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Hops Humulus Lupulus L HERB PROFILE Hops Humulus lupulus L. Family: Cannabaceae INTRODUCTION as noted from observations of young women who reportedly often ops is a perennial vine growing vertically to 33 feet experienced early menstrual periods after harvesting the strobiles with dark green, heart-shaped leaves.l,2,3 The male and in hops fields. lB H female flowers grow on separate vines.l.3 Hops are the Traditionally hops were used for nervousness, insomnia, excit­ dried yellowish-green, cone-like female flowers or fruits (tech­ ability, ulcers, indigestion, and restlessness associated with tension nically referred to as strobiles).l.4 Originally native to Europe, headache.l3 Additional folk medicine uses include pain relief, Asia, and North America,5 several varieties of hops are now culti­ improved appetite, and as a tonic.9 A tea made of hops was vated in Germany, the United States, the British Isles, the Czech ingested for inflammation of the bladder.? Native American Republic, South America, and Australia.4,6 Although still wild tribes used hops for insomnia and pain.5,8 Hops are employed in in Europe and North America, commercial hops come exclu­ Ayurvedic (Indian) medicine for restlessness and in traditional sively from cultivated plants.1,7 The leaves, shoots, female flowers C hinese medicine for insomnia, stomach upset and cramping, (hops), and oil are the parts of the plant used commercially. 8 and lack of appetite.5 Clinical studies in China report promise for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy, acute bacterial dysen­ HISTORY AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE tery, silicosis (respiratory condition caused by the inhalation The name hops is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word hoppan of silica dust), and asbestosis (respiratory condition caused by meaning to cl imb.5,9 The species name the prolonged inhalation of asbestos parti­ lupulus is Latin for small wolf, referring cles) .5.l0 Externally, it has been applied to to the plant's habit of "wolfing" or climb­ treat dandruff, ringworm, sores, ulcers, ing on other plants, as a wolf would climb skin injuries, acne, and to alleviate pain and on a sheep.2,9 The beer brewing indus­ itching.6,7 In aromatherapy, hops have been try accounts for 98% of the world use of used for skin care, breathing conditions, hops.1·3 Originally used as a preservative, nervousness, nerve pain, and stress-related hops were later additionally used to add a conditions.l4 bitter flavor to beer.10 The earliest record Hops are approved in various monographs of hopped beer is in 822 CE.3 The cultiva­ and pharmacopeias as a treatment fo r excit­ tion of hops spread in Europe during the ability, lack of appetite, mood disturbances Middle Ages because beer was served with (restlessness, anxiety), sleep d isturbances, every meaJ.3 sleeplessness, and tenseness.2,16,17,1 9 Hops have been used as a food and for flavoring food and as a perfume scent for MoDERN REsEARcH over 2500 years.11 Pliny the Elder (circa One laboratory study has demonsrrated 23-79 CE) mentions Romans eating young antimicrobial activity in hops and has hop shoots.9 The young spring shoots suggested that hops constituents may be are still eaten in Belgium, France, and useful in mourhwash.20 Several clinical England in the same ways that asparagus is trials have supported the efficacy of a eaten.2.12 The flowers are a natural source combination of hops with valerian root of food flavoring.2,l3 They have flavored (Valeriana officina/is L., Valerianaceae) for cereal, beverages, mineral waters, spices, sauces, tobacco, and improving sleep.2l,22,23,24,25 No published clinical studies to date alcoholic beverages other than beer.l0,11 ,14 Hops have been used have examined the effectiveness of hops alone for any traditional in perfume, especially the spicy or oriental types, lO,l4 to give body use. to dry hair, and in skin creams and lotions.l0,15 FUTURE O UTLOOK Medicinally, hops are mainly used as a sedative.! With other There is a fixed worldwide demand for hops, dependent on beer herbal sedatives, hops can be beneficial for sleeplessness and consumption, with variable supply, which results in shortages and nervousness.6,l6 Efficacy has long been established, but the exact surpluses in any given year. 26 World production of hops is cycli­ mechanism for sedation is still unknown.? Hops also contain cal and typically peaks every 7-10 years followed by several years antispasmodic, diuretic, calming, sleep promoting, hypnotic, and of surpluses and depressed market prices. A relatively consistent antimicrobial properties.4,8,10,16,17 supply of hops is assured by the fact that they are grown in numer­ The sedative constituents are believed to be in the aromatic oils, ous places for specific markets.26 HG hence the rationale behind the traditional use of "sleep" pillows -Gayle Engels and Joyce Juan