2019 CESTA Summer Research Anthology

A publication ofCESTA2019.10:1 A publication cesta.stanford.edu //cesta.stanford.edu // @cesta_stanford [email protected] 450 JANE STANFORD WAY // STANFORD, 94305-2055 CA FOURTH FLOOR, WALLENBERG 160) HALL(BLDG. CENTER FORSPATIAL ANDTEXTUAL ANALYSIS CESTA is apioneering research hub where we applydigitaltools knowledge ininterdisciplinary and methods to create new humanistic inquiry.

ALI YAYCIOGLU

JESSE RODIN YOUNG FENIMORE LEE FYZA PARVIZ

YOUNG FENIMORE LEE

BRIAN GRENADIER KATIE MCDONOUGH

ESTELLE FREEDMAN ROLAND HSU FATMA ONCEL

CRAIG SAPP TIMOTHY KAROFF

RACHEL MIDURA DEBORAH GORDON

NICOLA WILSON AMIR ESCHEL TINA (RUNQI) ZHANG

CATHY YANG PAULA FINDLEN

THAWSITT NAING SHANA HADI KATHRYN STARKEY

ROWAN DORIN SIERRA O KE AKUA BURGON CLAIRE BATTERSHILL

NINA DU GORDON CHANG GIOVANNA CESERANI

CODY LEFF HELEN SOUTHWORTH ERIK STEINER ALICE STAVELEY CENTER FOR SPATIAL AND TEXTUAL ANALYSIS

MICHELLE NG NATALIE MARINE-STREET

PRESTON CARLSON PALMER MANES MICHAEL PENN

ZUYI ZHAO ELIZABETH WILLSON GORDON ELAINE TREHARNE

ANTONIS HADJIKYRIACOU MARK YORK ANTHOLOGY MAE LYONS PENNER

LEO BARLETA KRAIN (KEYU) CHEN

CODY CHUN RYAN TAN BRIAN KERSEY RESEARCH

KARUNYA BHRAMASANDRA

SELMA KOROGLU ZEPHYR FRANK SUMMER JANINE FLEMING

HADASSAH BETAPUDI J.D. PORTER

GEORGE PHILIP LEBOURDAIS EVAN KIM CESTA EUNJI LEE 2019

CLARA ROMANI ARYAN SINGH

ERICK ENRIQUEZ

NELSON SCHUMACHER ELLIOT MILLER

LAURA MCGRATH SHELLEY FISHER FISHKIN

MARK ALGEE-HEWITT From the Center Manager at CESTA

Summer is a unique season at CESTA. Our space in Wallenberg Hall is enlivened by a diverse cohort of undergraduate researchers, who spend the bulk of this “break” learning, experimenting, documenting, and ultimately, growing in community. At the outset, our interns discuss what they hope to get out of this experience and how to best synthesize their efforts and their learning. In lieu of research posters, students created condensed research stories for their projects, producing a narrative and visual lookbook of the CESTA summer program.

This CESTA Summer Research Anthology is an artifact of this summer’s cohort while gesturing to our community’s past and future. Multi-year projects are nearing conclusion and others are just beginning. On behalf of Brian, Erik, and the entire CESTA community⁠—enjoy the stories in this collection and find more about these and other projects online at © 2019 CENTER FOR SPATIAL AND cesta.stanford.edu. TEXTUAL ANALYSIS (CESTA)

LEAD EDITOR Brian Kersey

LEAD DESIGNER CENTER MANAGER Erik Steiner Amanda Wilson Bergado Introduction ...... 2 by Cathy Yang and Mark York

GRAND TOUR PROJECT Exploring Early Modern Travelers through Digital Databases ...... 4 by Ryan Tan, Mark York, and Brian Grenadier with Giovanna Ceserani

EARLY MODERN MOBILITY Roads and Routes: Transregional Mobility in the Early Modern Era...... 10 by Evan Kim and Elliot Miller with Rachel Midura, Leo Barleta, Katie McDonough, and Paula Findlen

SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT: URBAN DISCONTENTS Precarious Footholds: Housing Vulnerability and Urban Change in Global Perspective...... 14 by Hadassah Betapudi, Janine Fleming, Michelle Julia Ng, Sierra O Ke Akua Burgon, and Aryan Singh with Zephyr Frank, Erik Steiner, and Leo Barleta

SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT: LANDTALK LandTalk: Human Experiences of Landscape Change ...... 20 by Erick Enriquez with Erik Steiner, Deborah Gordon, and Cody Leff

SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT: IMAGINED SAN FRANCISCO Planned and Unplanned: Mapping Urban Power in San Francisco...... 24 by Krain Chen with Ocean Howell, Erik Steiner, Brian Kersey, and Cody Leff

EARLY CHRISTIANS UNDER ISLAMIC RULE Thomas of Marga’s Book of Governors...... 30 by Palmer Manes and Zuyi Zhao with Michael Penn

LITERARY LAB: THE HUGO AND NEBULA AWARDS Understanding Book Awards through Big Data...... 34

by Shana Hadi with Laura McGrath, J. D. Porter, and Mark Algee-Hewitt LITERARY LAB: TECHNE PROJECT “ Found in Translation: Building an “Atlas of World Literature...... 38 by Eunji Lee with Laura McGrath, J. D. Porter, and Mark Algee-Hewitt

JOSQUIN RESEARCH PROJECT Understanding Renaissance Music Through Density and Dissonance...... 40 by Young Fenimore Lee with Jesse Rodin and Craig Sapp

GLOBAL MEDIEVAL SOURCEBOOK The Global Medieval Sourcebook: An Online Portal to the Middle Ages...... 44 by Nina Du and Tina Zhang with Kathryn Starkey and Mae Lyons-Penner

TEXT TECHNOLOGIES: SOPES Ordinary People, Extraordinary Stories...... 48 by Karunya Bhramasandra with Elaine Treharne

TEXT TECHNOLOGIES: MAPPING MANUSCRIPTS PROJECT Digitally Tracing the Distribution of Medieval Manuscripts...... 52 by Timothy Karoff with Mateusz Fafinkski and Elaine Treharne

Updates from other ongoing CESTA projects...... 56 Special Collections and toured the Quinn Dombrowski, Claudia Engel, Cantor Arts Center. These insights Stace Maples, David Medeiros, Rachel have enriched our intern experience, Midura, and Vincent Nicandro for and trained us as digital humanities their continued support of humanities researchers. students and scholarship. We are proud of what we, as a community, We would like to thank all the have done over the summer, and we CESTA staff—Amanda Wilson are excited to share it with you here. Bergado, Brian Kersey, GP To learn more about student interns phenomenon through space and LeBourdais, and Erik Steiner—for all and their projects as well as Introduction time. Over ten weeks, we explored their help and support in facilitating publications, events, and academic by Cathy Yang and Mark York big ideas by bringing diverse student research and making this programs at CESTA, explore our ndergraduate Research disciplines and methods together anthology possible. We would also website at cesta.stanford.edu. Interns are the heart of from the humanities and sciences. like to thank the faculty members CESTA’sU community, working From mapping massive urban areas and graduate students for their With gratitude, closely with faculty and staff, and and translating ancient poetry, to scholarly work and collaboration, as Your Communications Team contributing directly to innovative visualizing the migration of people well as Leo Barleta, Scott Bailey, Cathy & Mark research at the intersection of and ideas, we worked with each technology and the humanities. This other to cultivate invaluable summer, we’ve had a wonderful academic and professional skills. We cohort of students from majors have developed skills in critical across campus including Religious thinking, creative problem solving, Studies, Symbolic Systems, Civil hypothesizing, collaboration, and Engineering, English, History, and ethical decision making. Computer Science. As student researchers, our cohort has worked This has been an eventful summer on a variety of projects in of research and learning here at collaboration with faculty leads from CESTA. We participated in a wide across and beyond Stanford variety of workshops on tools and University. This anthology techniques at the forefront of the showcases the contributions of digital humanities. We learned how students working on faculty-led to use spreadsheets to organize our research projects that combine metadata, to engage in social technology and the humanities to network analysis, to craft a foster scholarly discussions across professional website and portfolio, different disciplines. to create powerful maps and visualizations through GIS and With mentorship from our project Tableau, and were introduced to leads, we used digital tools and coding in Python and R. We also methods to investigate cultural explored historical documents records, objects, and historical firsthand at Stanford Library’s

2 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

Special Collections and toured the Quinn Dombrowski, Claudia Engel, Cantor Arts Center. These insights Stace Maples, David Medeiros, Rachel have enriched our intern experience, Midura, and Vincent Nicandro for and trained us as digital humanities their continued support of humanities researchers. students and scholarship. We are proud of what we, as a community, We would like to thank all the have done over the summer, and we CESTA staff—Amanda Wilson are excited to share it with you here. Bergado, Brian Kersey, GP To learn more about student interns phenomenon through space and LeBourdais, and Erik Steiner—for all and their projects as well as time. Over ten weeks, we explored their help and support in facilitating publications, events, and academic big ideas by bringing diverse student research and making this programs at CESTA, explore our ndergraduate Research disciplines and methods together anthology possible. We would also website at cesta.stanford.edu. C Interns are the heart of from the humanities and sciences. like to thank the faculty members CESTA’s community, working From mapping massive urban areas and graduate students for their With gratitude, closely with faculty and staff, and and translating ancient poetry, to scholarly work and collaboration, as Your Communications Team contributing directly to innovative visualizing the migration of people well as Leo Barleta, Scott Bailey, Cathy & Mark research at the intersection of and ideas, we worked with each technology and the humanities. This other to cultivate invaluable summer, we’ve had a wonderful academic and professional skills. We Student Profiles have developed skills in critical cohort of students from majors Cathy Yang Mark York across campus including Religious thinking, creative problem solving, hypothesizing, collaboration, and Cathy Yang is a senior majoring in Art Mark York is a Communication major Studies, Symbolic Systems, Civil Practice and minoring in East Asian and Creative Writing minor now in his Engineering, English, History, and ethical decision making. Studies. Cathy is fascinated by the ability junior year. Outside the lab, he is a lover Computer Science. As student of CESTA to bridge technology and the of animation, books, dungeons and This has been an eventful summer humanities. Outside of CESTA, she enjoys dragons… basically anything nerdy. He researchers, our cohort has worked sketching, reading, and drinking tea. has a pocket-watch collection, and on a variety of projects in of research and learning here at dabbled in making a YouTube channel collaboration with faculty leads from CESTA. We participated in a wide once or twice. He hopes to publish a across and beyond Stanford variety of workshops on tools and young adult fantasy book series. University. This anthology techniques at the forefront of the showcases the contributions of digital humanities. We learned how students working on faculty-led to use spreadsheets to organize our research projects that combine metadata, to engage in social technology and the humanities to network analysis, to craft a foster scholarly discussions across professional website and portfolio, different disciplines. to create powerful maps and visualizations through GIS and With mentorship from our project Tableau, and were introduced to leads, we used digital tools and coding in Python and R. We also methods to investigate cultural explored historical documents records, objects, and historical firsthand at Stanford Library’s Exploring Early Modern Travelers Since 2008 the Grand Tour Project has worked to create and leverage digital What is gained but also what might be lost when moving from traditional long experience as a reader of printed texts, of how many, how long, and how database—all travelers’ entries are represented with a dot—and its variety in a tools, analysis, and visualizations to bring us closer to the diverse travelers, elites paper-bound to digital printing? A major feature we worked on this summer is varied its entries are. While the digital database offers immediate access to number of significant categories, such as gender (by which you can color and through Digital Databases and otherwise, who collectively constituted the world of travels to Italy in the a set of digital visualizations that address this question, aiming to give the more precise information—you find out instantly for example the exact group the dots), word count (by which you can size), and more. This chart by Ryan Tan, Mark York, and Brian Grenadier eighteenth century. We have been working with the more than five thousand readers of our project a fuller sense of the database. What inspired us here is number of the entries which is enumerated as 6,005—it is harder to appreciate, allows you at a single glance to appreciate the full extent of the database but Project Lead: Giovanna Ceserani entries in A Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800, compiled thinking through the difference between the printed text—the 1997 in list form, the degree of variation between different entries, even just at the also to manipulate this representation interactively to get a better sense of the from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (Yale University Press 1997), Dictionary—and the database. When you hold the Dictionary in your hands, you level of word count. This summer we worked on the “Dot Chart of Travelers” shape of the data in terms of important variables. Katherine Read, British Gentlemen in Rome. Source: Yale Center of British Art, Paul Mellon digitally transforming it to create a dynamic searchable database of more than six have an immediate perception of its weight which conveys a sense of its (see Figure 3 for its sketch), transforming the word count of the entries into Collection thousands digital entries along with digital content, and as you scroll through its pages, you also get a sense through your an interactive visualization that lets you appreciate the full scope of the These new visualizations have been a major product of this summer’s work, visualizations of these travelers’ journeys and lives. alongside ongoing refinement and checking of the integrity of the data for its Figure 2 [below] shows, as an example, the digital successful publication, and editing and enhancement of the pedagogical entry pertaining to the painter of the picture in material, which was produced in the context of the digital humanities course Figure 1. taught last Winter about the Grand Tour jointly taught by Giovanna Ceserani and Rachel Midura. We are excited to see our contributions included in the The project is now preparing for publication, which will include the interactive project’s forthcoming publication which will offer it for use well beyond database, complete documentation and history of the database creation, essays Stanford. by leading scholars of eighteenth-century history and culture exemplifying research completed using the database, and pedagogical material to bring the Acknowledgments Grand Tour in the classroom in the form of a digital humanities course. This We would like to express our appreciation to our project lead, Giovanna summer, while working towards publication, some of the most pressing Ceserani, who provided feedback, engagement, and support throughout the questions for the project have been how to make its material most accessible to summer. Rachel Midura provided invaluable guidance in preparing the readers, from advanced researchers to students, and what is at stake in pedagogical material for publication. In addition, we would also like to thank producing a digital work that originates from a printed book. CESTA staff Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, and Erik Steiner for their support and direction.

