Becoming Alabama
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Junaluska, the Cherokee Who Saved Andrew Jackson's Life and Made Him a National Hero, Lived to Regret It
Junaluska, the Cherokee who saved Andrew Jackson’s life and made him a national hero, lived to regret it. Born in the North Carolina mountains around 1776, he made his name and his fame among his own people in the War of 1812 when the mighty tribe of Creek Indians allied themselves with the British against the United States. At the start of the Creek War, Junaluska recruited some 800 Cherokee warriors to go to the aid of Andrew Jackson in northern Alabama. Joined by reinforcements from Tennessee, including more Cherokee, the Cherokee spent the early months of 1814 performing duties in the rear, while Jackson and his Tennessee militia moved like a scythe through the Creek towns. However, that March word came that the Creek Indians were massed behind fortifications at Horseshoe Bend. Jackson, with an army of 2,000 men, including 500 Cherokee led by Junaluska, set out for the Bend, 70 miles away. There, the Tallapoosa River made a bend that enclosed 100 acres in a narrow peninsula opening to the north. On the lower side was an island in the river. Across the neck of the peninsula the Creek had built a strong breastwork of logs and hidden dozens of canoes for use if retreat became necessary. Storming The Fort: The fort was defended by 1,000 warriors. There also were 300 women and children. As cannon fire bombarded the fort, the Cherokee crossed the river three miles below and surrounded the bend to block the Creek escape route. They took position where the Creek fort was separated from them by water. -
Secession and the Senate
CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER TEACHERTEACHER LESSONLEssON PLAN SecessioN aNd the SeNate Introduction In November 1860 a deeply divided nation teetered on the brink of a civil war. In December 1860 South Carolina became the first southern state to secede from the United States. Eventually ten additional southern states left the Union. What political issues caused these states to leave the Union? Did they have the right to withdraw from the Union? What actions did the Senate take in response to the seceding states? This activity engages students in analyzing primary sources, including a Senate Seating Chart from 1863, to determine what the Senate’s responses and actions were toward the seceding states. While intended for 8th grade students, the lesson can be adapted for other grade levels. 1 TEACHER LESSON PLAN: SECEssION AND THE SENATE CAPITOL VISITOR CENTER TEACHER LESSON PLAN National Standards U.S. History National Standards United States Era 5: Standard 1 – The Causes of the Civil War Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, grade 8 Reading Informational Text 2, 3, 4 Speaking and Listening 1, 4 Learning Skills Reading, building vocabulary, analyzing documents, group discussions, presenting and internet research Essential Question What is secession? How did the secession of the southern states from the Union affect the Senate and how did members respond? Documents and Materials Needed • Vocabulary Building Worksheet • Background Information: Secession and the Senate • Document Analysis Worksheet • Newspaper Headline: South Carolina -
Reviewing the Civil War and Reconstruction Center for Legislative Archives
Reviewing the Civil War and Reconstruction Center for Legislative Archives Address of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society NAID 306639 From 1830 on, women organized politically to reform American society. The leading moral cause was abolishing slavery. “Sisters and Friends: As immortal souls, created by God to know and love him with all our hearts, and our neighbor as ourselves, we owe immediate obedience to his commands respecting the sinful system of Slavery, beneath which 2,500,000 of our Fellow-Immortals, children of the same country, are crushed, soul and body, in the extremity of degradation and agony.” July 13, 1836 The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1832 as a female auxiliary to male abolition societies. The society created elaborate networks to print, distribute, and mail petitions against slavery. In conjunction with other female societies in major northern cities, they brought women to the forefront of politics. In 1836, an estimated 33,000 New England women signed petitions against the slave trade in the District of Columbia. The society declared this campaign an enormous success and vowed to leave, “no energy unemployed, no righteous means untried” in their ongoing fight to abolish slavery. www.archives.gov/legislative/resources Reviewing the Civil War and Reconstruction Center for Legislative Archives Judgment in the U.S. Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sanford NAID 301674 In 1857 the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African ancestry had no constitutional rights. “The question is simply this: Can a Negro whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such, become entitled to all the rights and privileges and immunities guaranteed to the citizen?.. -
