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First Record of the Box Tree Moth Cydalima Perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Lithuania

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First Record of the Box Tree Moth Cydalima Perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Lithuania LIETUVOS ENTOMOLOGŲ DRAUGIJOS DARBAI. 2 (30) tomas 55 FIRST RECORD OF THE BOX TREE MOTH CYDALIMA PERSPECTALIS (WALKER, 1859) (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN LITHUANIA BRIGITA PAULAVIČIŪTĖ1, DARIUS MIKALAUSKAS2 1Kaunas T. Ivanauskas Zoological Museum, Laisvės al. 106, LT-44253, Kaunas, Lithuania. 2 Lithuanian Entomological Society, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania. E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction Biological invasion by alien species is a great ecological and economical threat, with a multitude of negative impacts on human and animal health, local biodiversity (flora and fauna) and cultural landscape (Hulme & Roy, 2010). The box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an invasive species on box tree Buxus spp. in Europe, which has been spreading and establishing across the continent during the last decade. The pest was included in the alert list of the European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) in 2007 but was removed in 2011 (Strachinis et al., 2015). The box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) is known from the humid subtropical regions of East Asia, India (Hampson, 1896), China (Walker, 1859), Japan (Inoue, 1982), Korea (Park, 2008), and Far East Russia (Kirpichnikova, 2005). The larvae feed on the leaves of Buxus microphylla Siebold &Zucc., but also accept other Buxus species (Maruyama, 1993). In 2006, the box tree moth was registered in southwestern Germany (Krüger, 2008). In 2007, it was also found in Switzerland (Billen, 2007) and in the Netherlands (Muus et al., 2009). At present this species is known from many European countries: Britain (Mitchell, 2009), France (Feldtrauer et al., 2009), Austria (Rodeland, 2009), Liechtenstein (Slamka, 2010), Belgium (De Prins, Steeman, 2011), Italy (Grifo et al., 2012; Bella, 2013), Hungary (Sáfián & Horváth, 2011), Czech Republic (Šumpich, 2011), Romania (Székely et al., 2011), Slovenia (Seljak, 2012), Turkey (Hizal at al., 2012), Croatia (Koren & Črne, 2012), Russia (Proklov & Karayeva, 2013), Slovakia (Pastorális et al., 2013), Denmark (Hobern, 2013), Georgia (Matsiakh, 2014), Spain (Pérez-Otero et al., 2014), Bulgaria (Beshkov et al., 2015), Bosnia Herzegovina (Ostojić et al., 2015), Serbia (Konjević et al., 2015; Stojanović et al., 2015), Greece (Strachinis et al., 2015), Ukraine (Budashkin, 2016) Albania (Raineri et al., 2017), Luxemburg (Ries et al., 2017), Poland (Bury et al., 2017). Data on this species from Lithuania has not been known. At present, this is the northernmost area of distribution of this species. Material and Methods The material was collected using light trapping at night (250W DRL type bulb lamp was used) in Vilnius district, Žudiškės (54.826962 N, 25.227542 E), 20 09 2018 by Darius Mikalauskas. The species was identified using external appearance. The terminology used for 56 BULLETIN OF THE LITHUANIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Volume 2 (30) morphological structures mostly follows that of F. Slamka (2013). The forewing length was measured from the base of the wing to the end of its terminal fringe scales. The specimen is deposited in the collection of the Kaunas T. Ivanauskas zoological museum (Lithuania). Results and Discussion This species, originally described as Phakellura perspectalis Walker, 1859, has been placed in various spilomeline genera including Palpita Hübner, 1808, Diaphania Hübner, 1818 and Glyphodes Guenée, 1854. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the box tree moth has been transferred to Cydalima Lederer, 1863; since perspectalis is the type- species of Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008, this genus name can be synonymized with Cydalima (Mally & Nuss, 2010). The box tree moth adults are variable. The most common color form has white, slightly iridescent wings with a large dark brown band at the outer margin and a characteristic white spot on the forewing, in the discoidal cell. Hindwings are white with the same band at the outer margin as in the forewings. In a less common colour variant, the adults are completely brown, but still show a white forewing spot. The wingspan is 30–45 mm. Antennae are filiform, with short ciliae in male, thinner in female. Male has tufts of hair on the end of abdomen (Mally & Nuss, 2010) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859), Žudiškės, Vilnius district, Lithuania (Photo: D. Mikalauskas). Scale bar 1 cm. Eggs are laid on the leaves of the host plant in groups of 5–20 (Leuthard & Baur, 2013). The light green larvae are characterized by black stripes with white dots and hairs and shiny black head. In the last larval stage they can reach a length of up to 4 cm (Bella, 2013). The pupae are between 1,5 and 2,0 cm long. Initially green with dark stripes on LIETUVOS ENTOMOLOGŲ DRAUGIJOS DARBAI. 