he Grand Tour Project is dedicated to applying computational approaches to better understand Teighteenth⁠-century travels to Italy. These journeys involved tens of thousands of travelers, seeking to experience Italy’s ancient past, classical ruins, and art heritage, as well as contemporary music, culture, and political systems. Collectively known as the Grand Tour of Italy, the importance of these journeys, undertaken just at the dawn of modernity, is hard to overestimate, as they contributed to a massive reimagining of politics and the arts, of the market for culture, and of practices of professionalism. The social and political elites of the time gained ‘citizens of the world’ status by their Italian travels, while the major scholars and artists of the age found in their own tours invaluable material and inspiration.

4 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Since 2008 the Grand Tour Project has worked to create and leverage digital What is gained but also what might be lost when moving from traditional long experience as a reader of printed texts, of how many, how long, and how database—all travelers’ entries are represented with a dot—and its variety in a tools, analysis, and visualizations to bring us closer to the diverse travelers, elites paper-bound to digital printing? A major feature we worked on this summer is varied its entries are. While the digital database offers immediate access to number of significant categories, such as gender (by which you can color and and otherwise, who collectively constituted the world of travels to Italy in the a set of digital visualizations that address this question, aiming to give the more precise information—you find out instantly for example the exact group the dots), word count (by which you can size), and more. This chart eighteenth century. We have been working with the more than five thousand readers of our project a fuller sense of the database. What inspired us here is number of the entries which is enumerated as 6,005—it is harder to appreciate, allows you at a single glance to appreciate the full extent of the database but entries in A Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800, compiled thinking through the difference between the printed text—the 1997 in list form, the degree of variation between different entries, even just at the also to manipulate this representation interactively to get a better sense of the from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (Yale University Press 1997), Dictionary—and the database. When you hold the Dictionary in your hands, you level of word count. This summer we worked on the “Dot Chart of Travelers” shape of the data in terms of important variables. digitally transforming it to create a dynamic searchable database of more than six have an immediate perception of its weight which conveys a sense of its (see Figure 3 for its sketch), transforming the word count of the entries into thousands digital entries along with digital content, and as you scroll through its pages, you also get a sense through your an interactive visualization that lets you appreciate the full scope of the These new visualizations have been a major product of this summer’s work, FIGURE 1. A 1750 painting by Katherine Read, a female visualizations of these travelers’ journeys and lives. alongside ongoing refinement and checking of the integrity of the data for its British artist in Rome depicting a Figure 2 [below] shows, as an example, the digital successful publication, and editing and enhancement of the pedagogical group of well-known aristocratic travelers among the city’s entry pertaining to the painter of the picture in material, which was produced in the context of the digital humanities course ruins—offers a snapshot of this Figure 1. taught last Winter about the Grand Tour jointly taught by Giovanna Ceserani world of British abroad. and Rachel Midura. We are excited to see our contributions included in the The project is now preparing for publication, which will include the interactive project’s forthcoming publication which will offer it for use well beyond database, complete documentation and history of the database creation, essays Stanford. by leading scholars of eighteenth-century history and culture exemplifying research completed using the database, and pedagogical material to bring the Acknowledgments Grand Tour in the classroom in the form of a digital humanities course. This We would like to express our appreciation to our project lead, Giovanna summer, while working towards publication, some of the most pressing Ceserani, who provided feedback, engagement, and support throughout the questions for the project have been how to make its material most accessible to summer. Rachel Midura provided invaluable guidance in preparing the readers, from advanced researchers to students, and what is at stake in pedagogical material for publication. In addition, we would also like to thank producing a digital work that originates from a printed book. CESTA staff Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, and Erik Steiner for their support and direction. FIGURE 2. The digital entry in the Grand Tour Explorer for the author of the painting in Figure 1.

Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800 he Grand Tour Project is dedicated to applying Katherine Read computational approaches to better understand eighteenth⁠-century travels to Italy. These journeys involved tens of thousands of travelers, seeking to experience Italy’s ancient past, classical ruins, and art heritage, as well as contemporary music, culture, and political systems. Collectively known as the Grand Tour of Italy, the importance of these journeys, undertaken just at the dawn of modernity, is hard to overestimate, as they contributed to a massive reimagining of politics and the arts, of the market for culture, and of practices of professionalism. The social and political elites of the time gained ‘citizens of the world’ status by their Italian travels, while the major scholars and artists of the age found in their own tours invaluable material and inspiration. Since 2008 the Grand Tour Project has worked to create and leverage digital What is gained but also what might be lost when moving from traditional long experience as a reader of printed texts, of how many, how long, and how database—all travelers’ entries are represented with a dot—and its variety in a tools, analysis, and visualizations to bring us closer to the diverse travelers, elites paper-bound to digital printing? A major feature we worked on this summer is varied its entries are. While the digital database offers immediate access to number of significant categories, such as gender (by which you can color and and otherwise, who collectively constituted the world of travels to Italy in the a set of digital visualizations that address this question, aiming to give the more precise information—you find out instantly for example the exact group the dots), word count (by which you can size), and more. This chart eighteenth century. We have been working with the more than five thousand readers of our project a fuller sense of the database. What inspired us here is number of the entries which is enumerated as 6,005—it is harder to appreciate, allows you at a single glance to appreciate the full extent of the database but entries in A Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800, compiled thinking through the difference between the printed text—the 1997 in list form, the degree of variation between different entries, even just at the also to manipulate this representation interactively to get a better sense of the from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (Yale University Press 1997), Dictionary—and the database. When you hold the Dictionary in your hands, you level of word count. This summer we worked on the “Dot Chart of Travelers” shape of the data in terms of important variables. digitally transforming it to create a dynamic searchable database of more than six have an immediate perception of its weight which conveys a sense of its (see Figure 3 for its sketch), transforming the word count of the entries into thousands digital entries along with digital content, and as you scroll through its pages, you also get a sense through your an interactive visualization that lets you appreciate the full scope of the These new visualizations have been a major product of this summer’s work, visualizations of these travelers’ journeys and lives. alongside ongoing refinement and checking of the integrity of the data for its Figure 2 [below] shows, as an example, the digital successful publication, and editing and enhancement of the pedagogical COLOR SIZE GROUP entry pertaining to the painter of the picture in material, which was produced in the context of the digital humanities course Figure 1. Gender Entry length None taught last Winter about the Grand Tour jointly taught by Giovanna Ceserani and Rachel Midura. We are excited to see our contributions included in the The project is now preparing for publication, which will include the interactive project’s forthcoming publication which will offer it for use well beyond database, complete documentation and history of the database creation, essays Stanford. by leading scholars of eighteenth-century history and culture exemplifying research completed using the database, and pedagogical material to bring the Acknowledgments Grand Tour in the classroom in the form of a digital humanities course. This We would like to express our appreciation to our project lead, Giovanna summer, while working towards publication, some of the most pressing Ceserani, who provided feedback, engagement, and support throughout the questions for the project have been how to make its material most accessible to summer. Rachel Midura provided invaluable guidance in preparing the readers, from advanced researchers to students, and what is at stake in pedagogical material for publication. In addition, we would also like to thank producing a digital work that originates from a printed book. CESTA staff Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, and Erik Steiner for their support and direction.

he Grand Tour Project is dedicated to applying computational approaches to better understand eighteenth⁠-century travels to Italy. These journeys involved tens of thousands of travelers, seeking to experience Italy’s ancient past, classical ruins, and art heritage, as well as contemporary music, culture, and political systems. Collectively known as the Grand Tour of Italy, the importance of these journeys, undertaken just at the dawn of modernity, is hard to overestimate, as they contributed to a massive reimagining of politics and the arts, of the market for culture, and of practices of professionalism. The social and political elites of the time gained ‘citizens of the world’ status by their Italian travels, while the major scholars and artists of the age found in their own tours invaluable material and inspiration.

