DOCSLIB.ORG

Steel Designers'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Steel Designers' GORENC BRANKO RON ARUN This seventh, thoroughly updated edition of Steel Designers’ Handbook TINYOU will be an invaluable tool to all GORENC TINYOU SYAM practising structural engineers, as well as engineering students. SYAM It introduces the main concepts relating to design in steel and STEEL replaces the sixth edition, published in 1996. This edition has been prepared in response to the new structural Design Actions Standard, AS/ANZ 1170, as well as feedback from users. It is based on Australian Standard (AS) 4100: 1998 and provides added background to that Standard. STEEL The book makes extensive use DESIGNER of worked numerical examples to demonstrate the methods of DESIGNERS’ calculating the capacities of structural elements. These examples have been extensively revised from the previous edition, with further examples added. The worked HANDBOOK examples are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in AS 4100: 1998. Between them, the authors have close to 100 years’ experience of solving engineering problems. All three have practised in all phases of the design and specifi cations of steel structures ranging from commercial S to institutional structures; while two, Arun Syam and Branko Gorenc, ’ have served on numerous Standard Australia committees related to steel HAND construction. BOOK UNSW PRESS EDITION7 UNSW PRESS EDITION7 steeldesigncover.indd 1 17/6/05 3:34:35 PM 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page i STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK BRANKO E GORENC is a Fellow of The Institution of Engineers, Australia, and holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. He has been practising in the field of structural steel design for four decades, gaining considerable expertise in the areas of conceptual framing design and analysis, member and connection design. He has designed and led the team of designers in a range of notable structures for bulk storage, sports facilities, wide-bodied aircraft hangars and steel- framed buildings for commerce and industry. RON TINYOU holds the Degree of Bachelor in Engineering from the University of Sydney. He is a member of The Institution of Engineers, Australia. Ron has practised mainly in structural engineering over a wide range of industrial and hydraulic structures. Subsequently he was appointed Senior Head Teacher at the Sydney Institute of Technology teaching structural engineering and as a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney, specialising in steel structures. ARUN A SYAM holds Bachelor and Masters degrees in engineering from the University of Sydney, is a Corporate Member of The Institution of Engineers, Australia and has a Certificate in Arc Welding. Following his studies he was employed as a Structural Design Engineer with several engineering firms and has held all senior technical positions with the Australian Institute of Steel Construction (now Australian Steel Institute). He has significant involvement with steel design and fabrication, Standards Australia, national steel issues, industry publications/software, welder certification and lecturing on steelwork around the world. Arun has authored and edited numerous well-known steelwork publications and is currently the Executive Manager—Applications Engineering & Marketing of 7 Smorgon Steel Tube Mills. EDITION 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page ii 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page iii STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK BRANKO GORENC, RON TINYOU & ARUN SYAM UNSW 7 PRESS EDITION 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page iv A UNSW Press book Published by University of New South Wales Press Ltd University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 AUSTRALIA www.unswpress.com.au ©B.E. Gorenc, R. Tinyou and A.A. Syam 2005 First published 1970 Second edition 1973 Third edition 1976 Fourth edition 1981 Fifth edition 1984, reprinted with minor revisions 1989 Sixth edition 1996, reprinted 2001, 2004 Seventh edition 2005 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Gorenc, B. E. (Branko Edward). Steel designers’ handbook. 7th ed. Includes index. ISBN 0 86840 573 6. 1. Steel, Structural. 2. Structural design. I. Tinyou, R. (Ronald). II. Syam, Arun. III. Title. 624.1821 Design, typesetting and diagrams DiZign Pty Ltd Printer BPA Cover photographs Credits on page 413. Disclaimer All reasonable care was taken to ensure the accuracy and correct interpretation of the provisions of the relevant standards and the material presented in this publication. To the extent permitted by law, the authors, editors and publishers of this publication: (a) will not be held liable in any way, and (b) expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss, damage, costs or expenses incurred in connection with this publication by any person, whether that person is the purchaser of this publication or not. Without limitations this includes loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred if any person wholly or partially relies on any part of this publication, and loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred as a result of negligence of the authors, editors and publishers. Warning This publication is not intended to be used without reference to, or a working knowledge of, the appropriate current Australian and Australian/New Zealand Standards, and should not be used by persons without thorough professional training in the specialised fields covered herein or persons under supervisors lacking this training. 