The Gravitational Invisibility Fran de Aquino

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Fran de Aquino. The Gravitational Invisibility. 2015. ￿hal-01211820v2￿

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Gravitational Invisibility

Fran De Aquino Professor Emeritus of Physics, Maranhao State University, UEMA. Titular Researcher (R) of National Institute for Space Research, INPE Copyright © 2015 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.

The possible obtention of invisibility by means of a gravitational method is shown in this work. This method is based on a gravity control process patented on 2008 (BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5). It goes far beyond the known methods of invisibility and , which use the principles of light refraction to allow light to pass right through an object ().

Key words: Invisibility, Gravitational Invisibility, Real and Imaginary Universes.

1. Intr oduction m ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ An object that cannot be seen by the g ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ Δp ⎞ ⎥⎪ human eyes is in called state of invisibility. χ ⎨ 121 +−== ⎜ ⎟ − ⎬ ()11 mi0 ⎢ ⎝ i0cm ⎠ ⎥ At this state, the object neither reflects, nor ⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦⎭⎪ absorbs light, i.e., the light passes freely where m is the rest inertial mass of the through it. Under this condition, we can say i0 that the object is 100% transparent. In the particle and Δp is the variation in the Nature, there is no material 100% particle’s kinetic momentum; c is the speed transparent. of light. The concept of invisibility includes In general, the momentum variation Δp others ranges of the electromagnetic is expressed by Δ = ΔtFp where F is the spectrum, such as radio, , , etc., since the object can be applied force during a time interval Δt . detected by instruments operating in the Note that there is no restriction concerning ranges of radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. the nature of the force F , i.e., it can be Thus, the invisibility depends on the eyes of mechanical, electromagnetic, etc. the observer and/or the instruments used to For example, we can look on the detect the object. momentum variation Δp as due to At the state of total invisibility, an absorption or emission of electromagnetic object cannot be detected by any real energy. In this case, it was shown observer or instrument, even making use of previously that the expression of χ can be detectors, which operate in real ranges of expressed by means of the following radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. expression [5]: Here we will show a method to make a real body totally invisibly. This method is ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ based on a gravity control process patented mg ⎪ ⎛ Δp ⎞ ⎪ χ ⎢ 121 +−== ⎜ ⎟ −1⎥ = on 2008 (BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5, ⎨ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎬ mi0 ⎪ ⎝ i0cm ⎠ ⎪ July 31, 2008[1]). It goes far beyond the ⎩ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥⎭ known methods of invisibility and camouflage, which use the principles of ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ ⎛ ⎞ light refraction to allow light to pass right ⎪ ⎢ Unr ⎥⎪ ⎨ 121 +−= ⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎬= through an object (metamaterials) [2, 3]. ⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪ ⎢ ⎝mi0c ⎠ ⎥⎪ ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ 2. Theory ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ ⎪ ⎢ ⎛Wn ⎞ ⎥⎪ In a previous paper, I showed that 121 +−= ⎜ r ⎟ −1 ()2 ⎨ ⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥⎬ gravitational mass, mg , and rest inertial ⎪ ⎢ ⎝ ρc ⎠ ⎥⎪ ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ mass, m , are correlated by means of the i0 following expression [4]: where U is the electromagnetic energy