6 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Since 2008 the Grand Tour Project has worked to create and leverage digital What is gained but also what might be lost when moving from traditional long experience as a reader of printed texts, of how many, how long, and how database—all travelers’ entries are represented with a dot—and its variety in a tools, analysis, and visualizations to bring us closer to the diverse travelers, elites paper-bound to digital printing? A major feature we worked on this summer is varied its entries are. While the digital database offers immediate access to number of significant categories, such as gender (by which you can color and and otherwise, who collectively constituted the world of travels to Italy in the a set of digital visualizations that address this question, aiming to give the more precise information—you find out instantly for example the exact group the dots), word count (by which you can size), and more. This chart eighteenth century. We have been working with the more than five thousand readers of our project a fuller sense of the database. What inspired us here is number of the entries which is enumerated as 6,005—it is harder to appreciate, allows you at a single glance to appreciate the full extent of the database but entries in A Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800, compiled thinking through the difference between the printed text—the 1997 in list form, the degree of variation between different entries, even just at the also to manipulate this representation interactively to get a better sense of the from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (Yale University Press 1997), Dictionary—and the database. When you hold the Dictionary in your hands, you level of word count. This summer we worked on the “Dot Chart of Travelers” shape of the data in terms of important variables. digitally transforming it to create a dynamic searchable database of more than six have an immediate perception of its weight which conveys a sense of its (see Figure 3 for its sketch), transforming the word count of the entries into thousands digital entries along with digital content, and as you scroll through its pages, you also get a sense through your an interactive visualization that lets you appreciate the full scope of the These new visualizations have been a major product of this summer’s work, visualizations of these travelers’ journeys and lives. alongside ongoing refinement and checking of the integrity of the data for its Figure 2 [below] shows, as an example, the digital successful publication, and editing and enhancement of the pedagogical entry pertaining to the painter of the picture in FIGURE 3 material, which was produced in the context of the digital humanities course Figure 1. Dot Chart of Travelers taught last Winter about the Grand Tour jointly taught by Giovanna Ceserani 6,005 traveler entries (represented as dots) can be ﬁltered and colored and Rachel Midura. We are excited to see our contributions included in the C by categories to get a better sense of the shape of the Dictionary data. The project is now preparing for publication, which will include the interactive project’s forthcoming publication which will offer it for use well beyond database, complete documentation and history of the database creation, essays Stanford. by leading scholars of eighteenth-century history and culture exemplifying research completed using the database, and pedagogical material to bring the Acknowledgments Grand Tour in the classroom in the form of a digital humanities course. This We would like to express our appreciation to our project lead, Giovanna summer, while working towards publication, some of the most pressing Ceserani, who provided feedback, engagement, and support throughout the questions for the project have been how to make its material most accessible to summer. Rachel Midura provided invaluable guidance in preparing the readers, from advanced researchers to students, and what is at stake in pedagogical material for publication. In addition, we would also like to thank producing a digital work that originates from a printed book. CESTA staff Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, and Erik Steiner for their support and direction.

cesta.stanford.edu | 7 GRAND TOUR PROJECT Since 2008 the Grand Tour Project has worked to create and leverage digital What is gained but also what might be lost when moving from traditional long experience as a reader of printed texts, of how many, how long, and how database—all travelers’ entries are represented with a dot—and its variety in a tools, analysis, and visualizations to bring us closer to the diverse travelers, elites paper-bound to digital printing? A major feature we worked on this summer is varied its entries are. While the digital database offers immediate access to number of significant categories, such as gender (by which you can color and and otherwise, who collectively constituted the world of travels to Italy in the a set of digital visualizations that address this question, aiming to give the more precise information—you find out instantly for example the exact group the dots), word count (by which you can size), and more. This chart eighteenth century. We have been working with the more than five thousand readers of our project a fuller sense of the database. What inspired us here is number of the entries which is enumerated as 6,005—it is harder to appreciate, allows you at a single glance to appreciate the full extent of the database but entries in A Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800, compiled thinking through the difference between the printed text—the 1997 in list form, the degree of variation between different entries, even just at the also to manipulate this representation interactively to get a better sense of the from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (Yale University Press 1997), Dictionary—and the database. When you hold the Dictionary in your hands, you level of word count. This summer we worked on the “Dot Chart of Travelers” shape of the data in terms of important variables. digitally transforming it to create a dynamic searchable database of more than six have an immediate perception of its weight which conveys a sense of its (see Figure 3 for its sketch), transforming the word count of the entries into thousands digital entries along with digital content, and as you scroll through its pages, you also get a sense through your an interactive visualization that lets you appreciate the full scope of the These new visualizations have been a major product of this summer’s work, visualizations of these travelers’ journeys and lives. alongside ongoing refinement and checking of the integrity of the data for its Figure 2 [below] shows, as an example, the digital successful publication, and editing and enhancement of the pedagogical entry pertaining to the painter of the picture in material, which was produced in the context of the digital humanities course Figure 1. taught last Winter about the Grand Tour jointly taught by Giovanna Ceserani and Rachel Midura. We are excited to see our contributions included in the The project is now preparing for publication, which will include the interactive project’s forthcoming publication which will offer it for use well beyond database, complete documentation and history of the database creation, essays Stanford. by leading scholars of eighteenth-century history and culture exemplifying research completed using the database, and pedagogical material to bring the Acknowledgments Grand Tour in the classroom in the form of a digital humanities course. This We would like to express our appreciation to our project lead, Giovanna summer, while working towards publication, some of the most pressing Ceserani, who provided feedback, engagement, and support throughout the questions for the project have been how to make its material most accessible to summer. Rachel Midura provided invaluable guidance in preparing the readers, from advanced researchers to students, and what is at stake in pedagogical material for publication. In addition, we would also like to thank producing a digital work that originates from a printed book. CESTA staff Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, and Erik Steiner for their support and direction. C

8 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University Since 2008 the Grand Tour Project has worked to create and leverage digital What is gained but also what might be lost when moving from traditional long experience as a reader of printed texts, of how many, how long, and how database—all travelers’ entries are represented with a dot—and its variety in a Student Profiles tools, analysis, and visualizations to bring us closer to the diverse travelers, elites paper-bound to digital printing? A major feature we worked on this summer is varied its entries are. While the digital database offers immediate access to number of significant categories, such as gender (by which you can color and and otherwise, who collectively constituted the world of travels to Italy in the a set of digital visualizations that address this question, aiming to give the more precise information—you find out instantly for example the exact group the dots), word count (by which you can size), and more. This chart Ryan Tan Brian Grenadier eighteenth century. We have been working with the more than five thousand readers of our project a fuller sense of the database. What inspired us here is number of the entries which is enumerated as 6,005—it is harder to appreciate, allows you at a single glance to appreciate the full extent of the database but Ryan Tan is a junior with an interest in Brian Grenadier is a sophomore (Class of entries in A Dictionary of British and Irish Travelers to Italy 1701-1800, compiled thinking through the difference between the printed text—the 1997 in list form, the degree of variation between different entries, even just at the computer science, statistics, comparative 2022) majoring in History. He is especially also to manipulate this representation interactively to get a better sense of the literature, philosophy, and music. He loves interested in applying modern from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (Yale University Press 1997), Dictionary—and the database. When you hold the Dictionary in your hands, you level of word count. This summer we worked on the “Dot Chart of Travelers” shape of the data in terms of important variables. to discuss music, is interested in sentiment computational techniques (textual and digitally transforming it to create a dynamic searchable database of more than six have an immediate perception of its weight which conveys a sense of its (see Figure 3 for its sketch), transforming the word count of the entries into analysis, and eventually wants to direct a statistical analysis) to exciting historical thousands digital entries along with digital content, and as you scroll through its pages, you also get a sense through your an interactive visualization that lets you appreciate the full scope of the play on campus. questions. He loves playing golf and tennis These new visualizations have been a major product of this summer’s work, and is absolutely delighted to be part of visualizations of these travelers’ journeys and lives. alongside ongoing refinement and checking of the integrity of the data for its the Stanford community. Figure 2 [below] shows, as an example, the digital successful publication, and editing and enhancement of the pedagogical entry pertaining to the painter of the picture in material, which was produced in the context of the digital humanities course Figure 1. taught last Winter about the Grand Tour jointly taught by Giovanna Ceserani and Rachel Midura. We are excited to see our contributions included in the The project is now preparing for publication, which will include the interactive project’s forthcoming publication which will offer it for use well beyond database, complete documentation and history of the database creation, essays Stanford. by leading scholars of eighteenth-century history and culture exemplifying research completed using the database, and pedagogical material to bring the Acknowledgments Grand Tour in the classroom in the form of a digital humanities course. This We would like to express our appreciation to our project lead, Giovanna summer, while working towards publication, some of the most pressing Ceserani, who provided feedback, engagement, and support throughout the questions for the project have been how to make its material most accessible to summer. Rachel Midura provided invaluable guidance in preparing the readers, from advanced researchers to students, and what is at stake in pedagogical material for publication. In addition, we would also like to thank producing a digital work that originates from a printed book. Mark York CESTA staff Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, and Erik Steiner for their Mark York is a Communication major and support and direction. Creative Writing minor now in his junior year. Outside the lab, he is a lover of animation, books, dungeons and dragons… basically anything nerdy. He has a pocket-watch collection, and dabbled in Grand Tour Project making a YouTube channel once or twice. he is dedicated to applying He hopes to publish a young adult fantasy computational approaches to better understand book series. eighteenth⁠-century travels to Italy. These journeys involved tens of thousands of travelers, seeking to experience Italy’s ancient past, classical ruins, and art heritage, as well as contemporary music, culture, and political systems. Collectively known as the Grand Tour of Italy, the importance of these journeys, undertaken just at the dawn of modernity, is hard to overestimate, as they contributed to a massive reimagining of politics and the arts, of the market for culture, and of practices of professionalism. The social and political elites of the time gained ‘citizens of the world’ status by their Italian travels, while the major scholars and artists of the age found in their own tours invaluable material and inspiration.

cesta.stanford.edu | 9 from an eighteenth-century road from colonial Brazil, as well as a construction boom fueled by a disjunct dataset of Power of corvée labor requirement. This Attorneys entries. To come to an allows us to compare historic and understanding of mobility, it is modern locations from necessary to make use of digital administrative documents, and sources. provides insight into the decision-making of parishes, We’d like to thank Rachel Midura, interactions between communities, Leo Barleta, and Katherine and technical and economic McDonough for their guidance and discussions of the time. A third assistance throughout the process. sub-project, Empire in the Backlands, We’d also like to thank Brian Kersey records the geographic mobility of and Amanda Wilson Bergado for Roads and Routes: Transregional Mobility approximately 30,000 individuals their support. in the Early Modern Era by Evan Kim and Elliot Miller Project Leads: Rachel Midura, Leo Barleta, Katie McDonough, and Paula Findlen

oads have always been an R important component of the existence and maintenance of communities, economies, and reflects changes of political and mobility patterns that we would not governments: without roads, economic possibilities of be able to otherwise conceptualize. information cannot be contemporary societies. Putting these early modern communicated, and resources Additionally, knowledge of the mobilities into scope requires the cannot be transmitted. What do the routes and roads by which people collection of novel comprehensive methods and patterns of travel is crucial in developing a datasets, which in turn creates transportation reveal about the conception of the space in which sub-projects based on the nature of early modern period (1500-1800)? individuals lived. In the early the data. One of these, The Early This is the main research question modern period, such routes were Modern Digital Itineraries Project, that Early Modern Mobility, a charted in sources like itineraries, focuses on investigating travel transregional study of mobility, whose gradual international routes published in itineraries, wishes to address. Studying the development at the time reflected cataloging their locations, and history of mobility as the patterns the increasing conception of a determining how publications of through which individuals travel connected, globalized Europe. such routes varied between authors and the methods by which they over time, thus shaping temporal navigate reveals much about society By using technologies such as GIS networks. Another sub-project, The at the time. The evolution of and temporal networking, we were Breton Corvée Project, aims to digitize systems of mobility therefore able to create lucid visualizations of a geographical dictionary of Brittany

10 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

from an eighteenth-century road from colonial Brazil, as well as a construction boom fueled by a disjunct dataset of Power of corvée labor requirement. This Attorneys entries. To come to an allows us to compare historic and understanding of mobility, it is modern locations from necessary to make use of digital administrative documents, and sources. provides insight into the decision-making of parishes, We’d like to thank Rachel Midura, interactions between communities, Leo Barleta, and Katherine and technical and economic McDonough for their guidance and discussions of the time. A third assistance throughout the process. sub-project, Empire in the Backlands, We’d also like to thank Brian Kersey records the geographic mobility of and Amanda Wilson Bergado for approximately 30,000 individuals their support.