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page v Contents Preface ix chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Developments in steel structures 1 1.2 Engineering design process 2 1.3 Standards and codes of practice 4 1.4 General structural design principles 5 1.5 Limit states design method 5 1.6 Combination of actions 8 1.7 Strength limit state 9 1.8 Serviceability limit state 10 1.9 Other limit states 11 1.10 Other features of AS 4100 11 1.11 Criteria for economical design and detailing 11 1.12 Design aids 13 1.13 Glossary of limit states design terms 13 1.14 Further reading 14 chapter 2 Material & Design Requirements 15 2.1 Steel products 15 2.2 Physical properties of steel 16 2.3 Steel types and grades 19 2.4 Scope of material and design codes 24 2.5 Material properties and characteristics in AS 4100 24 2.6 Strength limit state capacity reduction factor φ 25 2.7 Brittle fracture 26 2.8 Further reading 28 chapter 3 Design Actions 29 3.1 General 29 3.2 Permanent actions 29 3.3 Imposed actions 32 3.4 Wind actions 33 3.5 Earthquake actions 35 3.6 Other actions 36 3.7 Notional horizontal forces 37 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page vi vi S TEEL D ESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK 3.8 Temperature actions 37 3.9 Silo loads 38 3.10 Crane and hoist loads 38 3.11 Design action combinations 38 3.12 Further reading 38 chapter 4 Structural Analysis 39 4.1 Calculation of design action effects 39 4.2 Forms of structure vs analysis method 40 4.3 Calculation of second-order effects 43 4.4 Moment amplification method in detail 45 4.5 Elastic flexural buckling load of a member 50 4.6 Calculation of factor for unequal end moments cm 53 4.7 Examples 55 4.8 Summary 62 4.9 Further reading 63 chapter 5 Beams & Girders 64 5.1 Types of members subject to bending 64 5.2 Flexural member behaviour 66 5.3 Bending moment capacity 66 5.4 Beam segments and restraints 68 5.5 Detailed design procedure 74 5.6 Monosymmetrical I-section beams 84 5.7 Biaxial bending and bending with axial force 85 5.8 Web shear capacity and web stiffeners 86 5.9 Composite steel and concrete systems 98 5.10 Design for serviceability 99 5.11 Design for economy 99 5.12 Examples 100 5.13 Further reading 129 chapter 6 Compression & Beam-Column Members 131 6.1 Types of compression members 131 6.2 Members loaded only axially 132 6.3 Design of beam-columns 143 6.4 Struts in triangulated structures 150 6.5 Battened and laced struts 151 6.6 Composite steel and concrete columns 154 6.7 Restraining systems for columns and beam-columns 155 6.8 Economy in the design 156 6.9 Examples 159 6.10 Further reading 175 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page vii C ONTENTS vii chapter 7 Tension Members 176 7.1 Types of tension members 176 7.2 Types of construction 177 7.3 Evaluation of load effects 178 7.4 Verification of member capacity 179 7.5 End connection fasteners and detailing 183 7.6 Steel rods 186 7.7 Steel wire ropes 186 7.8 Examples 189 7.9 Further reading 193 chapter 8 Connections 194 8.1 Connection and detail design 194 8.2 Bolted connections 197 8.3 Design and verification of bolted connections 208 8.4 Connected plate elements 215 8.5 Welded connections 217 8.6 Types of welded joints 229 8.7 Structural design of simple welds 233 8.8 Analysis of weld groups 236 8.9 Design of connections as a whole 239 8.10 Miscellaneous connections 243 8.11 Examples 250 8.12 Further reading 263 chapter 9 Plastic Design 264 9.1 Basic concepts 264 9.2 Plastic analysis 265 9.3 Member design 267 9.4 Beams 270 9.5 Beam-columns 271 9.6 Deflections 274 9.7 Portal frame analysis 275 9.8 Examples 276 9.9 Further reading 278 chapter 10 Structural Framing 279 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Mill-type buildings 281 10.3 Roof trusses 283 10.4 Portal frames 289 10.5 Steel frames for low-rise buildings 294 10.6 Purlins and girts 297 1106 SDHB 00-04 Final 8/6/05 12:03 PM Page viii viii S TEEL D ESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK 10.7 Floor systems for industrial buildings
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MTI Friction Welding Technology Brochure