made of hops.14 The aromatic oils may also have estrogenic effects Continues on page 4 Phoro by Steven Foster. ©2006 stevenfosrer.com www.herbalgram.org 2006 HerbaiGram 71 I 1 I\Jv1ERIGAN BOTfoNICAL COUNCIL Media Sponsors ~ NewHoPe remedies· NaTuraL Mema A Divisilln ofPmton MdUt. 1114. tasteforlife HOPS advisory board Continued from page I Each issue of Herba/Gram is peer reviewed by members of our Advisory Board and other qualified experts before publication. REFERENCES I. Bruneton J, ed. Pharmacognosy, Cindy K. Angerhofer, PhD Edward M. Croom, Jr., PhD Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. Director of Botanical Research, Aveda Institute, Adjunct Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy, Paris: Lavoisier; 1999. Minneapolis, Minnesota University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 2. Onstad D. Whole Foods Companion: A Guide for Adventurous Cooks, Curious Shop­ John Thor Arnason, PhD Wade Davis, PhD pers & Lovers ofNatural Foods. White River Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Explorer-in-Residence, National Geographic Society, Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Washington, D.C. Company; 1996. Dennis V. C. Awang, PhD, FCIC Steven Dentali, PhD 3. Tucker AO, Debaggio T. The Big Book of MediPiant Natural Products Consulting Services, Vice President of Scientific and Technical Affairs, Herbs. Loveland, CO: Interweave Press; White Rock, B.C., Canada American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, 2000. Maryland Bruce Barrett, MD, PhD 4. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Dorset, UK: Assistant Professor of Family Medicine, Hardy Eshbaugh, PhD British Herbal Medicine Association; 1996. Unive rsity of Wi sconsin-Madison Medical School Professor of Botany & Assistant Curator, Willard 5. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, Sherman Turrell Herbarium, Miami University, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission Marilyn Barrett, PhD Oxford, Ohio E Monographs. Austin, TX: American Botani­ Pharmacognosy Consulting Service, cal Council; Newton, MA: Integrative Medi­ San Carlos, California Trish Flaster, MS ci ne Communications; 2000. Ezra Bejar, PhD Executive Director, Botanical Liaisons, LLC, Boulder, CO 6. Tyler VE, Foster S. TJler's Honest Herbal. 4th Director ofTechnical Sciences, Herbalife International, Joe Graedon, MS ed. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press; Inc., Los Angeles, CA Author, syndicated columnist, radio host, 1999. Durham, North Carolina 7. Wicht! M, Bri nckmann J. Herbal Drugs and Bradley C. Bennett, PhD Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart: Medpharm Associate Professor of Biology, Florida International Charlotte Gyllenhaal, PhD GmbH Scientific Publishers; 2004. Unive rsity, Miami Research Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, 8. Bown D. The Herb Society ofAmerica New John A. Beutler, PhD University of Illinois at Chicago; Research Program Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. London: Staff Scientist, Mo lecular Targets Development Manager, Block Center for Integrative Cancer Ca re, Dorling Kindersley Ltd.; 200 1. Program, National Cancer Institute Evanston, IL 9. Grieve M. A Modern Herbal. Vol. I. New Frederick, Maryland Mary Hardy, MD York: Dover Books; 1971. Director, Cedars-Sinai Integrative Medicine Medical I 0. Duke J, ed. Handbook ofMedicinal Herbs. Josef Brinckmann Group, Los Angeles, California Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985. VP of Research and Development, Traditional II. Arctander S. Perfume and Flavor Materials Medicinals, Inc., Sebastopol, CA Christopher Hobbs, LAc, AHG ofNatural Origin. Carol Stream, IL: Al lured Francis Brinker, ND Herbalist, botanist, licensed acupuncturist, Publishing Corporation; 1994. Clinical Ass istant Professor, Department of Medicines, Davis, California 12. Davidson A. The Oxford Companion to Food. Programin Integrative Medicine, Un iversity of Arizona, David Hoffmann BSc, FNIMH London: Oxford University Press; 1999. Tucson Medical Herbalist, Author, and Research Associate 13. Barnes J, Anderson L, Phillipson J, eds. Herbal Traditional Medicinals, Sebastopol, California Medicines: A Guide for Health Care Professio­ Donald J. Brown, NO nals. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2002. Director, Natural Products Research Consultants, Maurice M.lwu, PhD 14. Lawless J. The 1//ustrated Encyclopedia of Seattle, Washington Bioresources Development and Conservation Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Program, Senior Research Associate at the Division of John H. Cardellina, PhD Use of Oils in Aromatherapy and Herbalism. Expert Chemist, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. Dorset, UK: Element Books, Ltd; 1995. National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 15. D'Amelio FS. Botanicals: A Phytocosmetic Thomas
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