Postal Routes An example postal route from Augsburg (Augusta) to Cologne (Colonia), with intermediate oads have always been an destinations and a count of postal waystations denoted. Source: Ottavio Codogno, Nuouo important component of the itinerario delle poste per tutto il mondo (Milan: Girolamo Bordoni, 1608). existence and maintenance of communities, economies, and reflects changes of political and mobility patterns that we would not governments: without roads, economic possibilities of be able to otherwise conceptualize. information cannot be contemporary societies. Putting these early modern communicated, and resources Additionally, knowledge of the mobilities into scope requires the cannot be transmitted. What do the routes and roads by which people collection of novel comprehensive methods and patterns of travel is crucial in developing a datasets, which in turn creates transportation reveal about the conception of the space in which sub-projects based on the nature of early modern period (1500-1800)? individuals lived. In the early the data. One of these, The Early This is the main research question modern period, such routes were Modern Digital Itineraries Project, that Early Modern Mobility, a charted in sources like itineraries, focuses on investigating travel transregional study of mobility, whose gradual international routes published in itineraries, wishes to address. Studying the development at the time reflected cataloging their locations, and history of mobility as the patterns the increasing conception of a determining how publications of through which individuals travel connected, globalized Europe. such routes varied between authors and the methods by which they over time, thus shaping temporal navigate reveals much about society By using technologies such as GIS networks. Another sub-project, The at the time. The evolution of and temporal networking, we were Breton Corvée Project, aims to digitize systems of mobility therefore able to create lucid visualizations of a geographical dictionary of Brittany

cesta.stanford.edu | 11 from an eighteenth-century road from colonial Brazil, as well as a construction boom fueled by a disjunct dataset of Power of corvée labor requirement. This Attorneys entries. To come to an

Bergen allows us to compare historic and understanding of mobility, it is modern locations from necessary to make use of digital administrative documents, and sources. Antwerp provides insight into the decision-making of parishes, We’d like to thank Rachel Midura, London interactions between communities, Leo Barleta, and Katherine and technical and economic McDonough for their guidance and Orleans Cologne discussions of the time. A third assistance throughout the process. Brussels Stockholm sub-project, Empire in the Backlands, We’d also like to thank Brian Kersey Paris records the geographic mobility of and Amanda Wilson Bergado for Leipzig approximately 30,000 individuals their support. Lyon Strasbourg Frankfurt Prague Augsburg Vienna

oads have always been an Moscow important component of the Genoa existence and maintenance of communities, economies, and reflects changes of political and mobility patterns that we would not Milan governments: without roads, economic possibilities of be able to otherwise conceptualize. information cannot be contemporary societies. Putting these early modern Rome communicated, and resources Additionally, knowledge of the mobilities into scope requires the cannot be transmitted. What do the routes and roads by which people collection of novel comprehensive methods and patterns of travel is crucial in developing a datasets, which in turn creates Naples transportation reveal about the conception of the space in which sub-projects based on the nature of early modern period (1500-1800)? individuals lived. In the early the data. One of these, The Early This is the main research question modern period, such routes were Modern Digital Itineraries Project, that Early Modern Mobility, a charted in sources like itineraries, focuses on investigating travel transregional study of mobility, whose gradual international routes published in itineraries, wishes to address. Studying the development at the time reflected cataloging their locations, and history of mobility as the patterns the increasing conception of a determining how publications of through which individuals travel connected, globalized Europe. such routes varied between authors Itinerary Network and the methods by which they over time, thus shaping temporal A network visualization of connections between cities navigate reveals much about society documented in itinerary routes published between 1630 and By using technologies such as GIS networks. Another sub-project, The 1650. Different colors indicate different modern nationalities. at the time. The evolution of and temporal networking, we were Breton Corvée Project, aims to digitize systems of mobility therefore able to create lucid visualizations of a geographical dictionary of Brittany

12 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

Student Profiles Evan Kim Elliot Miller oads have always been an Evan Kim is a junior majoring in Symbolic Elliot Miller is a senior majoring in important component of the Systems. He is interested in both Mathematical and Computational existence and maintenance of technology and the humanities, having Science with a plan to coterm in communities, economies, and studied computer science, philosophy, and Computer Science. His favorite part of reflects changes of political and mobility patterns that we would not literature at Stanford. He also has an his internship was getting to know the governments: without roads, economic possibilities of be able to otherwise conceptualize. interest in music, as he plays both the cello community and sharing in the information cannot be contemporary societies. Putting these early modern and piano. Additionally, he participates in excitement of their work. He's a member communicated, and resources Stanford's chamber music program as a of the Wind Ensemble, the Stanford Additionally, knowledge of the mobilities into scope requires the cellist. For fun, Evan likes to read novels Band, Jazz Orchestra, and a moderator cannot be transmitted. What do the routes and roads by which people collection of novel comprehensive and watch movies and documentaries. of Stanford Humans vs. Zombies. methods and patterns of travel is crucial in developing a datasets, which in turn creates transportation reveal about the conception of the space in which sub-projects based on the nature of early modern period (1500-1800)? individuals lived. In the early the data. One of these, The Early This is the main research question modern period, such routes were Modern Digital Itineraries Project, that Early Modern Mobility, a charted in sources like itineraries, focuses on investigating travel transregional study of mobility, whose gradual international routes published in itineraries, wishes to address. Studying the development at the time reflected cataloging their locations, and history of mobility as the patterns the increasing conception of a determining how publications of through which individuals travel connected, globalized Europe. such routes varied between authors and the methods by which they over time, thus shaping temporal navigate reveals much about society By using technologies such as GIS networks. Another sub-project, The at the time. The evolution of and temporal networking, we were Breton Corvée Project, aims to digitize systems of mobility therefore able to create lucid visualizations of a geographical dictionary of Brittany

cesta.stanford.edu | 13 SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT

Curitiba, Brazil

Precarious Footholds: Housing Vulnerability and Urban Change in Global Perspective by Hadassah Betapudi, Janine Fleming, Michelle Julia Ng, Sierra O Ke Akua Burgon, and Aryan Singh Project Team: Zephyr Frank, Erik Steiner, and Leo Barleta

14 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY rban development produces uneven patterns of housing. These patterns hypothesis that these images comprised three different characteristics displacement. For instance, if the Philadelphia tags cluster in the same areas evolve out of complex factors that include urban planning institutions, associated with urban vulnerability and are worth further exploration. Our where we have data for vacant buildings—that correlation could reveal Uinfrastructure, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic dynamics. first observation in the images was that they represent areas with different vulnerability. A second kind of confirmation of vulnerability would be one Patterns in housing affordability, in living conditions, and in the social residential densities. Second, we investigated whether the landscape was stable where the government has designated an area as distressed, in conflict, etc. distribution of vulnerability of tenancy reveal socio-economic boundaries or under a process of transformation (construction, visible signs of vacancy, We have seen some examples of this in Curitiba. In expanded research, we can between zones of displacement in contemporary cities. Although certain decay, etc.) and thus more likely to prompt dislocation. Lastly, we tagged for test to see whether the GSV tags for vulnerability correspond to these areas. underlying factors such as zoning and public infrastructure can be assumed to the perception of capital investment in the image, which included physical be present and operating in every city, the interaction of these forces and their infrastructure, maintenance, and other signs of wealth/poverty. Next Steps relative importance across global regions remains largely unstudied in a The enormous collection of images available through Google Street View comparative and historical perspective. Preliminary Results offers an entry point to visualize issues associated with urban vulnerability and Where our tagged images with “vulnerable” characteristics overlap with displacement. These images could be analyzed in several different ways, but known areas of distress/displacement, we could have confirmation that the digital methods such as those used in this project allow for comprehensive GSV tags correspond to a meaningful concept of vulnerability and examination of large datasets. The team expects that, with the refinement of the computer vision models and its theoretical underpinnings, we could plot in maps some of the visual signs of that we consider associated to vulnerability.

OpenStreetMap data, we randomly Methods selected GSV images of ~10,000 Our team developed three different A selection of 180 degree Google Street View (GSV) images of Curitiba, Brazil. Images were points in residential streets within approaches to use machine learning harvested using the GSV API from intersection locations at the periphery of the city. each metropolitan area. The images to examine this massive visual offer a visual summary of the studied archive of cities. First, we analyzed cities from the viewpoint of the the collection of images using This study aims to contribute to understanding the factors influencing urban street and, through different computer vision models that are able housing vulnerability and displacement through comparative analysis grounded methodologies, our team identified to recognize features in the in geospatial data and new techniques of machine learning and computer vision. how they related to urban landscape and generate a series of Over the summer, our team focused on leveraging visual data about cities vulnerability. Using Google’s tags describing objects, context, and available in the form of Google Street View (GSV) images, asking the way they Computer Vision software, we other aspects of individual images. can contribute to the comparative analysis of housing vulnerability and analyzed generated “tags” and In our second approach, we focused displacement across diverse cities around the globe. Furthermore, we were also “threshold” values of the images. A on a statistical analysis of the tag interested in examining how new technologies such as computer vision can “tag” generated for an image indicates data generated. This helped help in this task. that a given object tagged is present in determine which tags tended to that image, while the threshold value cluster. In contrast to the other two Sources and Data indicates the software’s confidence in approaches that used existing We first aimed to reveal patterns and relationships among variables about the tag. It is important to note that all computer vision tools, we also housing vulnerability and urban life in what we define as “average” or tagging (both object recognition and trained our own computer vision “unexceptional” cities, cities with populations between 500,000 and 3,000,000, image classification) was carried out models to detect vulnerability. After which were not capitals, and lacked exceptional political status, demographic based on Google Computer Vision visual analysis of hundreds of these composition, wealth, or other attributes. Combining satellite imagery and and AutoML platforms. images, we created a working

cesta.stanford.edu | 15 rban development produces uneven patterns of housing. These patterns hypothesis that these images comprised three different characteristics displacement. For instance, if the Philadelphia tags cluster in the same areas evolve out of complex factors that include urban planning institutions, associated with urban vulnerability and are worth further exploration. Our where we have data for vacant buildings—that correlation could reveal infrastructure, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic dynamics. first observation in the images was that they represent areas with different vulnerability. A second kind of confirmation of vulnerability would be one Patterns in housing affordability, in living conditions, and in the social residential densities. Second, we investigated whether the landscape was stable where the government has designated an area as distressed, in conflict, etc. distribution of vulnerability of tenancy reveal socio-economic boundaries or under a process of transformation (construction, visible signs of vacancy, We have seen some examples of this in Curitiba. In expanded research, we can between zones of displacement in contemporary cities. Although certain decay, etc.) and thus more likely to prompt dislocation. Lastly, we tagged for test to see whether the GSV tags for vulnerability correspond to these areas. underlying factors such as zoning and public infrastructure can be assumed to the perception of capital investment in the image, which included physical be present and operating in every city, the interaction of these forces and their infrastructure, maintenance, and other signs of wealth/poverty. Next Steps relative importance across global regions remains largely unstudied in a The enormous collection of images available through Google Street View comparative and historical perspective. Preliminary Results offers an entry point to visualize issues associated with urban vulnerability and Development Type Development Characteristics Where our tagged images with “vulnerable” characteristics overlap with displacement. These images could be analyzed in several different ways, but known areas of distress/displacement, we could have confirmation that the digital methods such as those used in this project allow for comprehensive Primarily residential Temporary/Changing Stable/Permanent Mixed use GSV tags correspond to a meaningful concept of vulnerability and examination of large datasets. The team expects that, with the refinement of Sparse Dense No residences the computer vision models and its theoretical underpinnings, we could plot in Divested Invested maps some of the visual signs of that we consider associated to vulnerability.