    Friction Welding Manufacturing Technology, Inc. All of us at MTI… would like to extend our thanks for your interest in our company. Manufacturing Technology, Inc. has been a leading manufacturer of inertia, direct drive and hybrid friction welders since 1976. We hope that the following pages will further spark your interest by detailing a number of our products, services and capabilities. We at MTI share a common goal…to help you solve your manufacturing problems in the most Table of Contents efficient way possible. Combining friction welding Introduction to Friction Welding 2 with custom designed automation, we have Advantages of MTI’s Process 3 demonstrated dramatic savings in labor and Inertia Friction Welding 4 material with no sacrifice to quality. Contact us Direct Drive & Hybrid Friction Welding 5 today to find out what we can do for you. Machine Monitors & Controllers 6 Safety Features 7 Flash Removal 7 MTI Welding Services 8 Weldable Combinations 9 Applications Aircraft/Aerospace 10 Oil Field Pieces 14 Military 16 Bimetallic & Special 20 Agricultural & Trucking 22 Automotive 28 General 38 Special Welders & Automated Machines 46 Machine Models & Capabilities 48 Friction Welding 4 What It Is Friction welding is a solid-state joining process that produces coalescence in materials, using the heat developed between surfaces through a combination of mechanically induced rubbing motion and Information applied load. The resulting joint is of forged quality. Under normal conditions, the faying surfaces do not melt. Filler metal, flux and shielding gas are not required with this process. Dissimilar Materials Even metal combinations not normally considered compatible can be joined by friction welding, such as aluminum to steel, copper to aluminum, titanium to copper and nickel alloys to steel.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Welded Fabrication of Nickel-Containing Stainless Steels for Corrosion Resistant Services
    NiDl Nickel Development Institute Guidelines for the welded fabrication of nickel-containing stainless steels for corrosion resistant services A Nickel Development Institute Reference Book, Series No 11 007 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ i PART I – For the welder ...................................................................................... 1 Physical properties of austenitic steels .......................................................... 2 Factors affecting corrosion resistance of stainless steel welds ....................... 2 Full penetration welds .............................................................................. 2 Seal welding crevices .............................................................................. 2 Embedded iron ........................................................................................ 2 Avoid surface oxides from welding ........................................................... 3 Other welding related defects ................................................................... 3 Welding qualifications ................................................................................... 3 Welder training ............................................................................................. 4 Preparation for welding ................................................................................. 4 Cutting and joint preparation ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Welding and Joining Guidelines
    Welding and Joining Guidelines The HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys are known for their good weldability, which is defined as the ability of a material to be welded and to perform satisfactorily in the imposed service environment. The service performance of the welded component should be given the utmost importance when determining a suitable weld process or procedure. If proper welding techniques and procedures are followed, high-quality welds can be produced with conventional arc welding processes. However, please be aware of the proper techniques for welding these types of alloys and the differences compared to the more common carbon and stainless steels. The following information should provide a basis for properly welding the HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys. For further information, please consult the references listed throughout each section. It is also important to review any alloy- specific welding considerations prior to determining a suitable welding procedure. The most common welding processes used to weld the HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys are the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW / “TIG”), gas metal arc welding (GMAW / “MIG”), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW / “Stick”) processes. In addition to these common arc welding processes, other welding processes such plasma arc welding (PAW), resistance spot welding (RSW), laser beam welding (LBW), and electron beam welding (EBW) are used. Submerged arc welding (SAW) is generally discouraged as this process is characterized by high heat input to the base metal, which promotes distortion, hot cracking, and precipitation of secondary phases that can be detrimental to material properties and performance. The introduction of flux elements to the weld also makes it difficult to achieve a proper chemical composition in the weld deposit.