WEB Warof1812booklet.Pdf
1. Blount Mansion War of 1812 in Tennessee: 200 W. Hill Avenue, Knoxville A Driving Tour Governor Willie Blount, who served from 1809 to 1815, led Tennessee during the War of 1812. He lived in this sponsored and developed by the Center for Historic historic structure, originally the home of U.S. territorial Preservation, Middle Tennessee State University, Mur- freesboro Two hundred years ago, an international war raged across the United States of America. Thousands of American soldiers died in the conflict; the nation’s capital city was invaded, leaving both the White House and the U.S. Capitol in near ruins. An American invasion of Canada ended in failure. Defeat appeared to be certain—leaving the nation’s future in doubt—but down on the southern frontier Tennesseans fought and won major battles that turned the tide and made the reputation of a future U.S. president, Andrew Jackson. This conflict between the United States, Great Britain, governor William Blount (Willie’s older half-brother), Canada, and a score of sovereign Indian nations was called throughout the war. In 1813, Governor Blount raised the War of 1812 because the United States declared war over $37,000 and 2,000 volunteer soldiers to fight the on England in June of that year. Thousands of Tennesseans Creeks. Blount Mansion, built between 1792 and c.1830, fought with distinction in three southern campaigns: the is Knoxville’s only National Historic Landmark. 1813 Natchez campaign, the 1813–14 Creek War, and the campaign against the British in New Orleans in 1814–15. There were additional companies of Tennesseans and others 2. -
War of 1812 Primary Source Packet Madison
War of 1812 Primary Source Packet Madison Becomes President Digital History ID 211 Author: John Adams Date:1809 Annotation: Distressed by the embargo's failure, Jefferson looked forward to his retirement from the presidency. "Never," he wrote, "did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power." The problem of American neutrality now fell to Jefferson's hand-picked successor, James Madison. A quiet and scholarly man, who secretly suffered from epilepsy, "the Father of the Constitution" brought a keen intellect and wealth of experience to the presidency. As Jefferson's Secretary of State, he had kept the United States out of the Napoleonic wars and was committed to using economic coercion to force Britain and France to respect America's neutral rights. In this letter, former President Adams notes Madison's ascension to the presidency. Document: Jefferson expired and Madison came to Life last night...I pity poor Madison. He comes to the helm in such a storm as I have seen in the Gul[f] Stream, or rather such as I had to encounter in the Government in 1797. Mine was the worst however, because he has a great Majority of the officers and Men attached to him Survival Strategies Digital History ID 662 Author: Tecumseh Date:1810 Annotation: Told by Governor Harrison to place his faith in the good intentions of the United States, Tecumseh offers a bitter retort. He calls on Native Americans to revitalize their societies so that they can regain life as a unified people and put an end to legalized land grabs. -
Arkansas Moves Toward Secession and War
RICE UNIVERSITY WITH HESITANT RESOLVE: ARKANSAS MOVES TOWARD SECESSION AND WAR BY JAMES WOODS A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS Dr.. Frank E. Vandiver Houston, Texas ABSTRACT This work surveys the history of ante-bellum Arkansas until the passage of the Ordinance of Secession on May 6, 186i. The first three chapters deal with the social, economic, and politicai development of the state prior to 1860. Arkansas experienced difficult, yet substantial .social and economic growth during the ame-belium era; its percentage of population increase outstripped five other frontier states in similar stages of development. Its growth was nevertheless hampered by the unsettling presence of the Indian territory on its western border, which helped to prolong a lawless stage. An unreliable transportation system and a ruinous banking policy also stalled Arkansas's economic progress. On the political scene a family dynasty controlled state politics from 1830 to 186u, a'situation without parallel throughout the ante-bellum South. A major part of this work concentrates upon Arkansas's politics from 1859 to 1861. In a most important siate election in 1860, the dynasty met defeat through an open revolt from within its ranks led by a shrewd and ambitious Congressman, Thomas Hindman. Hindman turned the contest into a class conflict, portraying the dynasty's leadership as "aristocrats" and "Bourbons." Because of Hindman's support, Arkansans chose its first governor not hand¬ picked by the dynasty. By this election the people handed gubernatorial power to an ineffectual political novice during a time oi great sectional crisis. -