A screenshot from the web portal where we manually tagged images.

16 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY rban development produces uneven patterns of housing. These patterns hypothesis that these images comprised three different characteristics displacement. For instance, if the Philadelphia tags cluster in the same areas evolve out of complex factors that include urban planning institutions, associated with urban vulnerability and are worth further exploration. Our where we have data for vacant buildings—that correlation could reveal infrastructure, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic dynamics. first observation in the images was that they represent areas with different vulnerability. A second kind of confirmation of vulnerability would be one Patterns in housing affordability, in living conditions, and in the social residential densities. Second, we investigated whether the landscape was stable where the government has designated an area as distressed, in conflict, etc. distribution of vulnerability of tenancy reveal socio-economic boundaries or under a process of transformation (construction, visible signs of vacancy, We have seen some examples of this in Curitiba. In expanded research, we can between zones of displacement in contemporary cities. Although certain decay, etc.) and thus more likely to prompt dislocation. Lastly, we tagged for test to see whether the GSV tags for vulnerability correspond to these areas. underlying factors such as zoning and public infrastructure can be assumed to the perception of capital investment in the image, which included physical be present and operating in every city, the interaction of these forces and their infrastructure, maintenance, and other signs of wealth/poverty. Next Steps relative importance across global regions remains largely unstudied in a The enormous collection of images available through Google Street View comparative and historical perspective. Preliminary Results offers an entry point to visualize issues associated with urban vulnerability and Where our tagged images with “vulnerable” characteristics overlap with displacement. These images could be analyzed in several different ways, but known areas of distress/displacement, we could have confirmation that the digital methods such as those used in this project allow for comprehensive GSV tags correspond to a meaningful concept of vulnerability and examination of large datasets. The team expects that, with the refinement of the computer vision models and its theoretical underpinnings, we could plot in maps some of the visual signs of that we consider associated to vulnerability. Philadelphia Likely Vacant Land Likely Vacant Buildings

OpenStreetMap data, we randomly Methods selected GSV images of ~10,000 Our team developed three different points in residential streets within approaches to use machine learning each metropolitan area. The images to examine this massive visual offer a visual summary of the studied archive of cities. First, we analyzed cities from the viewpoint of the the collection of images using This study aims to contribute to understanding the factors influencing urban street and, through different computer vision models that are able housing vulnerability and displacement through comparative analysis grounded methodologies, our team identified to recognize features in the in geospatial data and new techniques of machine learning and computer vision. how they related to urban landscape and generate a series of Over the summer, our team focused on leveraging visual data about cities vulnerability. Using Google’s tags describing objects, context, and available in the form of Google Street View (GSV) images, asking the way they Computer Vision software, we other aspects of individual images. can contribute to the comparative analysis of housing vulnerability and analyzed generated “tags” and In our second approach, we focused displacement across diverse cities around the globe. Furthermore, we were also “threshold” values of the images. A on a statistical analysis of the tag interested in examining how new technologies such as computer vision can “tag” generated for an image indicates data generated. This helped help in this task. that a given object tagged is present in determine which tags tended to that image, while the threshold value cluster. In contrast to the other two Sources and Data indicates the software’s confidence in approaches that used existing We first aimed to reveal patterns and relationships among variables about the tag. It is important to note that all computer vision tools, we also housing vulnerability and urban life in what we define as “average” or tagging (both object recognition and trained our own computer vision “unexceptional” cities, cities with populations between 500,000 and 3,000,000, image classification) was carried out models to detect vulnerability. After which were not capitals, and lacked exceptional political status, demographic based on Google Computer Vision visual analysis of hundreds of these composition, wealth, or other attributes. Combining satellite imagery and and AutoML platforms. images, we created a working Map courtesy of Grounded Philly, currently accessible at https://phl.maps.arcgis.com. cesta.stanford.edu | 17 SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT rban development produces uneven patterns of housing. These patterns hypothesis that these images comprised three different characteristics displacement. For instance, if the Philadelphia tags cluster in the same areas evolve out of complex factors that include urban planning institutions, associated with urban vulnerability and are worth further exploration. Our where we have data for vacant buildings—that correlation could reveal infrastructure, environmental conditions, and socioeconomic dynamics. first observation in the images was that they represent areas with different vulnerability. A second kind of confirmation of vulnerability would be one Patterns in housing affordability, in living conditions, and in the social residential densities. Second, we investigated whether the landscape was stable where the government has designated an area as distressed, in conflict, etc. distribution of vulnerability of tenancy reveal socio-economic boundaries or under a process of transformation (construction, visible signs of vacancy, We have seen some examples of this in Curitiba. In expanded research, we can between zones of displacement in contemporary cities. Although certain decay, etc.) and thus more likely to prompt dislocation. Lastly, we tagged for test to see whether the GSV tags for vulnerability correspond to these areas. underlying factors such as zoning and public infrastructure can be assumed to the perception of capital investment in the image, which included physical be present and operating in every city, the interaction of these forces and their infrastructure, maintenance, and other signs of wealth/poverty. Next Steps relative importance across global regions remains largely unstudied in a The enormous collection of images available through Google Street View comparative and historical perspective. Preliminary Results offers an entry point to visualize issues associated with urban vulnerability and Where our tagged images with “vulnerable” characteristics overlap with displacement. These images could be analyzed in several different ways, but known areas of distress/displacement, we could have confirmation that the digital methods such as those used in this project allow for comprehensive GSV tags correspond to a meaningful concept of vulnerability and examination of large datasets. The team expects that, with the refinement of the computer vision models and its theoretical underpinnings, we could plot in maps some of the visual signs of that we consider associated to vulnerability. C

Student Profiles Methods OpenStreetMap data, we randomly Hadassah Betapudi Janine Fleming selected GSV images of ~10,000 Our team developed three different points in residential streets within approaches to use machine learning Hadassah Betapudi is a sophomore who Janine Fleming is a sophomore who is learned about CESTA through the planning to major in Science, Technology each metropolitan area. The images to examine this massive visual Humanities Research Intensive class, and Society. She is working on the Urban offer a visual summary of the studied archive of cities. First, we analyzed taught by Dr. Elaine Treharne and Dr. Discontents project, studying and cities from the viewpoint of the the collection of images using Caroline Winterer. She is pre-med, comparing vulnerability in different cities This study aims to contribute to understanding the factors influencing urban majoring in Political Science. She is around the world. She is interested in street and, through different computer vision models that are able interested in pioneering data-driven human-computer interaction, as well as housing vulnerability and displacement through comparative analysis grounded methodologies, our team identified to recognize features in the humanities to study poverty and how technology can be used for social good. in geospatial data and new techniques of machine learning and computer vision. how they related to urban landscape and generate a series of inequality, medicine, and health policy. In her free time, Janine loves painting, Over the summer, our team focused on leveraging visual data about cities learning how to DJ, playing volleyball, and vulnerability. Using Google’s tags describing objects, context, and visiting the beautiful Paciﬁc coastline. available in the form of Google Street View (GSV) images, asking the way they Computer Vision software, we other aspects of individual images. can contribute to the comparative analysis of housing vulnerability and analyzed generated “tags” and In our second approach, we focused displacement across diverse cities around the globe. Furthermore, we were also “threshold” values of the images. A on a statistical analysis of the tag interested in examining how new technologies such as computer vision can “tag” generated for an image indicates data generated. This helped help in this task. that a given object tagged is present in determine which tags tended to that image, while the threshold value cluster. In contrast to the other two Sources and Data indicates the software’s confidence in approaches that used existing We first aimed to reveal patterns and relationships among variables about the tag. It is important to note that all computer vision tools, we also housing vulnerability and urban life in what we define as “average” or tagging (both object recognition and trained our own computer vision “unexceptional” cities, cities with populations between 500,000 and 3,000,000, image classification) was carried out models to detect vulnerability. After which were not capitals, and lacked exceptional political status, demographic based on Google Computer Vision visual analysis of hundreds of these composition, wealth, or other attributes. Combining satellite imagery and and AutoML platforms. images, we created a working

18 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University Student Profiles Michelle Julia Ng Aryan Singh Michelle Julia Ng is a junior majoring in Aryan Singh is a sophomore with an Computer Science + History at Stanford interest in urban planning, infrastructure University. This summer, she is working on and public policy. He is working on the Urban Discontents project at CESTA, performing statistical analyses of data for where she uses data and mapping technol- the Urban Discontents team this summer ogies to explore patterns of vulnerability and hopes to explore the relationship in urban areas. Michelle is interested in between public transport and housing using technology for social good, and she vulnerability in the future. Outside of enjoys being able to exercise creativity in CESTA, he is a member of Stanford's her research. Social Entrepreneurship Club and enjoys playing soccer for the men's club team.

Sierra O Ke Akua Burgon Sierra Burgon is a sophomore (Class of 2022) majoring in Human Biology with a concentration in Health and Health Policy. She is working on the Urban Discontents project, which seeks to produce insight on patterns of factors contributing to housing vulnerability across a sample of cities around the world.

cesta.stanford.edu | 19 interviewing friends and family in LandTalk: their neighborhood so that these Human Experiences students can engage in conversation about changing of Landscape Change landscapes, record them, and by Erick Enriquez upload them to the site for others Project Team: Erik Steiner, to investigate. Deborah Gordon, and Cody Leff Future Directions The LandTalk project aims to continue to expand its user base and Talk.org is a crowd-sourced through new curricular materials collection of reports of and outreach to teachers at all changingL landscapes from across the levels. In the next phase, the project globe. Over the summer, I sought to will develop a new section of the create a platform where people share site that highlights exceptional their observations about familiar but stories, discusses teacher changing spaces by sharing videos, experiences, provides additional photographs, and perspectives of reference material, and reports on how local environments have the initial analysis of the corpus. evolved. Throughout this summer, our team’s primary goals were to on GitHub and learning HTML, on creating and cataloguing Learn more at landtalk.org. develop and improve the project CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. By week reproducible methods for data website that enables these people to three, I reformatted the online analysis. This process, known as share their stories, to develop a content and enabled a full-screen Topic Modeling, will help us curriculum that facilitates mode for the site’s maps of changing discover patterns and insights as our student-driven collection of these landscapes. While redesigning our corpus continues to grow. Initial conversations, and to explore web pages, I learned to use Sketch to results are shown on the next page. methods of analyzing the data. We create site mock-ups. I structured Acknowledgements also investigated methods to extract, workflow with Erik Steiner, my Rather than drawing from Throughout this summer, CESTA gave me the opportunity to learn new shape, and visualize the data so we project lead, that involved pre-existing documents, skills and hone old ones while also providing me a space full of curious, could extrapolate meaningful submitting design ideas to him, manuscripts, maps, and materials, inquisitive, and brilliant minds. The work I have done this summer both on patterns and conclusions. receiving feedback, and adjusting our website’s primary function is to the project and on my own has given me confidence to contribute to accordingly. Through this collect and display the data we hope meaningful projects. This would not have been possible without the help of I focused on the collection, design, collaboration, we ensured the to use for future analysis by a broad Cody, whose patience and guidance helped me to get past hurdles in two implementation, and analysis of data consistency and quality of site audience. On the LandTalk site, we hours that may have stalled me for two summers, as well as Amanda who has to improve the website. I spent the content by manually reviewing place provide a curriculum for various age given us access to the wonderful tours, workshops, and snacks that got me first two weeks setting up my names, coordinates, photographs, groups and objectives that teachers through the summer. Erik brought me onto the LandTalk project with him development environment with and transcriptions. Toward the end across the world can implement in and allowed me to focus on the aspects of the project I was most interested in Docker, Node.JS, Sublime, and of the summer, I worked less on their classrooms. This curriculum contributing to and learning from. WordPress before diving into code GitHub issues and instead focused guides students through CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

interviewing friends and family in their neighborhood so that these students can engage in conversation about changing landscapes, record them, and upload them to the site for others to investigate.