absorbed or emitted by the particle; n is r the index of refraction of the particle; W is 2 the density of energy on the particle 4 4 change E by Erms , and the equation 3 3 ( / mJ ); ρ is the matter density ( mkg ) above can be rewritten as follows and c is the speed of light. ⎧ ⎡ 444264 ⎤⎫ In the particular case of mg ⎪ α φ ESSnn rmsmmr ⎪ * χ ⎨ ⎢ 121 +−== − ⎥⎬ ()51 heterogeneous mixture of matter , (powder, 2622 mi0 ⎪ ⎢ 4 0 ρμ fc ⎥⎪ dust, clouds, air, smoke, heterogeneous ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ plasmas†, etc), subjected to incident Also, it was shown that our Real radiation or stationary electromagnetic Universe is contained in an Imaginary fields, the expression of χ can be expressed Universe; in such way that the real by means of the following expression, spacetime of the Real Universe is contained in the imaginary spacetime of the Imaginary which is derived from the above equation ‡ [5]: Universe [4]. Thus, each action in the real spacetime corresponds to an equivalent ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ ⎡⎛ 2223 ⎞ ⎤ action in the imaginary spacetime. This, mg ⎪ ⎢ α φmmr ESSnn 1 ⎥⎪ χ ⎨ 121 +−== ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ −1⎬= means for example, that any m ⎢ ⎜ 2 ρμ 22 ⎟ fncfc ⎥ i0 ⎪ ⎣⎢⎝ 0 ⎠()r ⎦⎥ ⎪ momentum, pr , generated in the real ⎩ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥⎭ r spacetime produces simultaneously an rr ⎧ ⎡ 444264 ⎤⎫ equivalent momentum, = pp rim , in the ⎪ α φmmr ESSnn ⎪ ⎨ ⎢ 121 +−= −1⎥⎬ ()3 imaginary spacetime and vice-versa. ⎢ 4 ρμ fc 2622 ⎥ ⎩⎪ ⎣ 0 ⎦⎭⎪ In the case of a photon, the momentum p is related to its energy E by where Sα is the maximum area of cross- means of the following expression: section of the body; φm is the average diameter of the molecules of the = pcE , where c is the speed of light at the free space. Thus, when a photon is body; S = πφ 2 4 ; E is the instantaneous mm generated in the Real Universe with an electric field applied on the body; μ0 is the energy = rr cpE its correspondent photon magnetic permeability of the free space; in the imaginary spacetime will have energy f is the oscillating frequency of the electric = cpE . As r = pp r we can field and n is the number of atoms per unit im im rim of volume in the body, which is given by conclude that = EE imr . Consequently, the photon generated in the imaginary N 0 ρ n = ()4 spacetime will have equal frequency, and A the same direction of the real photon (due to 26 r = pp r ). Consequently, when an object where N0 ×= atoms /1002.6 kmole is rim the Avogadro’s number and A is the molar is illuminated with real photons, it is also mass (kg/kmole). being illuminated with imaginary photons. Note that = sinωtEE .The Since there is imaginary mass associated to m the real mass [4]§, then, the imaginary 2 1 2 average value for E is equal to 2 Em photons interact with the imaginary mass associated to real mass of the object, and because E varies sinusoidaly ( Em is the can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted, maximum value for E ). On the other such as occurs with the real photons when hand, =EE mrms 2. Consequently we can they incide on the real matter. Real photons in turn do not interact with imaginary

* ‡ From the macroscopic viewpoint, a heterogeneous The terms imaginary and real are borrowed from mixture is a mixture that can be separated easily Mathematics (real and imaginary numbers) [6]. (sand, powder, dust, smoke, etc.). The opposite of a heterogeneous mixture is a homogeneous mixture § (ferrite, concrete, rock, etc). These new concepts are widely detailed and explained in the ref [4]. It is essential to study the † Heterogeneous plasma is a mixture of different contents of this reference to get a complete ions, while Homogeneous plasma is composed of a understanding of the matter here developed. single ion specie. 3 matter. Consequently, they pass freely through the imaginary mass (See Fig.1 (a)). Note that the photons can be of any range Imaginary Photon of the , i.e., radio, Real Photon infrared, light, ultraviolet, etc. The real light photons are detected by the retina of our eyes, and thus we see the object. If the gravitational mass, mg, of our Real Body body is reduced to a value between

−0.159mi0 and + 0.159 mi0, (mi0 is the rest inertial mass of the body), it becomes an imaginary body and realizes a transition to the Imaginary Universe [4], from where it still will can see objects, because its Imaginary Body imaginary retina can to detect the imaginary (a) light photons reflected from the imaginary mass associated to the real object (See Fig.1 (b)). Window Imagine then an observer inside a 1 (Glass) spacecraft, seeing for an object out of the Light spacecraft, through a glass window of the Source spacecraft. If the spacecraft and the Imaginary observer are turned into imaginary bodies, Observers then, despite the real photons (reflected from the object) no more interact with the Real retina of the observer, he will still continue Observer seeing the object out of the spacecraft by 2 means of the imaginary photons (associated Imaginary Imaginary to the real photons) that are reflected from Spacecraft Observer (b) 3 the object (See Fig.1 (b)). A second imaginary observer inside the spacecraft, Fig.1 – The real-imaginary pairs of photons seeing for the internal wall of the spacecraft interacting with real and imaginary matter, does not see the real object out of the respectively. (a) The imaginary photons interact spacecraft, because the imaginary photons with the imaginary mass associated to the real mass, reflected from the body do not surpass the and can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted, such as wall of the spacecraft (such as occurs in a occurs when real photons incide on the real matter. real spacecraft with an real internal Real photons in turn do not interact with imaginary matter. Consequently, they pass freely through the observer, i.e., the observer cannot see out of imaginary mass. (b) The imaginary light photons the spacecraft). On the other hand, a real reflected from the ball sensitize the retina of the observer out of the spacecraft does not see observer 1, and then he can see the ball through the the spacecraft (See Fig.1 (b)); because the window. The observer 2 cannot see the ball because the real light photons do not interact with his retina, real photons pass through the spacecraft and the imaginary photons reflected from the ball do without interact with it, and the imaginary not reach it. The real observer (out of the spacecraft) photons reflected from the surface of the cannot see the spacecraft because the imaginary light spacecraft are not detected by the retina of photons reflected from the spacecraft do not sensitize the real observer (these photons pass freely its retina, i.e., they pass freely through the eyes of the real observer, but they will sensitize the retina of the through it). However, a third imaginary observer 3 (imaginary observer), and consequently he observer positioned out of the spacecraft can see the spacecraft. In addition, when a human will see the spacecraft, because the body becomes imaginary, he becomes invisible to imaginary photons will sensitize its any real observer, but he can see real objects because its eyes can detect the imaginary light photons imaginary retina. reflected from real objects.