1Ba704, a NINETEENTH CENTURY SHIPWRECK SITE in the MOBILE RIVER BALDWIN and MOBILE COUNTIES, ALABAMA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 1Ba704, A NINETEENTH CENTURY SHIPWRECK SITE IN THE MOBILE RIVER BALDWIN AND MOBILE COUNTIES, ALABAMA FINAL REPORT PREPARED FOR THE ALABAMA HISTORICAL COMMISSION, THE PEOPLE OF AFRICATOWN, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY AND THE SLAVE WRECKS PROJECT PREPARED BY SEARCH INC. MAY 2019 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 1Ba704, A NINETEENTH CENTURY SHIPWRECK SITE IN THE MOBILE RIVER BALDWIN AND MOBILE COUNTIES, ALABAMA FINAL REPORT PREPARED FOR THE ALABAMA HISTORICAL COMMISSION 468 SOUTH PERRY STREET PO BOX 300900 MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA 36130 PREPARED BY ______________________________ JAMES P. DELGADO, PHD, RPA SEARCH PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY DEBORAH E. MARX, MA, RPA KYLE LENT, MA, RPA JOSEPH GRINNAN, MA, RPA ALEXANDER J. DECARO, MA, RPA SEARCH INC. WWW.SEARCHINC.COM MAY 2019 SEARCH May 2019 Archaeological Investigations of 1Ba704, A Nineteenth-Century Shipwreck Site in the Mobile River Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Between December 12 and 15, 2018, and on January 28, 2019, a SEARCH Inc. (SEARCH) team of archaeologists composed of Joseph Grinnan, MA, Kyle Lent, MA, Deborah Marx, MA, Alexander DeCaro, MA, and Raymond Tubby, MA, and directed by James P. Delgado, PhD, examined and documented 1Ba704, a submerged cultural resource in a section of the Mobile River, in Baldwin County, Alabama. The team conducted current investigation at the request of and under the supervision of Alabama Historical Commission (AHC); Alabama State Archaeologist, Stacye Hathorn of AHC monitored the project. This work builds upon two earlier field projects. The first, in March 2018, assessed the Twelvemile Wreck Site (1Ba694), and the second, in July 2018, was a comprehensive remote-sensing survey and subsequent diver investigations of the east channel of a portion the Mobile River (Delgado et al. -
The Creek "Migration Legend"
UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qm3x2bd Author Koons, Ryan Abel Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 © Copyright by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community by Ryan Abel Koons Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Tara Browner, Chair This dissertation presents an ethnography utilizing a multispecies perspective of the "busk" ritual cycle as performed by the southeastern Muskogee Creek American Indian community, Pvlvcekolv (Apalachicola). Humans construct humanity and personhood partially via interactions with other-than-human persons, such as animals, plants, and objects. I examine ritualized interactions between humans and others-than-human in a southeastern Indigenous "natureculture," exploring the intersections of ontology, personhood, and performance practice. Pvlvcekolv, an animistic Florida-based tribal town with a ceremonial Fire that pre-dates European Contact, maintains a centuries-old ritual tradition, the busk. Sometimes known as "Green Corn Ceremonialism," many Native communities share this tradition, including ii Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole, Yuchi, and other Creek peoples historically and in the present day. Performing the songs, dances, and ritual actions of the busk places participants into dialogue with other-than-human persons. -
Challenge Bowl 2020
Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Challenge Bowl 2020 High School Study Guide Sponsored by the Challenge Bowl 2020 Muscogee (Creek) Nation Table of Contents A Struggle To Survive ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 1. Muscogee History ......................................................................................................... 5-30 2. Muscogee Forced Removal ........................................................................................... 31-50 3. Muscogee Customs & Traditions .................................................................................. 51-62 4. Branches of Government .............................................................................................. 63-76 5. Muscogee Royalty ........................................................................................................ 77-79 6. Muscogee (Creek) Nation Seal ...................................................................................... 80-81 7. Belvin Hill Scholarship .................................................................................................. 82-83 8. Wilbur Chebon Gouge Honors Team ............................................................................. 84-85 9. Chronicles of Oklahoma ............................................................................................... 86-97 10. Legends & Stories ...................................................................................................... -
The Lady Slocomb: How Mobile, Alabama, Lost Its Most Famous Civil War Cannon to New Orleans
