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Client/Server Internet Objectives of this chapter – To introduce shortly history and presence of the Internet – To explain how is the Internet organized – To explain the principle of access technologies – To introduce some of well-known Internet services both traditional and advanced ones. IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 1 Internet Recapitulation of the previous chapter What we know about TCP/IP architecture? 1. TCP/IP architecture is the primary network architecture of worldwide Internet 2. TCP/IP protocol suite is structured into 4 layers – the network interface layer, the IP layer, the transport layer, the application layer. The data-link and physical layer is provided by other transmission technology, for example by Ethernet or Wi-Fi. 3. The key protocols of TCP/IP architecture are IP protocol belonging to the IP (or network) layer and TCP protocol belonging to the transport layer 4. The next protocol of the transport layer is UDP protocol, so applications may choose for transport of their messages or TCP that is reliable and slower or UDP that is faster but not completely reliable. IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 2 Internet 5. TCP/IP architecture uses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing scheme for unique identifications both networks and nodes. The network assigned with unique IP address within the Internet is the IP network. The node assigned with unique IP address within the IP network is the IP node. 6. IP address is a logical identifier which is assigned to the node or manually or automatically by DHCP service. 7. Larger LANs consist of number IP networks connected together by LAN IP routers. Routers determines the best path for IP data packets („datagrams“). Routers communicate one another using the routing protocols for sharing of routing information. 8. The collection of IP networks with common routing strategy is the autonomous system (AS). Each AS of Internet has its own unique identifier, which is AS number (ASN). IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 3 Internet 8. The users usually use for specification of network host domain names instead of its IP addresses. Domain name is an alphanumerical string. Each IP address should be associated with one or with more domain names. 9. The conversion of the domain name to the IP address is provided within distributed DNS (Domain Name System) through DNS servers. 11. In the term of DNS, the Internet (i.e. collection of IP networks) is a hierarchical virtual structure of DNS domains. – On the top of DNS structure is a root domain, next horizontal levels are top level domains and second level domains. – Top level domains (TLD) are or generic TLD (edu, gov….) or country TLD (cz, uk, sk, fr, tr, es ……) – Second level domains are mostly represented by LANs of enterprises, universities, etc. (for example mendelu.cz, microsoft.com….) – The lowest level comprises the domain names of single nodes IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 4 Internet Implementation of TCP/IP architecture in the computer IRC - Lecture 2 - Networking 5 Internet • Each IP devices has a „private” („local“) or „public” („Internet“) IP address. • Local IP address must be unique address on that LAN („intranet“). • Internet IP address that is provided by the Internet Service Provider (ISP) must be unique address on the Internet. • The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established certain blocks of IPV4 addresses for the use of private (LAN) and public (Internet) addresses. The private IP addresses will fall within these specific ranges: IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges Start End No. of addresses 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A) 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16777216 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1048576 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 65536 IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 6 Internet private addressing private addressing public addressing private addressing private addressing • Communication between intranets with private addresses is not possible because the same addresses are used here (address collisions). • Communication is possible only by using the NAT method implemented on the border router. IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 7 Internet The principle of method Network Address Translation • Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space (typically “private”) into another (typically “public”) and back by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. Network Address Translation private public intranet private public IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 8 Internet Virtual structure of DNS domains Infrastructure TLD gTLD ccTLD IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 9 Internet Historical Generic TLDs Domain Intended use com Mainly for commercial entities, but unrestricted Originally for organizations not clearly falling within org the other gTLDs, now unrestricted Originally for network infrastructures, now net unrestricted Educational use, but now primarily for US third edu level colleges and universities Governmental use, but now primarily for US gov governmental entities and agencies mil Military use, but now primarily for US military only IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 10 Internet How the Internet administration is organized • The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is an organization responsible for maintaining a collection of registries that are critical in ensuring global coordination of the DNS root zone, Autonomous systems, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol resources. • A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a particular region of the world. It means, RIRs control assigning and distributing IP addresses and domain registrations. • Geographically, the Internet administration is divided into five regions: – AFRINIC – APNIC – ARIN – LACNIC – RIPE NCC IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 11 Internet RIRs • African Network Information Center (AFRINIC)[ for Africa • American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for the United States, Canada, several parts of the Caribbean region, and Antarctica. • Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and neighboring countries • Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC) for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region • Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia 12 IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet Internet Internet Autonomous Systems • The Internet is administratively divided into Autonomous Systems. • ASs are under maintenance and control of a network operator or ISP (Internet service provider) company. • AS is a collection of networks under a common administration sharing a common routing strategy. • Autonomous system number (ASN) is a 16-bit decimal or 32–bit number that uniquely identifies the autonomous system. • Internet is interconnection of many autonomous systems. Each AS is connected to the Internet via an exterior router. • Exterior routers communicate one another by exterior routing protocols (EGP) IRC - Lecture 2 - Networking 13 Internet Concept of Autonomous Systems IRC - Lecture 2 - Networking 14 Internet - ISP Internet service provider (ISP) • ISP is company that provides a link to the Internet and other related services (such as Web site hosting and Mail service) for individual user or small enterprise’s LANs. • The larger ISPs are owners of high-speed links to the Internet backbone, therefore they are independent on the telecommunication providers which keep telecommunication lines. • Access networks of ISP (so called „the last mile“ networks) are connected together by Internet backbone. • ISP network operates usually as the Autonomous System (AS). IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 15 Internet ISP What is ISP „peering“ • ISP „Peering“ is the arrangement of communication (i.e. traffic exchange) ISPs. Larger ISPs with their own backbone networks agree to allow traffic from other large ISPs in exchange for traffic on their backbones. • Bilateral peering is an agreement between two parties. • Multilateral peering is an agreement between more than two parties. • NIX.CZ associates Internet Service Providers in the Czech Republic with the objective of interconnecting their networks. Most of ISPs operating within Czech Republic are members if NIX.CZ (Český Telecom, SkyNet, TISCALI, GiTy, Eurotel, CESNET, INTERNET CZ,…….) http://www.nix.cz/cs/networks IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 16 Internet - ISP How peering works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5oe63pOhLI IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 17 Internet ISP List of Internet change points • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_ points_by_size Peering centers - examples • France - https://www.franceix.net/en/ • Ghana - http://www.gixa.org.gh/members/ • Spain - https://www.de-cix.net/en/locations/spain/madrid • Portugal - http://www.datacentermap.com/ixp/gigapix.html • Mexico - http://www.datacentermap.com/ixp/mie.html • Kazakhstan, Russia - www.dataix.ru/en/ • ...... And many others IRC - Lecture 3 - Internet 18 Internet - ISP ISP access to the Internet – Access networks is a type of telecommunications network which connects subscribers to their immediate service provider. – POP (point-of-presence) is an access point to the Internet. A POP necessarily has a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address – Modem (modulator/demodulator) is a communication device that converts digital data from computer into analog signals for conventional lines and vice versa. There are various
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