Future Directions The LandTalk project aims to continue to expand its user base and Talk.org is a crowd-sourced through new curricular materials collection of reports of and outreach to teachers at all changing landscapes from across the levels. In the next phase, the project globe. Over the summer, I sought to will develop a new section of the create a platform where people share site that highlights exceptional their observations about familiar but Mapping LandTalk Conversations stories, discusses teacher changing spaces by sharing videos, LandTalk has collected over 350 interviews from around the world with people who have lived in experiences, provides additional photographs, and perspectives of an area for more than 20 years. Observers discuss the changes they have witnessed over time in reference material, and reports on how local environments have familiar, everyday landscapes: cities, parks, backyards, towns, trails, and beaches. the initial analysis of the corpus. evolved. Throughout this summer, our team’s primary goals were to on GitHub and learning HTML, on creating and cataloguing Learn more at landtalk.org. develop and improve the project CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. By week reproducible methods for data website that enables these people to three, I reformatted the online analysis. This process, known as share their stories, to develop a content and enabled a full-screen Topic Modeling, will help us curriculum that facilitates mode for the site’s maps of changing discover patterns and insights as our student-driven collection of these landscapes. While redesigning our corpus continues to grow. Initial conversations, and to explore web pages, I learned to use Sketch to results are shown on the next page. methods of analyzing the data. We create site mock-ups. I structured Acknowledgements also investigated methods to extract, workflow with Erik Steiner, my Rather than drawing from Throughout this summer, CESTA gave me the opportunity to learn new shape, and visualize the data so we project lead, that involved pre-existing documents, skills and hone old ones while also providing me a space full of curious, could extrapolate meaningful submitting design ideas to him, manuscripts, maps, and materials, inquisitive, and brilliant minds. The work I have done this summer both on patterns and conclusions. receiving feedback, and adjusting our website’s primary function is to the project and on my own has given me confidence to contribute to accordingly. Through this collect and display the data we hope meaningful projects. This would not have been possible without the help of I focused on the collection, design, collaboration, we ensured the to use for future analysis by a broad Cody, whose patience and guidance helped me to get past hurdles in two implementation, and analysis of data consistency and quality of site audience. On the LandTalk site, we hours that may have stalled me for two summers, as well as Amanda who has to improve the website. I spent the content by manually reviewing place provide a curriculum for various age given us access to the wonderful tours, workshops, and snacks that got me first two weeks setting up my names, coordinates, photographs, groups and objectives that teachers through the summer. Erik brought me onto the LandTalk project with him development environment with and transcriptions. Toward the end across the world can implement in and allowed me to focus on the aspects of the project I was most interested in Docker, Node.JS, Sublime, and of the summer, I worked less on their classrooms. This curriculum contributing to and learning from. WordPress before diving into code GitHub issues and instead focused guides students through

cesta.stanford.edu | 21 SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT Initial Topic Modeling Results: Top 10 Topics interviewing friends and family in Topics are derived from 350 interviews (~400,000 words) using MALLET, and then manually titled. their neighborhood so that these >400 mentions >150 mentions <150 mentions students can engage in conversation about changing “Good Old Days” “Looking back” “Play” “Neighborhood” “Yard” landscapes, record them, and time kind neighborhood area trees upload them to the site for others moved time kids people yard to investigate. spend people play neighborhood house family big children development plants spent front area family local Future Directions spends neighbors pretty live tree The LandTalk project aims to activities moved house place grass playing flowers continue to expand its user base and Talk.org is a crowd-sourced kids ago community enjoys basketball plant good lived through new curricular materials collection of reports of misses garden guess homes stores and outreach to teachers at all changing landscapes from across the likes houses planted place city levels. In the next phase, the project globe. Over the summer, I sought to lawn ago bit street built will develop a new section of the create a platform where people share quiet games backyard remember park site that highlights exceptional their observations about familiar but spending part baseball restaurants large playing football planting stories, discusses teacher changing spaces by sharing videos, lived walk older experiences, provides additional photographs, and perspectives of living stuff houses animals county streets bushes reference material, and reports on how local environments have day built miss oak the initial analysis of the corpus. evolved. Throughout this summer, houses space nature neighbors bikes living side our team’s primary goals were to on GitHub and learning HTML, on creating and cataloguing great Learn more at landtalk.org. develop and improve the project CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. By week reproducible methods for data “City” “Nature” “Development” “Growing up” “Weather” website that enables these people to three, I reformatted the online analysis. This process, known as share their stories, to develop a content and enabled a full-screen Topic Modeling, will help us town land restaurants people bloomington city wildlife shopping time trees curriculum that facilitates mode for the site’s maps of changing discover patterns and insights as our activities area mall school snow student-driven collection of these landscapes. While redesigning our corpus continues to grow. Initial areas birds stores growing weather conversations, and to explore web pages, I learned to use Sketch to results are shown on the next page. parks trails north place living methods of analyzing the data. We create site mock-ups. I structured population lots store family animals Acknowledgements grocery also investigated methods to extract, workflow with Erik Steiner, my Rather than drawing from small property grew winter Throughout this summer, CESTA gave me the opportunity to learn new shops shape, and visualize the data so we project lead, that involved pre-existing documents, buildings trees friends plants skills and hone old ones while also providing me a space full of curious, downtown animals road kids miss inquisitive, and brilliant minds. The work I have done this summer both on could extrapolate meaningful submitting design ideas to him, manuscripts, maps, and materials, terms time area home deer the project and on my own has given me confidence to contribute to patterns and conclusions. receiving feedback, and adjusting our website’s primary function is to roads deer built work remember indiana meaningful projects. This would not have been possible without the help of accordingly. Through this collect and display the data we hope life noticed food visit winters I focused on the collection, design, collaboration, we ensured the to use for future analysis by a broad large home movie today Cody, whose patience and guidance helped me to get past hurdles in two cold implementation, and analysis of data consistency and quality of site audience. On the LandTalk site, we community developed centers good hours that may have stalled me for two summers, as well as Amanda who has smaller hills to improve the website. I spent the content by manually reviewing place provide a curriculum for various age development high ago given us access to the wonderful tours, workshops, and snacks that got me describes enjoy mom life summer through the summer. Erik brought me onto the LandTalk project with him first two weeks setting up my names, coordinates, photographs, groups and objectives that teachers storms growth homes traffic walk development environment with and transcriptions. Toward the end across the world can implement in commercial gardening and allowed me to focus on the aspects of the project I was most interested in past natural city contributing to and learning from. Docker, Node.JS, Sublime, and of the summer, I worked less on their classrooms. This curriculum infrastructure surrounding large beautiful WordPress before diving into code GitHub issues and instead focused guides students through public bike live

22 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

interviewing friends and family in their neighborhood so that these Student Profile students can engage in conversation about changing Erick Enriquez landscapes, record them, and Erick Enriquez is a sophomore majoring upload them to the site for others in Computer Science. He plans to either to investigate. double major or minor in Statistics. Is excited to apply new technology to age-old problems and is focused on Future Directions learning new coding languages. He is part of the Society of LatinX Engineers The LandTalk project aims to and Code the Change. continue to expand its user base and Talk.org is a crowd-sourced through new curricular materials collection of reports of and outreach to teachers at all changing landscapes from across the levels. In the next phase, the project globe. Over the summer, I sought to will develop a new section of the create a platform where people share site that highlights exceptional their observations about familiar but stories, discusses teacher changing spaces by sharing videos, experiences, provides additional photographs, and perspectives of reference material, and reports on how local environments have the initial analysis of the corpus. evolved. Throughout this summer, our team’s primary goals were to on GitHub and learning HTML, on creating and cataloguing Learn more at landtalk.org. develop and improve the project CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. By week reproducible methods for data website that enables these people to three, I reformatted the online analysis. This process, known as share their stories, to develop a content and enabled a full-screen Topic Modeling, will help us curriculum that facilitates mode for the site’s maps of changing discover patterns and insights as our student-driven collection of these landscapes. While redesigning our corpus continues to grow. Initial conversations, and to explore web pages, I learned to use Sketch to results are shown on the next page. methods of analyzing the data. We create site mock-ups. I structured Acknowledgements also investigated methods to extract, workflow with Erik Steiner, my Rather than drawing from Throughout this summer, CESTA gave me the opportunity to learn new shape, and visualize the data so we project lead, that involved pre-existing documents, skills and hone old ones while also providing me a space full of curious, could extrapolate meaningful submitting design ideas to him, manuscripts, maps, and materials, inquisitive, and brilliant minds. The work I have done this summer both on patterns and conclusions. receiving feedback, and adjusting our website’s primary function is to the project and on my own has given me confidence to contribute to accordingly. Through this collect and display the data we hope meaningful projects. This would not have been possible without the help of I focused on the collection, design, collaboration, we ensured the to use for future analysis by a broad Cody, whose patience and guidance helped me to get past hurdles in two implementation, and analysis of data consistency and quality of site audience. On the LandTalk site, we hours that may have stalled me for two summers, as well as Amanda who has to improve the website. I spent the content by manually reviewing place provide a curriculum for various age given us access to the wonderful tours, workshops, and snacks that got me first two weeks setting up my names, coordinates, photographs, groups and objectives that teachers through the summer. Erik brought me onto the LandTalk project with him development environment with and transcriptions. Toward the end across the world can implement in and allowed me to focus on the aspects of the project I was most interested in Docker, Node.JS, Sublime, and of the summer, I worked less on their classrooms. This curriculum contributing to and learning from. C WordPress before diving into code GitHub issues and instead focused guides students through

