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Case Study, Rufiji River Basin Janbert Kiwia River Resources towards Sustainable Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 158 Development of Tanzania. A Contribution of Hydropower to the Energy Security in Tanzania: Case Study, Rufiji River Basin River Resources towards Sustainable Development of Tanzania. Janbert Kiwia A Contribution of Hydropower to the Energy Security in Tanzania: Case Study, Rufiji River Basin Janbert Kiwia Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Master’s Thesis Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2013. E, 30 credits Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 158 River Resources towards Sustainable Development of Tanzania. A Contribution of Hydropower to the Energy Security in Tanzania: Case Study, Rufiji River Basin Janbert Kiwia Supervisor: Ashok Swain Evaluator: Eva Friman Content Chapter 1................................................................................................................1 Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Research hypothesis……………………………………………………….............2 Research question………………………………………………………….............2 Main Objective of the Project ..................................................................................3 Specific objectives…………………………………………………………............3 Scope of the study………………………………………………………….............3 Energy picture in Tanzania………………………………………………...............4 The Case……………………………………………………………………….......5 Limitation of the study…………………………………………………..................8 Chapter 2.................................................................................................................9 General discussion………………………………………………………................9 Case studies………………………………………………………………..............10 Chapter 3…………………………………………………………………….........13 Research approach………………………………………………………................13 Theory………………………………………………………………………...........13 Data gathering techniques……………………………………………….................14 Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………….........15 Discussion………..……………………………………………………...................15 Survey results………………………………………………………….……...........19 Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation…………………………………….....................24 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................26 References................................................................................................................27 Appendix:Questionnaires.........................................................................................30 River Resources towards Sustainable Development of Tanzania. A Contribution of Hydropower to the Energy Security in Tanzania: Case Study, Rufiji River Basin JANBERT KIWIA Kiwia, J. 2013: River resources towards Sustainable Development of Tanzania. A contribution of Hydropower to the energy security in Tanzania: Case study, Rufiji River basin. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, No. 158, 31 pp. 30 ECTS/hp. Abstract This paper sets out: How river resources can be used towards a sustainable development of Tanzania, the case of the Rufiji River Basin. The study focuses on the role of hydropower at present and in the future, in the context of economic growth and sustainability and meeting the energy demand in Tanzania. Take into consideration that hydropower is still the major source of electricity that Tanzania relies on. Tanzania has been struggling with one of the lowest electricity rates in sub-Saharan Africa where on average less than 15 percent of the Tanzanian population has access to electricity. Tanzania faces a major challenge to provide more than 85 percent of the remaining population with electricity, which will require big investment and expertise. Electricity and energy in general seem to take fore debate and news spots in the country because it reaches a point where even those accessing electricity still suffer with severe energy rationing. In this project, different development implications regarding hydropower production in the country were addressed through in depth literature review from different academic sources, and a survey which was conducted through questionnaires, a field trip and interviews to identify not only people’s opinions and feelings concerning the situation, but also to find out if they propose any optimal sustainable solution for remedying the problem, which hinders the socio-economic development of the country. The analysis shows that Tanzania can produce enough hydropower to meet the energy demand if hydropower was improved as one of the sources of energy. The clear picture shows that the potential of the Rufiji River basin is not fully exploited due to the lack of an integrated approach on achieving the best solutions for Tanzanian energy, inappropriate technology and poor allocation of funds. Moreover the indication illustrates that hydropower has an important role to play in the future if the potential tapped in an area was endowed with considerable benefits to an integrated electric system. For that case, the paper attributes that hydropower production can contribute to the energy security in Tanzania. On the other hand the paper argues that other renewable options such as solar and wind power in a country like Tanzania shouldn’t be separated but rather go hand in hand in research and consideration. The theory derived in this project states that ‘‘River Basins remain a largely untapped resource for poverty alleviation in Tanzania’’. Key words: Sustainable Development, Energy, River Resources, Electricity, Hydropower. Janbert Kiwia, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden River Resources towards Sustainable Development of Tanzania. A Contribution of Hydropower to the Energy Security in Tanzania: Case Study, Rufiji River Basin. JANBERT KIWIA Kiwia, J. 2013: River resources towards Sustainable Development of Tanzania. A contribution of Hydropower to the energy security in Tanzania: Case study, Rufiji River basin. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University, No. 158, 31 pp. 30 ECTS/hp. Summary This research aimed to examine the potentiality of Rufiji River basin in generating hydropower production to meet the energy demand in Tanzania in a sustainable manner. The research is done in Tanzania and the aim is to see how hydropower can play a significant role in solving today’s electricity problem in Tanzania, which, is getting worse due to the rapidly increased electricity demand. The demand is both in rural and more in urban areas where more industrial and business sectors is concentrated and the country aiming to achieve sustainable development. Key words: Sustainable Development, Energy, Hydropower, Electricity, Janbert Kiwia, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Acknowledgements I would sincerely like to thank Almighty God for giving me strength, and I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor Ashok Swain, the director of Centre for Sustainable Development at Uppsala University for his professional suggestions, comments and good supervision skills which led to the successful complete of my thesis project. It is a pleasure to thank Professor Benedict Mongula from the University of Dar es Salaam, Dr Aloyce Masanja, the director of RUBADA and those who made this thesis possible. I am indebted to many of my friends, colleagues and my beloved parents and family to support me in one way or another. Last but not least I would like to show my gratitude and to avail myself of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude to Uppsala University and Swedish University of Agricultural Science for giving me the opportunity to study this masters program that totally sharpen my skills, knowledge and experience in Sustainable Development domain. List of Abbreviations GT Grounded Theory HFO Heavy Fuel Oil ICC International Chamber of Commerce IPP’s Independent Power Plants Kw Kilowatt MDG’s Millennium Development Goals MW Megawatt NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NSGRP/MKUKUTA National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty PHDR Poverty and Human Development Report RUBADA Rufiji Basin Development Authority SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SONGAS Songo Songo Gas TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company UNDP United Nations Development Programme Lists of figures and tables List of Figure Figure 1: Indication of the National Grid System of Tanzania…….............................4 Figure 2: Studied area (Rufiji River Basin)…………………………….......................6 Figure 3: Rufiji River Basin showing hydropower potential….....................................7 Figure 4: Mtera Dam in Rufiji River Basin……………………....................................7 Figure 5: Kidatu Dam in Rufiji River Basin...................................................................8 List of Table Table 1: Indication of the existing power stations in Tanzania…….............................5 Table 2: The most important and critical problem in the country….............................19 Table 3: Available river resources to produce hydropower to meet demand.......20 Table 4: Sources of energy to be improved in the country………................................20 Table 5: Lack of electricity as a contributing factor for rural-urban migration....21 Table 6: Fully exploitation of the potentiality of Rufiji River Basin..............21 Chapter
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