´az Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC—Universidad de Granada, E-18002 Granada, Spain Debbie J. Stokes FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Giovanni Strazzulla INAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy Erik S. Thomson Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Go¨teborg, Sweden 0034-6861= 2012=84(2)=885(60) 885 Ó 2012 American Physical Society 886 Thorsten Bartels-Rausch et al.: Ice structures, patterns, and processes: A ..