cesta.stanford.edu | 23 SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT

that came after it, serving to condition the An Interactive Site Re-designed Proposal List dreamed of a perfect city of the future: Address Search Bar Acknowledgments Planned and Unplanned: range of possibilities that people could To resolve our central question of accessibility, This new design [below] places 1905-1933,” and “The Era of Radical In particular, we created features, such as an address search bar, for researchers Many thanks to project lead Ocean Howell for his guidance on the project and imagine. Many ideas that were first this summer we developed a re-design of the emphasis on the maps themselves, Technocracy: Highways and Urban interested in community history or for users simply curious about the site support for my ideas, and for providing the Burnham and Golden Gateway Mapping Urban Power in San Francisco proposed in Burnham's Plan emerged Imagined San Francisco website. Our challenge with the short descriptions and Renewal schemes sweep away where their home now sits. We also built in functionality to allow users to plan descriptions above; to Spatial History Project Co-Director Erik Steiner for again and again in subsequent planning was to design for a range of audiences, including narratives as complementary portions of the old city, delivering San automatically explore all plans which affected an address. his encouragement and for providing the site design mock-ups; to Cody Leff by Krain Chen efforts. researchers, students, and the general public. information that is directly linked to Francisco to an uncertain future: for his mentorship and for sharing his programming expertise; to Amanda Project Team: Ocean Howell, Erik Steiner, Cody Leff, and Brian Kersey the plans and visuals. There are plans 1946-1963.” With such categorization, Wilson Bergado and Brian Kersey at the Center for Spatial and Textual We aimed to provide full access and easy ranging from the mid-19th to the we make the relationship of each plan Analysis for their invaluable support this summer; to the past project RIs for navigation to the scholarly narratives and digital late-20th century. In the previous to the overall history of San Francisco their work and notes; to my CESTA RI cohort for making my time on this map database. The geo-referenced database version of the publication, this more distinct. The user is also invited project so enjoyable; to Kim Durante at Stanford Libraries and Stace Maples includes a basemap of the 1906 earthquake and diverse range of maps went to explore the politics behind each era, and David Medeiros at the Geospatial Center for their help; and to VPUE for fire burnt area, the Homeowners’ Loan uncategorized. The urban plans are some of rapid change and others of funding my work. Corporation’s original 1937 redlining map, and now grouped by era, demarcating the minimal development. Rather than public transit plans from several decades. years when a specific set of planning simply listing the plans alphabetically, sensibilities and priorities prevailed. this reorganization better integrates The new design is more interactive, with Examples include “Imagining Utopia: the intellectual goals of the project into the design of the site. Burham Plan (1905). Source: David Rumsey Map Collection dynamically rendered maps focusing the user’s An era when San Franciscans attention. It also allows for both complete user control, with the Proposal Maps List, and more his project traces the history Signiﬁcant Proposals guided experiences, through the various T of urban planning in San The Burnham Plan (1905) [above] narratives written by Professor Ocean Howell. Francisco, placing special emphasis might be the single most important We hope this website will be used by anyone on unrealized schemes. Rather than plan in the project. Daniel Burnham who has an interest in the history of San using visual material simply to is well known as the central planner Francisco, city planning, politics, and illustrate outcomes, Imagined San of the 1893 World's Columbian neighborhood activism. We also hope that the Francisco uses historical plans, maps, Exposition in Chicago (also known georeferenced maps we are making accessible will competing design proposals, archi- as the White City). This fair created The plans for the Golden Gateway (1960) be used by a broad, cross-disciplinary academic tectural renderings, and photo- a miniature city, in today's Jackson [above] are also very important. This is community. graphs to show what might have Park, that mimicked Paris as it had an iconic part of the downtown skyline, Narratives been. By enabling users to layer a been remade by Napoleon III under serving to define the image of the city. Each map has its own opacity slider, allowing The narratives provide a more guided experience through the digital series of urban plans, the project the direction of Baron Haussmann. The Golden Gateway was also one of the users to interact with the urban plans to their publication, providing context and analysis of the various proposals. As the presents the city not only as a So impressed were San Francisco earliest urban renewal plans in San Fran- own purpose. These are layered on top of reader follows along with the text, the view updates to show the relevant plans, sequence of material changes, but officials, that they invited Burnham cisco and so was an important arena in different basemaps, such as modern San Francisco supplementing the narrative and often allowing the user to draw further also as a contingent process and a to make a plan for their own city. which the relationships between citizens [see left] or a neighborhood boundaries map. connections. We plan to eventually make the scholarly narratives a battleground for political power. The plan presented a re-imagined and governmental agencies were renegoti- collaborative effort, where other researchers of San Francisco’s planning history San Francisco: San Francisco as ated. Using federal funding, the municipal In some areas, the plans are particularly dense, or related fields may submit essays. We hope these narratives will be read by In researching, we ask: How can we Paris, San Francisco as a neoclassical government here established the capacity due to the variety of proposed design schemes, anyone who has an interest in San Francisco history, city planning history, the make these geospatial and historical imperial metropole. Though no to remake large areas of the city, whole coming from a variety of competing political power of neighborhood activism, and any related topics. analyses of San Francisco more aspect of the plan was actually cloth, in ways that would have been interests. This highlights the ways in which accessible to the public? realized, it influenced everything unimaginable only ten years earlier. specific geographic areas held outsized Imagined San Francisco hopes to go live in Spring 2020. importance in determining the future of the 24 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University entire city. CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

