Steel Designers'
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GORENC BRANKO RON ARUN This seventh, thoroughly updated edition of Steel Designers’ Handbook TINYOU will be an invaluable tool to all GORENC TINYOU SYAM practising structural engineers, as well as engineering students. SYAM It introduces the main concepts relating to design in steel and STEEL replaces the sixth edition, published in 1996. This edition has been prepared in response to the new structural Design Actions Standard, AS/ANZ 1170, as well as feedback from users. It is based on Australian Standard (AS) 4100: 1998 and provides added background to that Standard. STEEL The book makes extensive use DESIGNER of worked numerical examples to demonstrate the methods of DESIGNERS’ calculating the capacities of structural elements. These examples have been extensively revised from the previous edition, with further examples added. The worked HANDBOOK examples are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in AS 4100: 1998. Between them, the authors have close to 100 years’ experience of solving engineering problems. All three have practised in all phases of the design and specifi cations of steel structures ranging from commercial S to institutional structures; while two, Arun Syam and Branko Gorenc, ’ have served on numerous Standard Australia committees related to steel HAND construction. BOOK UNSW PRESS EDITION7 UNSW PRESS EDITION7 steeldesigncover.indd 1 17/6/05 3:34:35 PM 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page i STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK BRANKO E GORENC is a Fellow of The Institution of Engineers, Australia, and holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. He has been practising in the field of structural steel design for four decades, gaining considerable expertise in the areas of conceptual framing design and analysis, member and connection design. He has designed and led the team of designers in a range of notable structures for bulk storage, sports facilities, wide-bodied aircraft hangars and steel- framed buildings for commerce and industry. RON TINYOU holds the Degree of Bachelor in Engineering from the University of Sydney. He is a member of The Institution of Engineers, Australia. Ron has practised mainly in structural engineering over a wide range of industrial and hydraulic structures. Subsequently he was appointed Senior Head Teacher at the Sydney Institute of Technology teaching structural engineering and as a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney, specialising in steel structures. ARUN A SYAM holds Bachelor and Masters degrees in engineering from the University of Sydney, is a Corporate Member of The Institution of Engineers, Australia and has a Certificate in Arc Welding. Following his studies he was employed as a Structural Design Engineer with several engineering firms and has held all senior technical positions with the Australian Institute of Steel Construction (now Australian Steel Institute). He has significant involvement with steel design and fabrication, Standards Australia, national steel issues, industry publications/software, welder certification and lecturing on steelwork around the world. Arun has authored and edited numerous well-known steelwork publications and is currently the Executive Manager—Applications Engineering & Marketing of 7 Smorgon Steel Tube Mills. EDITION 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page ii 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page iii STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK BRANKO GORENC, RON TINYOU & ARUN SYAM UNSW 7 PRESS EDITION 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page iv A UNSW Press book Published by University of New South Wales Press Ltd University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 AUSTRALIA www.unswpress.com.au ©B.E. Gorenc, R. Tinyou and A.A. Syam 2005 First published 1970 Second edition 1973 Third edition 1976 Fourth edition 1981 Fifth edition 1984, reprinted with minor revisions 1989 Sixth edition 1996, reprinted 2001, 2004 Seventh edition 2005 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Gorenc, B. E. (Branko Edward). Steel designers’ handbook. 7th ed. Includes index. ISBN 0 86840 573 6. 1. Steel, Structural. 2. Structural design. I. Tinyou, R. (Ronald). II. Syam, Arun. III. Title. 