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An Introduction to the Botanical Type Specimen Register

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 12 An Introduction to the Botanical Type Specimen Register Stanwyn G. Shetler with Mary Jane Petrini, Constance Graham Carley, M. J. Harvey, Larry E. Morse, Thomas E. Kopfler, and Collaborators SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1973 ABSTRACT Shetler, Stanwyn G., with Mary Jane Petrini, Constance Graham Carley, M. J. Harvey, Larry E. Morse, Thomas E. Kopfler, and Collaborators. An Introduc- tion to the Botanical Type Specimen Register. Srnithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 12, 186 pages, 3 figures, frontispiece, 1973.--In the first part, the development of a computer-based system for storing and retrieving infonna- tion about botanical type specimens is described from its pilot stage to its present operational stage. The concept, purpose, and scope are explained, and the operational procedures are outlined. Ways of using and contributing to this computerized register of types, both in the short-run and in the longrun, are proposed. A statistical summary of the content of the Type Register as of 30 September 1972 is given. Over 13,000 specimens representing more than 10,000 taxa have been registered. The second part consists of a Catalog of more than' 1,000 specimens representing over 600 taxa of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae), which are deposited in ten major American herbaria, and the Catalog is cross- indexed five different ways: by author, publication date, collector, country, and herbarium. An introduction summarizes the preparation and editing of the Catalog. This Carex Catalog represents the first published installment of the Type Register and as such is intended to serve as an example. COLLABORATORS Listed here by institution are the persons who have collaborated in the compiling of data from their respective herbaria for the Carex Catalog: California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, Sun Francisco, California 94118; Stanford University (Dudley Herbarium), Stanford, CaGifornia 94305; University of Cali- fornia (Herbarium), Berkeley, California 94720 Dr. John H. Thomas, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Curator of Dudley Herbarium (Stanford), Curator of Botany (Acad-my) , and compiler of data at Berkeley; assisted by Dr. Margaret Sharp Field Museum of Xatural History, Roosevelt Road at Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 Dr. Lt'illiam C. Burger, Associate Curator of Vascular Plants: assisted by Mr. Ronald L. Liesner Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cam bridge, Massachusetts 02138 Dr. Richard 4. Howard, Director, Arnold Arboretum; Dr. Reed C. Rollins, Asa Gray Professor of Systematic Botany and Director of the Gray Herbarium Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Dr. IValter H. Lewis, Senior Botanist, Professor of Biology (Washington University); assisted by Dr. Raymond F. Altevogt h'ew York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 10458 Dr. Howard S. Irwin, Director: Dr. Patricia Kern Holmgren, Associate Curator and Herbarium Administrator; Dr. Noel H. Holmgren, Associate Curator Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 Dr. Mason E. Hale, Curator of Cryptogams; Dr. Dan H. Nicolson, Associate Curator of Phanerogams OFFICIALPUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is re- corded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4783. SERIES COVFR DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphjlluin japonicum Siebold and luccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Shetler, Stanwyn G. An introduction to the botanical type specimen register. (Smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 12.) Bibliography: p. 1, Information storage and retrieval systems-Botany-Type specimens. 2. Carex. I. Title. 11. Title: Botanical tjpe specimen register. 111. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 12. QKlS2747 no. 12 [Z699.5.B6] 58lt.08s[579] 72-11706 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402 Price $2.85 domestic postpaid or $2.50 GPO Bookstore Foreword It always has been the policy of the United States National Herbarium to make its collections as easily available as possible. We have welcomed visitors and loaned specimens on request since the founding of our herbarium. Now, in an effort to make our collections even more accessible, we have undertaken a new project to compile a computerized catalog of our type collection of ap- proximately 65,000 specimens. Eventually, we hope to broaden this catalog, which we are calling the “Botanical Type Specimen Register,” to include the type collections of many other institutions so that it will serve as a union listing of types. Already we have enlisted the cooperation of other institutions, and the computer file presently includes records from more than a score of herbaria. The United States National Herbarium, a worldwide collection of plants now totaling some 3 million specimens, is administered by the Smithsonian Institu- tion’s Department of Botany, a unit of the National Museum of Natural History. The Department of Botany has played a pioneering role in the development of the Museum’s active program in data processing, The Type Register is the Museum’s first operational effort in cooperative, multi-institutional (network) data banking and, as such, is of special interest. If this approach to common data banking proves successful, it \vill point the way for many cooperative efforts in other branches of natural history. Although the Type Register is still very much in its infancy, we are zealous to demonstrate its potential to the botanical community with a tangible product so that we can receive advice and counsel from the community on the basis of concrete results while the data bank is still small and susceptible to modifica- tion. This publication should prove useful in itself as a catalog of type speci- mens of Cayex, particularly to specialists on the family Cyperaceae. The larger purpose, however, in issuing a preliminary catalog of limited scope at this time is to demonstrate the concept of the Type Register in concrete terms and thereby to solicit the collaboration of all plant systematists in molding the Register into an effective, scholarly tool for future generations of the profession. The computer file presently registers over 13,500 type specimens, representing some 10,500 vascular plant taxa. Thus the Cawx Catalog, with its 1,000 speci- mens and 600 taxa, is a printout of less than 10 percent of the current, rapidly growing file. Less formal and less expensive means of putting out the informa- tion will be tried with future installments, and it may become desirable or neces- sary at some point to begin publishing in microform. Perhaps the most common and economical mode of disseminating the accumulated information will be to provide computer printouts to individual users in response to queries for up-to- the-minute reports on specific taxonomic groups. Once the data bank is well established query service can be provided to any user for a modest fee. We welcome your reaction to the concept of the Botanical Type Specimen Register on the basis of this sample. Only with the backing of the botanical community can we continue to get the necessary financial support to carry on the work. EDWARDS. AYENSU,Chairman Department of Botany 30 September 1972 iii Con tents Page Foreword ............................. ........... .................... iii THEBOTANICAL TYPE SPECIMEN REGISTER Stanwyn G. Shetler Introduction ......................................................... ..... 1 Acknowledgments .................... ........................ 3 Concept and Purpose of Type Register . , . .......... 6 Scope of Register . , . , . ....I..... 10 Procedures and Standards ,........ ................................................ 12 Source of Data ,,,,.......,........................................ 12 Instructions for Contributors . , . , . , . , , . 12 Record Format and Content ,..... , .,................,.......................... 15 Level I-Taxon Data ....... .. .. ..................................... 16 Family , ,......... ,...................................... 16 Genus a ..... ,.. ......................It............. 16 Species .,......... .............................................. 16 Infraspecific Taxon , , . , . , ..................... .. 17 Author ....................................... ...................... 17 Title .................................. ................... 17 Level 2-Collection Data , . .......... ................... 17 Collector(s) .................................................................. 17 Collection Number . , . , , , . , . , . , , . , . , . 18 Collection Date(s) ,......... , ... ............................................ 18 Geographic Data Fields . ................ 18 Level 3Specimen Data , . , . , , , , . , , . , . , . 19 Herbarium Abbreviation , . 19 Herbarium Sheet Number , , . , . , . , . , . , , . , . 19 Kind of Type , , , , . , . 19 Data Source Code . , . ....................... 21 Processing System . , . , . , , . , . , , . , , , . .......................... 21 Paper Tape System .......................................................... 22 On-Line System , . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . , . , . , , , . , , , . 22 Optical Scanning System , , , , , , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , , . , , . 22 Magnetic Tape System , , , , , . , ,,........ 22 Computer Processing System , . , , . ..................... 22 Statistical Summary of Type
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