The Lady Slocomb: How Mobile, Alabama, Lost its Most famous Civil War Cannon to New Orleans By Paul Brueske, April 13, 2020 blueandgrayeducation.org The Lady Slocomb, Confederate Memorial Hall Museum, New Orleans Many fascinating stories were produced during the campaign for the capture of Mobile in March 1865. One of the more interesting tales related to the last siege of that terrible war, involved the fate of a Confederate cannon that was used at the siege of Spanish Fort called the Lady Slocomb. In the 1890s this cannon was displayed prominently on Mobile’s Government Street but vanished before the turn of the nineteenth century, ending up in New Orleans. During the siege of Spanish Fort, the big cannon was located at a redoubt known as Battery Blair. The big gun was manned by the Washington Artillery’s Fifth Company, which named it the “Lady Slocomb” after their captain’s wife. The cannon caused the besieging Federals much suffering until two Union shells disabled it and killed three Southerners. The dismounted gun was placed on the ground nearby, where it rested for nearly 25 years. Before the cannon was moved to the city, a charge of canister in the barrel was discovered by the old veterans and removed. Spanish Fort plan, 1865 | Library of Congress After the war, the Blue and Gray Veterans Union, a group of Union and Confederate veterans living near Mobile, was organized on July 4, 1890, on the battlefield of Spanish Fort, Baldwin County, Alabama. It was there the veterans, to their amazement, discovered the old Lady Slocomb cannon—a big 8-inch Columbiad built at Tredegar, Virginia. -
18Th Alabama Infantry Co G Roster
Soldier’s Name Regimental Record Brief Genealogical Information Aaron, James M/N Private James Aaron Company Drummer Enlisted July 29, 1861 at Jonesboro, Jefferson County, Alabama by Age at enlistment: abt 20 Capt. James Haughey. Sep 17, 1862 – James Aaron signed for one fife at $4. Brief biography Jan 31, 1863 – James Aaron signed for one fife at $5. Born: Feb 10, 1864 – James Aaron while at Dalton, Georgia signed for: Parents: John Aaron & Mary ? One bass drum at $100 Died: Four drum heads at $75 May 15, 1864 - Captured Resaca, Georgia 1860 Federal Census – Jefferson County, Alabama May 20, 1864 - Forwarded to Kentucky Military Prison, Louisville. Page 721 – Freelands Precinct May 22, 1864 - Transferred to Camp Morton, Indianapolis, Indiana. Age Feb 26, 1865 – Transferred to City Point, Virginia via Baltimore for John Arons 66 exchange. Mary 60 June 16, 1865 – Paroled at Talladega, Ala. *James 19 (End of Regimental Record) Mary 15 Peter 22 Farm Laborer Aaron, R. P. Private R. P. Aaron Enlisted July 29, 1861 at Jonesboro, Jefferson County, Alabama by Capt James Haughey. Age at enlistment: (End of Regimental Record) Brief biography Born: Parents: Died: Is this the correct census entry for R.P. Aaron? 1860 Federal Census – Jefferson County, Alabama Page 721 – Freelands Precinct Age John Arons 66 Mary 60 James 19 Mary 15 *Peter 22 Farm Laborer th Last Updated: September 2003 18 Alabama Infantry Co. G Roster (Hueytown Historical Society) Page 1 of 83 Soldier’s Name Regimental Record Brief Genealogical Information Adams, Taylor Private Taylor Adams Enlisted Dec. 20, 1861 St. Clair Co., Ala by Capt. -
THE WAR of 1812 in CLAY COUNTY, ALABAMA by Don C. East
THE WAR OF 1812 IN CLAY COUNTY, ALABAMA By Don C. East BACKGROUND The War of 1812 is often referred to as the “Forgotten War.” This conflict was overshadowed by the grand scale of the American Revolutionary War before it and the American Civil War afterwards. We Americans fought two wars with England: the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Put simply, the first of these was a war for our political freedom, while the second was a war for our economic freedom. However, it was a bit more complex than that. In 1812, the British were still smarting from the defeat of their forces and the loss of their colonies to the upstart Americans. Beyond that, the major causes of the war of 1812 were the illegal impressments of our ships’ crewmen on the high seas by the British Navy, Great Britain’s interference with our trade and other trade issues, and the British incitement of the Native Americans to hostilities against the Americans along the western and southeast American frontiers. Another, often overlooked cause of this war was it provided America a timely excuse to eliminate American Indian tribes on their frontiers so that further westward expansion could occur. This was especially true in the case of the Creek Nation in Alabama so that expansion of the American colonies/states could move westward into the Mississippi Territories in the wake of the elimination of the French influence there with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, and the Spanish influence, with the Pinckney Treaty of 1796. Now the British and the Creek Nation were the only ones standing in the way of America’s destiny of moving the country westward into the Mississippi Territories.