2 (30) tomas 57 the dorsal surface, towards the end of pupation they turn brown with a dark pattern corresponding to the brown wing borders of the adult. They are concealed in a cocoon of white silk spun among the leaves and twigs (Korycinska & Eyre, 2009). The host plants of C. perspectalis are Buxus spp. In origin countries, it has also been reported on Euonymus japonicus Thunb., E. alata (Thunb.), Ilex purpurea Hassk., Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc., and Murraya paniculata (L.) where larvae feed on leaves and are considered serious defoliators (Korycinska & Eyre, 2009; Wang, 2008). References Bella S. 2013. The box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) continues to spread in southern Europe: new records for Italy (Lepidoptera Pyraloidea Crambidae). Redia XCVI: 51–55. Budashkin Y. U. I. 2016. Box wood moth – Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera, Pyraustidae) – a new for the fauna of Ukraine and Crimea species of a dangerous pest of forestry and greenery. Ekosystemy 5 (35): 36–39. [In Russian]. Bury J., Olbrycht T., Mazur K., Babula P., Czudec P. 2017. First records of the invasive box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in south-eastern Poland. Fragmenta Faunistica 60(2): 101–106. De Prins W., Steeman C. 2011. Interessante waarnemingen van Lepidoptera in België in 2010 (Lepidoptera). Phegea 39(4): 125. Feldtrauer J. F., Feldtrauer J. J., Brua C. 2009: Premiers signalements en France de la Pyrale du Buis Diaphania per-spectalis (Walker, 1859), espece exotique envahissante s’attaquant aux Buis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Mulhouse 65: 55–58. Griffo R., Cesaroni C., Desantis M. 2012. Organismi nocivi introdotti in Italia nell’ultimo trienni. Informatore Agrario 68: 61–63. Hampson G. F. 1896. Moths 4. In: The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor & Francis. 594 p. Hizal E., Kose M., Yesil C., Kaynar D. 2012. The new pest Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11 (3): 400–403. Hobern D. 2013. Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859). Available from http://www.fl ickr.com (Accessed August 11, 2018). Hulme P. E., Roy D. B. 2010. Daisie and Arthropod invasions in Europe. In Roques A. (ed) Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe. BioRisk 4(1): 1–3. Inoue H. 1982. Pyralidae. In Inoue H., Sugi S., Kuroko H., Moriuti S. Kawabe A. (ed) Moths of Japan 1, 2. Tokyo: Kodansha, 307–404 (vol. 1), 223–254, 36–48, 228, 296– 314 (vol. 2). Kirpichnikova V. A. 2005. Pyralidae. In Ler P. A. (ed.): Key to the Insects of Russian Far East 5 (2). Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 526–539 [in Russian]. Konjević A., Marković M. Kereši T. 2015. Nalazi šimširovog moljca Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) u Vojvodini. Biljni lekar 43(4): 387–395. Koren, T., Črne M. 2012. The first record of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis 58 BULLETIN OF THE LITHUANIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Volume 2 (30) (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) in Croatia. Natura Croatica, 21: 507–510. Korycinska A., Eyre D. 2009. Box tree caterpillar, Diaphania perspectalis. FERA Plant Pest and Disease Factsheets. The Food and Environment Research Agency, U.K. Krüger E. O. 2008. Glyphodes perspectalis (Walker, 1859) – neu für die Fauna Europas (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 118: 81–83. Leuthardt F. L. G., Baur B. 2013. Oviposition preference and larval development of the invasive moth Cydalima perspectalis on five European box-tree varieties. Journal of Applied Entomology 137: 437–444. Mally R. Nuss M. 2010. Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae). European Journal of Entomology, 107: 393-400. Maruyama T. 1993. Life cycle of the box-tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). IV. Effect of various host plants on larval growth and food utilization. Japanese Journal Of Applied Entomology And Zoology 37: 117–122. Matsiakh I. 2014. Assessment of forest pests and diseases in protected areas of Georgia. Final Report. Tbilisi. Mitchell A. 2009. Box tree moth Diaphania perspectalis (Walk.) – a new pyralid moth to Britain and Ireland. Atropos 36: 17–18. Muus T. S. T., Van Haaften E. J. Van Deventer L. J. 2009. De buxusmot Palpita perspectalis (Walker) in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Entomologishe Berichte 69: 66–67. Ostojić I., Zovko M., Petrović D. Elez D. 2015. New records of box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Works of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Sarajevo 60: 139–143. Park I. K. 2008. Ecological characteristic of Glyphodes perspectalis. Korean journal of applied entomology 47: 299–301. Pastoralis G., Elsner G., Kopeeek F., Kosorin F., Laštůvka A., Lendela A., Liška J., Nimy J., Richter I., Stefanovie R., Šumpich J., Tokar Z. 2013. Fourteen Lepidoptera species new to the fauna of Slovakia. Folia Faunistica Slovaca 18: 1–12. Pérez-Otero R., Mansilla J. P., Vidal M. 2014. Cydalima perspectalis Walker, 1859 (Lepidoptera, Crambidae): a new threat for Buxus spp. in the Iberian Peninsula. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 10: 225–22. Raineri V., Bonechi F., Caracciolo D., Cresta P., Mariotti M. 2017. Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and the threats for the Nature 2000 habitat 5110 in Liguria (NW Italy).
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