624.1821 Design, typesetting and diagrams DiZign Pty Ltd Printer BPA Cover photographs Credits on page 413. Disclaimer All reasonable care was taken to ensure the accuracy and correct interpretation of the provisions of the relevant standards and the material presented in this publication. To the extent permitted by law, the authors, editors and publishers of this publication: (a) will not be held liable in any way, and (b) expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss, damage, costs or expenses incurred in connection with this publication by any person, whether that person is the purchaser of this publication or not. Without limitations this includes loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred if any person wholly or partially relies on any part of this publication, and loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred as a result of negligence of the authors, editors and publishers. Warning This publication is not intended to be used without reference to, or a working knowledge of, the appropriate current Australian and Australian/New Zealand Standards, and should not be used by persons without thorough professional training in the specialised fields covered herein or persons under supervisors lacking this training. 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page v Contents Preface ix chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Developments in steel structures 1 1.2 Engineering design process 2 1.3 Standards and codes of practice 4 1.4 General structural design principles 5 1.5 Limit states design method 5 1.6 Combination of actions 8 1.7 Strength limit state 9 1.8 Serviceability limit state 10 1.9 Other limit states 11 1.10 Other features of AS 4100 11 1.11 Criteria for economical design and detailing 11 1.12 Design aids 13 1.13 Glossary of limit states design terms 13 1.14 Further reading 14 chapter 2 Material & Design Requirements 15 2.1 Steel products 15 2.2 Physical properties of steel 16 2.3 Steel types and grades 19 2.4 Scope of material and design codes 24 2.5 Material properties and characteristics in AS 4100 24 2.6 Strength limit state capacity reduction factor φ 25 2.7 Brittle fracture 26 2.8 Further reading 28 chapter 3 Design Actions 29 3.1 General 29 3.2 Permanent actions 29 3.3 Imposed actions 32 3.4 Wind actions 33 3.5 Earthquake actions 35 3.6 Other actions 36 3.7 Notional horizontal forces 37 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page vi vi S TEEL D ESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK 3.8 Temperature actions 37 3.9 Silo loads 38 3.10 Crane and hoist loads 38 3.11 Design action combinations 38 3.12 Further reading 38 chapter 4 Structural Analysis 39 4.1 Calculation of design action effects 39 4.2 Forms of structure vs analysis method 40 4.3 Calculation of second-order effects 43 4.4 Moment amplification method in detail 45 4.5 Elastic flexural buckling load of a member 50 4.6 Calculation of factor for unequal end moments cm 53 4.7 Examples 55 4.8 Summary 62 4.9 Further reading 63 chapter 5 Beams & Girders 64 5.1 Types of members subject to bending 64 5.2 Flexural member behaviour 66 5.3 Bending moment capacity 66 5.4 Beam segments and restraints 68 5.5 Detailed design procedure 74 5.6 Monosymmetrical I-section beams 84 5.7 Biaxial bending and bending with axial force 85 5.8 Web shear capacity and web stiffeners 86 5.9 Composite steel and concrete systems 98 5.10 Design for serviceability 99 5.11 Design for economy 99 5.12 Examples 100 5.13 Further reading 129 chapter 6 Compression & Beam-Column Members 131 6.1 Types of compression members 131 6.2 Members loaded only axially 132 6.3 Design of beam-columns 143 6.4 Struts in triangulated structures 150 6.5 Battened and laced struts 151 6.6 Composite steel and concrete columns 154 6.7 Restraining systems for columns and beam-columns 155 6.8 Economy in the design 156 6.9 Examples 159 6.10 Further reading 175 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page vii C ONTENTS vii chapter 7 Tension Members 176 7.1 Types of tension members 176 7.2 Types of construction 177 7.3 Evaluation of load effects 178 7.4 Verification of member capacity 179 7.5 End connection fasteners and detailing 183 7.6 Steel rods 186 7.7 Steel wire ropes 186 7.8 Examples 189 7.9 Further reading 193 chapter 8 Connections 194 8.1 Connection and detail design 194 8.2 Bolted connections 197 8.3 Design and verification of bolted connections 208 8.4 Connected plate elements 215 8.5 Welded connections 217 8.6 Types of welded joints 229 8.7 Structural design of simple welds 233 8.8 Analysis of weld groups 236 8.9 Design of connections as a whole 239 8.10 Miscellaneous connections 243 8.11 Examples 250 8.12 Further reading 263 chapter 9 Plastic Design 264 9.1 Basic concepts 264 9.2 Plastic analysis 265 9.3 Member design 267 9.4 Beams 270 9.5 Beam-columns 271 9.6 Deflections 274 9.7 Portal frame analysis 275 9.8 Examples 276 9.9 Further reading 278 chapter 10 Structural Framing 279 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Mill-type buildings 281 10.3 Roof trusses 283 10.4 Portal frames 289 10.5 Steel frames for low-rise buildings 294 10.6 Purlins and girts 297 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page viii viii S TEEL D ESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK 10.7 Floor systems for industrial buildings