    [Show full text]
  • Submerged Arc Welding
    SAMPLE Welding Process Training Series Submerged Arc Welding 265558 Submerged Arc Welding CC 2014_EN.indd 1 4/17/15 15:35 SAFETY Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, CSA Standard W117.2, from Canadian Standards Association, Standards Sales, 5060 Arc Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Ontario, Canada L4W 5NS (Phone: 800-463- Welding 6727, website: www.csa-international.org). Safe Practice For Occupational And Educational Eye And Face Protec- and Cutting tion, ANSI Standard Z87.1, from American National Standards Insti- tute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 (Phone: 212-642-4900, the website: www.ansi.org). Safe Way! Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work, NFPA Standard 51B, from National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02269 (Phone: 1-800-344-3555, website: www.nfpa.org.) OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Indus- try, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1910, Subpart As in all occupations, safety is paramount. Because there are Q, and Part 1926, Subpart J, from U.S. Government Printing Of- numerous safety codes and regulations in place, we recommend fice, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, that you always read all labels and the Owner’s Manual carefully PA 15250-7954 (Phone: 1-866-512-1800) (There are 10 OSHA Re- before installing, operating, or servicing the unit. Read the safety gional Offices—phone for Region 5, Chicago, is 312-353-2220, information at the beginning of the manual and in each section. website: www.osha.gov). Also read and follow all applicable safety standards, especially Booklet, TLVs, Threshold Limit Values, from American Confer- ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Beams a Novel Tool for Welding: a Review
    IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 8, Issue 6 Ver. III (Nov. - Dec. 2016), PP 08-26 www.iosrjournals.org Laser Beams A Novel Tool for Welding: A Review A Jayanthia,B, Kvenkataramananc, Ksuresh Kumard Aresearch Scholar, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India Bdepartment Of Physics, Jeppiaar Institute Of Technology, Chennai, India Cdepartment Of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India Ddepartment Of Physics, P.T. Lee CNCET, Kanchipuram, India Abstract: Welding is an important joining process of industrial fabrication and manufacturing. This review article briefs the materials processing and welding by laser beam with its special characteristics nature. Laser augmented welding process offers main atvantages such as autogenous welding, welding of high thickness, dissimilar welding, hybrid laser welding, optical fibre delivery, remote laser welding, eco-friendly, variety of sources and their wide range of applications are highlighted. Significance of Nd: YAG laser welding and pulsed wave over continuous wave pattern on laser material processesare discussed. Influence of operating parameter of the laser beam for the welding process are briefed including optical fibre delivery and shielding gas during laser welding. Some insight gained in the study of optimization techniques of laser welding parameters to achieve good weld bead geometry and mechanical properties. Significance of laser welding on stainless steels and other materials such as Aluminium, Titanium, Magnesium, copper, etc…are discussed. I. INTRODUCTION Welding is the principal industrial process used for joining metals. As materials continue to be highly engineered in terms of metallic and metallurgical continuity, structural integrity and microstructure, hence, welding processes will become more important and more prominent.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Shielding Gas Selector Brochure(PDF 2.0
    3 Product Information Shielding Gas The right gas working for you 02 Contents Contents. 3 Choosing the right gas 6 Welding processes 8 Product range 10 Gases for carbon and low-alloy steels 14 Gases for stainless steels 18 Gases for aluminium, copper and titanium alloys 20 Plasma welding and cutting 21 MIG brazing 22 Purging or root backing 24 Frequently asked questions 26 Health and safety 28 Supply options 30 Services ACCURA®, CORGON®, CRONIGON®, LASGON®, LINDATA®, LIPROTECT®, LISY®tec MISON® SECCURA® and VARIGON® are registered trademarks of the Linde Group. Choosing the right gas 03 Can a shielding gas affect the weld quality? Choosing the right gas. Ar Ar/He The addition of helium to the shielding gas results in a hotter welding arc than that produced from pure argon. Carbon dioxide Argoshield Heavy Argoshield Universal 17.1g 8.6g 8.6g For many people, the sole role of the shielding gas Weld metal properties is to protect the finished weld from the effects of Although the weld metal properties are primarily controlled by the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. What isn’t composition of the consumable, the shielding gas can influence the widely understood is that selecting the right shielding weld’s strength, ductility, toughness and corrosion resistance. gas for the job can bring many more benefits. Adding oxygen and/or carbon dioxide to a shielding gas for MIG welding carbon steel increases its oxidation potential. In general, for The choice of the shielding gas can affect: a given welding wire, the higher the oxidation potential of a shielding • the weld metal properties, such as strength, corrosion resistance gas, the lower the strength and toughness of the weld.