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There are two ways to transform a Note that this method is very efficient real body into an imaginary body. Reducing because there is no necessity of to alter directly its gravitational mass, mg, to a directly the gravitational masses of the value between −0.159mi0 and + 0.159 mi0 or others parts of the spacecraft. Thus, the reducing the gravitational mass of a part of advantages of this method are evident. It the body until it becomes negative, and the also can be used in order to transform real total gravitational mass of the body be human bodies into imaginary human reduced to a value inside the range above bodies. mentioned (See Fig.2).

Spinning Spacecraft Ferromagnetic disk

m ()partg < 0

m ()restg > 0

Fig.3 – Clothes for Gravitational Invisibility.

()totalg ()rest += mmm ()partg For example, consider a person wearing a type of clothes similar to ninja − 159.0 i0 mm ()totalg +<< 159.0 mi 0 clothes (See Fig.3). The tissue of these

Fig.2 – Transforming a real spacecraft into clothes is similar to Metallic bubble wrap an imaginary spacecraft. It is possible to (See Fig.4). It has 3 layers. Both the inner transform a real spacecraft into an imaginary layer as the outer layer are metallic; spacecraft by reducing the gravitational mass of between them there is a dielectric layer a part of the spacecraft, mg(part), until it becomes (bubble wrap). Inside the bubbles there is negative, and the total gravitational mass of the ionized air, which can be obtained by using spacecraft be reduced to a value between −0.159mi0 and + 0.159 mi0.

It was shown in a previous paper that the decreasing of the gravitational mass can become relevant in the particular case of spinning ferromagnetic disks subjected to electromagnetic fields with extremely low frequencies (ELF) [7]. This means that a ferromagnetic disk, subjected to appropriated ELF radiation, and spinning with sufficient angular velocity inside the spacecraft can make strongly negative its gravitational mass, m (partg ), in such way that the total gravitational mass of the spacecraft can be reduced to a value between −0.159mi0 and + 0.159 mi0 , Fig.4 – Aluminum bubble warp. transforming then the spacecraft into a imaginary spacecraft. 5

** an air ionizer . The ionization of the By substituting the values of n ()airr , nair , air is necessary in order to increase its −10 electrical conductivity up to ρ and φm ×= 1055.1 m (Nitrogen), and −6 †† 2 − 220 σ ×≅ /101 mS , which is an ideal S m πφ m ×== 1088.14 m , into value, as we shall see in the following. Eq. (5), we get From Electrodynamics we know that when an electromagnetic wave with ⎧ ⎡ 42 ⎤⎫ frequency f and velocity c incides on a ⎪ 4 α ES rms ⎪ χair ⎨ ⎢ ×+−= 106.1121 − ⎥⎬ ()91 ⎢ f 4 ⎥ material with relative permittivity ε r , ⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦⎭⎪ relative magnetic permeability μr and electrical conductivity σ , its velocity is where Sα is equal to the cross-section reduced to = ncv r where nr is the area of one bubble of the metallic bubble index of refraction of the material, wrap, whose diameter is φb ≅ 1cm ,i.e., given by [8] 2 − 25 Sα πφb ×≅= 108.74 m (See Fig. 5);

Erms is the oscillating electric field, c με n == rr ⎜⎛ 1 ()ωεσ 2 ++ ⎟⎞ ()61 with frequency f , through the ionized r ⎝ ⎠ v 2 air inside the bubbles of the metallic bubble wrap. Let us now apply this equation to Therefore, if the total the ionized air inside the bubbles in the gravitational mass of the human body metallic bubble wrap. Since the with the ninja clothes for invisibility electrical conductivity of the ionized air is M g , then when a voltage Vrms is is σ ×≅ −6 /101 mS . Then, if <100Hzf , we applied on the metallic layers of the −12 haveσ ωε =>> 2πfε0 , (ε0 ×= /10854.8 mF tissue of the mentioned clothes, the is the permittivity of the free space). In mass M g is reduced to this case, Eq. (6) reduces to

0 −= χ 0() 0 −= χ MMMMM 0()airiairiairiairgg = rσμ 8.94 n ()airr = ≅ ()7 4πε f f ⎛ χ M ⎞ 0 ⎜1−= 0()airiair ⎟M 10 ⎜ ⎟ i0 () ⎝ Mi0 ⎠ For atmospheric air, at 1atm, 25°C, we can assume ρ ≅ /2.1 mkg 3 . where M 0()airi is the total inertial mass The number of atoms of air (Nitrogen) of the ionized air andM is the total per unit of volume, n , according to i0 air inertial mass of the human body with Eq.(4), is given by the ninja clothes for invisibility.