    [Show full text]
  • MSL Engineering Limited Platinum Blue House 1St Floor, 18 the Avenue Egham, Surrey, TW20 9AB
    SMR Final Report 121404 Purpose of Issue Rev Date of Issue Author Agreed Approved Issued for information 0 Aug 2004 SM Issued for internal comment 1 November 2004 AFD DJM JB Issued as Final Report 2 December 2004 AFD DJM JB This Final report has been reviewed and approved by the Mineral Management Service. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This study was funded by the Mineral Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., under Contract Number 1435-01-04-CT-35320 ASSESSMENT OF REPAIR TECHNIQUES FOR AGEING OR DAMAGED STRUCTURES Project #502 DOC REF C357R001 Rev 1 NOV 2004 MSL Engineering Limited Platinum Blue House 1st Floor, 18 The Avenue Egham, Surrey, TW20 9AB Tel: +44 (0)1784 439194 Fax: +44 (0)1784 439198 E-mail: [email protected] C357R001Rev 2, December 2004 MMS Project #502 NUMBER DETAILS OF REVISION 0 Issued for information, August 2004 1 Issued for comment, November 2004. Extensive revisions throughout, including restructuring of report. 2 Issued as Final Report, December 2004. Conversion table added, Figure showing clamp details to avoid added, and general editorial revisions. C357R001Rev 2, December 2004 MMS Project #502 Assessment of Repair Techniques for Ageing or Damaged Structures By Dr. Adrian F Dier MSL Services Corporation Final Project Report: ASSESSMENT OF REPAIR TECHNIQUES FOR AGEING OR DAMAGED STRUCTURES MMS Project Number 502 November 2004 C357R001Rev 2, December 2004 i This Final report has been reviewed a nd approved by the Mineral Management Service.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Exposure Data
    1. EXPOSURE DATA 1.1 Description of major welding are used as part of the welding process (e.g. the processes and materials shielding gas) (ISO, 2009). While there are many welding processes Welding is a broad term for the process routinely employed in occupational settings, the of joining metals through coalescence (AWS, most common arc welding processes are manual 2010). Welding techniques tend to be broadly metal arc (MMA, ISO No. 111), gas metal arc classified as arc welding or gas welding. Arc (GMA, ISO No. 13), flux-cored arc (FCA, ISO Nos welding uses electricity to generate an arc, 114 and 136), gas tungsten arc (GTA, ISO No. 14), whereas gas or oxyfuel welding (ISO 4063:2009 and submerged arc (SA, ISO No. 12) (Table 1.2 process numbers 3, 31, 311, 312, and 313) uses fuel and Table 1.3). Electric resistance welding (ER, gases such as acetylene or hydrogen to generate ISO Nos 21 and 22) is also commonly used for spot heat. Welding results in concurrent exposures or seam welding, and uses electric currents and including welding fumes, gases, and ionizing force to generate heat. In occupational settings, and non-ionizing radiation, and coexposures these processes are most commonly used to weld from other sources such as asbestos and solvents mild steel (MS, low carbon) or stainless steel (SS). (Table 1.1). Flame cutting (ISO No. 81), the process of using Welding fumes are produced when metals oxygen (O) and a fuel to cut a metal, is a closely are heated above their melting point, vapourize related process that is often grouped occupation- and condense into fumes.
    [Show full text]
  • AC/DC Submerged Arc Welding
    THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY NEXTWELD® AC/DC Submerged Arc Welding Processes >>> MODULAR For over 50 years, Lincoln Electric has offered its submerged arc welding (SAW) customers high The Power Wave AC/DC1000 SD power source deposition rates, reliable penetration, and smooth is designed for easy paralleling, overcoming the bead appearance. problems typically associated with synchronization of AC waveforms for increased amperage Now, Lincoln brings you an advance in SAW technology that applications. provides the option of variable polarity. Changes in the >>> balance of positive and negative polarity of the AC waveform MULTI-ARC enable the operator to change penetration and deposition, without changing the current or voltage settings. AC/DC welding is designed for applications that require up to five independently controlled Lincoln’s AC/DC submerged arc process with the Power welding arcs. Wave® power source gives the operator real-time control. >>> Instead of making a weld, stopping and re-programming EASY INTEGRATION the new parameters, and running a test weld to make sure they worked, changing the weld characteristics is as easy as Digital Communications provide a simple solution turning a knob.. for the integration of the welding power source to the motion controlling Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). >>> INCREASED PROCESS CONTROL Digital Communications also enable the use of software tools to record the actual welding values for each weld as well as monitoring the status of the welding system. >>> WAVEFORM CONTROL TECHNOLOGY® The Power Wave AC/DC1000 SD power source is equipped with factory-programmed procedures for fast setup. The Power Wave® AC/DC 1000® SD power source takes submerged arc welding to the next level.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Welding. LASERLINE® Technical