Since we must have N0ρ 25 3 n ×== matoms ()8/1016.5 − 159.0 i0 < MM g < 159.0 M i0 in order air A N to the human body (with ninja clothes) to become imaginary, then from Eq. (10), it follows that

** For example, making the air passes through the plates of a capacitor subjected to a high ⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ M ⎞ ⎜ i0 ⎟ ⎜ i0 ⎟ voltage. 841.0 χair << 159.1 ()11 †† ⎜ M ⎟ ⎜ M ⎟ The electrical conductivity of atmospheric air ⎝ 0()airi ⎠ ⎝ 0()airi ⎠ −14 at 1 atm, 25°C is σ air ×≅ /101 mS [9].

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The total volume of the ionized air 2 − 25 therefore Sα πφb ×≅= 108.74 m . Then, inside the bubbles can be obtained by for = 1Hzf , Eq. (13) gives multiplying the total external surface area, ≅ 2mS 2 , of the clothes for c E ×= 3 /104.1 mV (14) invisibility by the thickness of the rms bubbles, ≅ 1mmh (Fig.5). Thus, the total b This intensity of electric field can be inertial mass of the ionized air, M 0()airi , is obtained through the ionized air when a −3 voltage V , given by given by 0()airi ρ hSM bc ×≅≅ 104.2 kg . rms

rms = brms ≅ 4.1 VhEV (15)

is applied on the metallic surfaces of the metallic bubbles wrap. It is important to note that the Metallic surfaces bubble with ionized air, such as described in this paper, it can also work Bubble as a Gravity Control Cell (GCC). A device widely mentioned in some of my h b=1mm Ionized air Vr ms ~ previous works [10, 11, 12, 13, 14].

φ b = 1cm

Fig.5 – Dimensions of the bubbles

If M i0 ≅ 100kg , then Eq.(11) tells us that we must have

105.3 4 χ ×<<× 108.4 4 (12) air

4 In order to obtain χ air ×= 104 , for example, Eq. (9) tells us that we must have

2 α ES rms 2 = 1.158 ()13 f

Since one bubble of the metallic bubble wrap has diameter φb ≅ 1cm, and

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References

[1] De Aquino, F. (2008) Process and Device for Controlling the Locally the Gravitational Mass and the Gravity Acceleration, BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5, July 31, 2008.

[2] J. B. Pendry, J.B., et al., (1996).Phys. Rev.

Lett. 76, 4773.

[3] J. B. Pendry, J.B., et al., (1999). IEEE Trans. Micr. Theory Techniques 47, 2075.

[4] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations of the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity,

Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11 (1), pp. 173-232.

[5] De Aquino, F. (2011) Ultrafast Conversion of Graphite to Diamond in Gravitational Pressure Apparatus, http://vixra.org/abs/1208.0007, p. 4.

[6] De Aquino, F., (2012) Beyond the Material Universe, Journal for Interdisciplinary Research on Religion and Science, No. 10, pp.83-128.

[7] De Aquino, F., (2013) New Gravitational Effects

from Rotating Masses. Avaiable at; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01078046 and http://vixra.org/abs/1307.0108 , version 2.

[8] Quevedo, C. P. (1977) Eletromagnetismo, McGraw-Hill, p. 270.

[9] Chalmers, J.A., (1967) Atmospheric Electricity, Pergamon press, Oxford, London; Kamsali, N. et al., (2011) Advanced Air Pollution, chapter 20, DOI: 10.5772/17163, edited by Farhad

Nejadkoorki, Publisher InTech.

[10] De Aquino, F. (2010) Gravity Control by means of Electromagnetic Field through Gas at Ultra- Low Pressure, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11(2) November 2010, pp.178-247, Physics/0701091. Also available at: http://vixra.org/abs/1401.0119

[11] De Aquino, F. (2014) Quantum Gravitational Shielding, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01074607v3

[12] De Aquino, (2015). Improvements in the Design of the Gravitational Motor. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01188315v1 http://vixra.org/abs/1508.0293

[13] De Aquino, F., (2015) Method for Obtaining Quantum Vacuum. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01199704 http://vixra.org/abs/1509.0134

[14] De Aquino, F., (2015). A System to convert Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy. Available at: http://vixra.org/abs/1205.0119