    Laser welding. LASERLINE® Technical. 402935-LASERLINE Technical Laser Welding AW.indd 1 17/08/2009 14:34 02 Contents Introduction 03 Contents. Introduction. 03 Introduction 16 Lasers in surface modification 04 The laser welding process 17 Safety in laser welding Principles of laser welding Laser radiation Weld joint configurations Welding emissions Types of welding processes Gases and gas supply 06 Parameters in laser welding 18 Welding gases for CO2 laser welding Role of the welding gas Tendency to form a plasma 19 Welding gases for Nd:YAG laser welding Mechanical properties Blanketing/shielding effect Gas nozzle devices 19 Bibliography Fig. 1: Examples of laser welding Nozzle positioning Within the last two decades, industrial lasers have advanced from High-power CO2 lasers (2–10 kW) are used in the welding of car bodies, exotic to state-of-the-art technology in many fields of manufacturing. transmission components, heat exchangers and tailored blanks. For 09 Pressure and volume requirements While laser cutting is certainly the most popular application of high- many years, low-power Nd:YAG lasers (< 500 W) have been used to weld for different materials power lasers, other processes such as laser welding and laser surface small components, such as medical instruments, electronic packages modification are also becoming the process of choice in their respective and razor blades. Nd:YAG, disc and fibre lasers with power levels in the Welding gases for mild steels using CO2 lasers industries. multi-kW range benefit from beam delivery via optical fibres. These Welding gases using disc or fibre lasers are easily manipulated by robots, thereby opening a large field of 3D Metallurgical effect Laser welding is increasingly being used in industrial production applications, such as laser cutting and welding of car bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Shielding Gas. Gases for All Types of Stainless Steel
    → Stainless Steel - New Zealand edition Shielding gas. Gases for all types of stainless steel. Argon 03 Stainless steel is usually defined as an iron-chromium alloy, containing at least 11% chromium. Often containing other elements such as silicon, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, titanium and niobium, it is most widely used as corrosion resistant engineering material in applications where aggressive environments or elevated temperatures are prevalent. Stainless steel is traditionally categorised into four main groups and each group is further sub-divided into specific alloys. The main groups are: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and duplex. → Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used, accounting for around 70% of all stainless steels fabricated. They are used in applications such as chemical processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing and brewing, and liquid gas storage. The weldability of these grades is usually very good. → Ferritic stainless steels are not as corrosion resistant or as weldable as austenitic stainless steels. They have high strength and good high temperature properties and are used for products such as exhausts, catalytic converters, air ducting systems, and storage hoppers. → Martensitic stainless steels are high strength but are more difficult to weld than other types of stainless steels. They are used for products such as vehicle chassis, railway wagons, ­ mineral handling equipment and paper and pulping equipment. → Duplex stainless steels combine the high strength of ferritic steels and the resistance of austenitic steels. They are used in corrosive environments such as offshore and ­ petrochemical plants, where the integrity of the welded material is critical. ARGOSHIELD®, ALUSHIELD® STAINSHIELD® and SPECSHIELD® are registered trademarks of BOC a Member of The Linde Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Physical Properties of Fluxes for SAW of Low-Carbon Steels
    13 Chemical and Physical Properties of Fluxes for SAW of Low-Carbon Steels Ana Ma. Paniagua-Mercado and Victor M. Lopez-Hirata Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESFM-ESIQIE) Mexico 1. Introduction The submerged-arc welding of steels has been used since 1930. It is well known that the mechanical properties of steel weldments depend on the chemical compositions of electrodes and fluxes. The development of welding electrodes has been based on practical experiences. The study of welding deposits by means of physical metallurgy permitted to develop electrodes and fluxes for SAW process of steels. In contrast, the use of chemical and physical properties of fluxes for the development of welding process started in the 70´s. (Shah, 1986). Most of the works concerning with the fluxes for SAW process have been focused on its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties. Likewise, it has been interesting the study of the thermochemical and electrochemical reactions that occur at the welding pool which are very important for the transferring of metallic elements to the welds. In addition to the stated above, the electrode coverings is also a very important aspect to obtain weld metal with good mechanical properties. The covering materials are fluxes which are composed of different mineral chemical compounds such as, oxides, fluorides and carbonates (Singer & Singer, 1979). The firing and sintering process of fluxes during welding electrode processing promotes chemical reactions and phase transformations of these minerals. All these factors determine the valence or electric charge of the different elements which are deposited to the weld metal. All the oxides from flux may contribute to the dissolution process of different metallic elements and oxygen in the welding pool.
    [Show full text]