that came after it, serving to condition the An Interactive Site Re-designed Proposal List dreamed of a perfect city of the future: Address Search Bar Acknowledgments range of possibilities that people could To resolve our central question of accessibility, This new design [below] places 1905-1933,” and “The Era of Radical In particular, we created features, such as an address search bar, for researchers Many thanks to project lead Ocean Howell for his guidance on the project and imagine. Many ideas that were first this summer we developed a re-design of the emphasis on the maps themselves, Technocracy: Highways and Urban interested in community history or for users simply curious about the site support for my ideas, and for providing the Burnham and Golden Gateway proposed in Burnham's Plan emerged Imagined San Francisco website. Our challenge with the short descriptions and Renewal schemes sweep away where their home now sits. We also built in functionality to allow users to plan descriptions above; to Spatial History Project Co-Director Erik Steiner for again and again in subsequent planning was to design for a range of audiences, including narratives as complementary portions of the old city, delivering San automatically explore all plans which affected an address. his encouragement and for providing the site design mock-ups; to Cody Leff efforts. researchers, students, and the general public. information that is directly linked to Francisco to an uncertain future: for his mentorship and for sharing his programming expertise; to Amanda the plans and visuals. There are plans 1946-1963.” With such categorization, Wilson Bergado and Brian Kersey at the Center for Spatial and Textual We aimed to provide full access and easy ranging from the mid-19th to the we make the relationship of each plan Analysis for their invaluable support this summer; to the past project RIs for navigation to the scholarly narratives and digital late-20th century. In the previous to the overall history of San Francisco their work and notes; to my CESTA RI cohort for making my time on this map database. The geo-referenced database version of the publication, this more distinct. The user is also invited project so enjoyable; to Kim Durante at Stanford Libraries and Stace Maples includes a basemap of the 1906 earthquake and diverse range of maps went to explore the politics behind each era, and David Medeiros at the Geospatial Center for their help; and to VPUE for fire burnt area, the Homeowners’ Loan uncategorized. The urban plans are some of rapid change and others of funding my work. Corporation’s original 1937 redlining map, and now grouped by era, demarcating the minimal development. Rather than public transit plans from several decades. years when a specific set of planning simply listing the plans alphabetically, sensibilities and priorities prevailed. this reorganization better integrates The new design is more interactive, with Examples include “Imagining Utopia: the intellectual goals of the project dynamically rendered maps focusing the user’s An era when San Franciscans into the design of the site. attention. It also allows for both complete user control, with the Proposal Maps List, and more his project traces the history Significant Proposals guided experiences, through the various of urban planning in San The Burnham Plan (1905) [above] narratives written by Professor Ocean Howell. Francisco, placing special emphasis might be the single most important We hope this website will be used by anyone on unrealized schemes. Rather than plan in the project. Daniel Burnham who has an interest in the history of San using visual material simply to is well known as the central planner Francisco, city planning, politics, and illustrate outcomes, Imagined San of the 1893 World's Columbian neighborhood activism. We also hope that the Francisco uses historical plans, maps, Exposition in Chicago (also known georeferenced maps we are making accessible will competing design proposals, archi- as the White City). This fair created The plans for the Golden Gateway (1960) Golden Gateway be used by a broad, cross-disciplinary academic tectural renderings, and photo- a miniature city, in today's Jackson [above] are also very important. This is Redevelopment Project community. graphs to show what might have Park, that mimicked Paris as it had an iconic part of the downtown skyline, This plan by Eichler Homes was Narratives serving to define the image of the city. one of nine proposals to been. By enabling users to layer a been remade by Napoleon III under redevelop and improve quality Each map has its own opacity slider, allowing The narratives provide a more guided experience through the digital series of urban plans, the project the direction of Baron Haussmann. The Golden Gateway was also one of the of life in the area. Source: users to interact with the urban plans to their publication, providing context and analysis of the various proposals. As the Eichler Homes, Inc., 1960 presents the city not only as a So impressed were San Francisco earliest urban renewal plans in San Fran- own purpose. These are layered on top of reader follows along with the text, the view updates to show the relevant plans, sequence of material changes, but officials, that they invited Burnham cisco and so was an important arena in different basemaps, such as modern San Francisco supplementing the narrative and often allowing the user to draw further also as a contingent process and a to make a plan for their own city. which the relationships between citizens [see left] or a neighborhood boundaries map. connections. We plan to eventually make the scholarly narratives a battleground for political power. The plan presented a re-imagined and governmental agencies were renegoti- collaborative effort, where other researchers of San Francisco’s planning history San Francisco: San Francisco as ated. Using federal funding, the municipal In some areas, the plans are particularly dense, or related fields may submit essays. We hope these narratives will be read by In researching, we ask: How can we Paris, San Francisco as a neoclassical government here established the capacity due to the variety of proposed design schemes, anyone who has an interest in San Francisco history, city planning history, the make these geospatial and historical imperial metropole. Though no to remake large areas of the city, whole coming from a variety of competing political power of neighborhood activism, and any related topics. analyses of San Francisco more aspect of the plan was actually cloth, in ways that would have been interests. This highlights the ways in which accessible to the public? realized, it influenced everything unimaginable only ten years earlier. specific geographic areas held outsized Imagined San Francisco hopes to go live in Spring 2020. importance in determining the future of the cesta.stanford.edu | 25 entire city. that came after it, serving to condition the An Interactive Site Re-designed Proposal List dreamed of a perfect city of the future: Address Search Bar Acknowledgments range of possibilities that people could To resolve our central question of accessibility, This new design [below] places 1905-1933,” and “The Era of Radical In particular, we created features, such as an address search bar, for researchers Many thanks to project lead Ocean Howell for his guidance on the project and imagine. Many ideas that were first this summer we developed a re-design of the emphasis on the maps themselves, Technocracy: Highways and Urban interested in community history or for users simply curious about the site support for my ideas, and for providing the Burnham and Golden Gateway proposed in Burnham's Plan emerged Imagined San Francisco website. Our challenge with the short descriptions and Renewal schemes sweep away where their home now sits. We also built in functionality to allow users to plan descriptions above; to Spatial History Project Co-Director Erik Steiner for again and again in subsequent planning was to design for a range of audiences, including narratives as complementary portions of the old city, delivering San automatically explore all plans which affected an address. his encouragement and for providing the site design mock-ups; to Cody Leff efforts. researchers, students, and the general public. information that is directly linked to Francisco to an uncertain future: for his mentorship and for sharing his programming expertise; to Amanda the plans and visuals. There are plans 1946-1963.” With such categorization, Wilson Bergado and Brian Kersey at the Center for Spatial and Textual We aimed to provide full access and easy ranging from the mid-19th to the we make the relationship of each plan Analysis for their invaluable support this summer; to the past project RIs for navigation to the scholarly narratives and digital late-20th century. In the previous to the overall history of San Francisco their work and notes; to my CESTA RI cohort for making my time on this map database. The geo-referenced database version of the publication, this more distinct. The user is also invited project so enjoyable; to Kim Durante at Stanford Libraries and Stace Maples includes a basemap of the 1906 earthquake and diverse range of maps went to explore the politics behind each era, and David Medeiros at the Geospatial Center for their help; and to VPUE for fire burnt area, the Homeowners’ Loan uncategorized. The urban plans are some of rapid change and others of funding my work. Corporation’s original 1937 redlining map, and now grouped by era, demarcating the minimal development. Rather than public transit plans from several decades. years when a specific set of planning simply listing the plans alphabetically, sensibilities and priorities prevailed. this reorganization better integrates The new design is more interactive, with Examples include “Imagining Utopia: the intellectual goals of the project dynamically rendered maps focusing the user’s An era when San Franciscans into the design of the site. attention. It also allows for both complete user control, with the Proposal Maps List, and more his project traces the history Significant Proposals guided experiences, through the various of urban planning in San The Burnham Plan (1905) [above] narratives written by Professor Ocean Howell. Francisco, placing special emphasis might be the single most important We hope this website will be used by anyone on unrealized schemes. Rather than plan in the project. Daniel Burnham who has an interest in the history of San using visual material simply to is well known as the central planner Francisco, city planning, politics, and illustrate outcomes, Imagined San of the 1893 World's Columbian neighborhood activism. We also hope that the Francisco uses historical plans, maps, Exposition in Chicago (also known georeferenced maps we are making accessible will competing design proposals, archi- as the White City). This fair created The plans for the Golden Gateway (1960) be used by a broad, cross-disciplinary academic tectural renderings, and photo- a miniature city, in today's Jackson [above] are also very important. This is community. graphs to show what might have Park, that mimicked Paris as it had an iconic part of the downtown skyline, Narratives been. By enabling users to layer a been remade by Napoleon III under serving to define the image of the city. Each map has its own opacity slider, allowing The narratives provide a more guided experience through the digital series of urban plans, the project the direction of Baron Haussmann. The Golden Gateway was also one of the users to interact with the urban plans to their publication, providing context and analysis of the various proposals. As the presents the city not only as a So impressed were San Francisco earliest urban renewal plans in San Fran- own purpose. These are layered on top of reader follows along with the text, the view updates to show the relevant plans, sequence of material changes, but officials, that they invited Burnham cisco and so was an important arena in different basemaps, such as modern San Francisco supplementing the narrative and often allowing the user to draw further also as a contingent process and a to make a plan for their own city. which the relationships between citizens [see left] or a neighborhood boundaries map. connections. We plan to eventually make the scholarly narratives a battleground for political power. The plan presented a re-imagined and governmental agencies were renegoti- collaborative effort, where other researchers of San Francisco’s planning history San Francisco: San Francisco as ated. Using federal funding, the municipal In some areas, the plans are particularly dense, or related fields may submit essays. We hope these narratives will be read by In researching, we ask: How can we Paris, San Francisco as a neoclassical government here established the capacity due to the variety of proposed design schemes, anyone who has an interest in San Francisco history, city planning history, the make these geospatial and historical imperial metropole. Though no to remake large areas of the city, whole coming from a variety of competing political power of neighborhood activism, and any related topics. analyses of San Francisco more aspect of the plan was actually cloth, in ways that would have been interests. This highlights the ways in which accessible to the public? realized, it influenced everything unimaginable only ten years earlier. specific geographic areas held outsized Imagined San Francisco hopes to go live in Spring 2020. importance in determining the future of the entire city. CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY that came after it, serving to condition the An Interactive Site Re-designed Proposal List dreamed of a perfect city of the future: Address Search Bar Acknowledgments range of possibilities that people could To resolve our central question of accessibility, This new design [below] places 1905-1933,” and “The Era of Radical In particular, we created features, such as an address search bar, for researchers Many thanks to project lead Ocean Howell for his guidance on the project and imagine. Many ideas that were first this summer we developed a re-design of the emphasis on the maps themselves, Technocracy: Highways and Urban interested in community history or for users simply curious about the site support for my ideas, and for providing the Burnham and Golden Gateway proposed in Burnham's Plan emerged Imagined San Francisco website. Our challenge with the short descriptions and Renewal schemes sweep away where their home now sits. We also built in functionality to allow users to plan descriptions above; to Spatial History Project Co-Director Erik Steiner for again and again in subsequent planning was to design for a range of audiences, including narratives as complementary portions of the old city, delivering San automatically explore all plans which affected an address. his encouragement and for providing the site design mock-ups; to Cody Leff efforts. researchers, students, and the general public. information that is directly linked to Francisco to an uncertain future: for his mentorship and for sharing his programming expertise; to Amanda the plans and visuals. There are plans 1946-1963.” With such categorization, Wilson Bergado and Brian Kersey at the Center for Spatial and Textual We aimed to provide full access and easy ranging from the mid-19th to the we make the relationship of each plan Analysis for their invaluable support this summer; to the past project RIs for navigation to the scholarly narratives and digital late-20th century. In the previous to the overall history of San Francisco their work and notes; to my CESTA RI cohort for making my time on this map database. The geo-referenced database version of the publication, this more distinct. The user is also invited project so enjoyable; to Kim Durante at Stanford Libraries and Stace Maples includes a basemap of the 1906 earthquake and diverse range of maps went to explore the politics behind each era, and David Medeiros at the Geospatial Center for their help; and to VPUE for fire burnt area, the Homeowners’ Loan uncategorized. The urban plans are some of rapid change and others of funding my work. Corporation’s original 1937 redlining map, and now grouped by era, demarcating the minimal development. Rather than public transit plans from several decades. years when a specific set of planning simply listing the plans alphabetically, sensibilities and priorities prevailed. this reorganization better integrates The new design is more interactive, with Examples include “Imagining Utopia: the intellectual goals of the project dynamically rendered maps focusing the user’s An era when San Franciscans into the design of the site. attention. It also allows for both complete user control, with the Proposal Maps List, and more his project traces the history Significant Proposals guided experiences, through the various of urban planning in San The Burnham Plan (1905) [above] narratives written by Professor Ocean Howell. Francisco, placing special emphasis might be the single most important We hope this website will be used by anyone on unrealized schemes. Rather than plan in the project. Daniel Burnham who has an interest in the history of San using visual material simply to is well known as the central planner Francisco, city planning, politics, and illustrate outcomes, Imagined San of the 1893 World's Columbian neighborhood activism. We also hope that the Francisco uses historical plans, maps, Exposition in Chicago (also known georeferenced maps we are making accessible will competing design proposals, archi- as the White City). This fair created The plans for the Golden Gateway (1960) be used by a broad, cross-disciplinary academic tectural renderings, and photo- a miniature city, in today's Jackson [above] are also very important. This is community. graphs to show what might have Park, that mimicked Paris as it had an iconic part of the downtown skyline, Narratives been. By enabling users to layer a been remade by Napoleon III under serving to define the image of the city. Each map has its own opacity slider, allowing The narratives provide a more guided experience through the digital series of urban plans, the project the direction of Baron Haussmann. The Golden Gateway was also one of the users to interact with the urban plans to their publication, providing context and analysis of the various proposals. As the presents the city not only as a So impressed were San Francisco earliest urban renewal plans in San Fran- own purpose. These are layered on top of reader follows along with the text, the view updates to show the relevant plans, sequence of material changes, but officials, that they invited Burnham cisco and so was an important arena in different basemaps, such as modern San Francisco supplementing the narrative and often allowing the user to draw further also as a contingent process and a to make a plan for their own city. which the relationships between citizens [see left] or a neighborhood boundaries map. connections. We plan to eventually make the scholarly narratives a battleground for political power. The plan presented a re-imagined and governmental agencies were renegoti- collaborative effort, where other researchers of San Francisco’s planning history San Francisco: San Francisco as ated. Using federal funding, the municipal In some areas, the plans are particularly dense, or related fields may submit essays. We hope these narratives will be read by In researching, we ask: How can we Paris, San Francisco as a neoclassical government here established the capacity due to the variety of proposed design schemes, anyone who has an interest in San Francisco history, city planning history, the make these geospatial and historical imperial metropole. Though no to remake large areas of the city, whole coming from a variety of competing political power of neighborhood activism, and any related topics. analyses of San Francisco more aspect of the plan was actually cloth, in ways that would have been interests. This highlights the ways in which accessible to the public? realized, it influenced everything unimaginable only ten years earlier. specific geographic areas held outsized Imagined San Francisco hopes to go live in Spring 2020. importance in determining the future of the entire city. SPATIAL HISTORY PROJECT that came after it, serving to condition the An Interactive Site Re-designed Proposal List dreamed of a perfect city of the future: Address Search Bar Acknowledgments range of possibilities that people could To resolve our central question of accessibility, This new design [below] places 1905-1933,” and “The Era of Radical In particular, we created features, such as an address search bar, for researchers Many thanks to project lead Ocean Howell for his guidance on the project and imagine. Many ideas that were first this summer we developed a re-design of the emphasis on the maps themselves, Technocracy: Highways and Urban interested in community history or for users simply curious about the site support for my ideas, and for providing the Burnham and Golden Gateway proposed in Burnham's Plan emerged Imagined San Francisco website. Our challenge with the short descriptions and Renewal schemes sweep away where their home now sits. We also built in functionality to allow users to plan descriptions above; to Spatial History Project Co-Director Erik Steiner for again and again in subsequent planning was to design for a range of audiences, including narratives as complementary portions of the old city, delivering San automatically explore all plans which affected an address. his encouragement and for providing the site design mock-ups; to Cody Leff efforts. researchers, students, and the general public. information that is directly linked to Francisco to an uncertain future: for his mentorship and for sharing his programming expertise; to Amanda the plans and visuals. There are plans 1946-1963.” With such categorization, Wilson Bergado and Brian Kersey at the Center for Spatial and Textual We aimed to provide full access and easy ranging from the mid-19th to the we make the relationship of each plan Analysis for their invaluable support this summer; to the past project RIs for navigation to the scholarly narratives and digital late-20th century. In the previous to the overall history of San Francisco their work and notes; to my CESTA RI cohort for making my time on this map database. The geo-referenced database version of the publication, this more distinct. The user is also invited project so enjoyable; to Kim Durante at Stanford Libraries and Stace Maples includes a basemap of the 1906 earthquake and diverse range of maps went to explore the politics behind each era, and David Medeiros at the Geospatial Center for their help; and to VPUE for fire burnt area, the Homeowners’ Loan uncategorized. The urban plans are some of rapid change and others of funding my work. Corporation’s original 1937 redlining map, and now grouped by era, demarcating the minimal development. Rather than public transit plans from several decades. years when a specific set of planning simply listing the plans alphabetically, sensibilities and priorities prevailed. this reorganization better integrates The new design is more interactive, with Examples include “Imagining Utopia: the intellectual goals of the project dynamically rendered maps focusing the user’s An era when San Franciscans into the design of the site. attention. It also allows for both complete user control, with the Proposal Maps List, and more his project traces the history Significant Proposals guided experiences, through the various of urban planning in San The Burnham Plan (1905) [above] narratives written by Professor Ocean Howell. Francisco, placing special emphasis might be the single most important We hope this website will be used by anyone on unrealized schemes. Rather than plan in the project. Daniel Burnham who has an interest in the history of San using visual material simply to is well known as the central planner Francisco, city planning, politics, and illustrate outcomes, Imagined San of the 1893 World's Columbian neighborhood activism. We also hope that the Francisco uses historical plans, maps, Exposition in Chicago (also known georeferenced maps we are making accessible will competing design proposals, archi- as the White City). This fair created The plans for the Golden Gateway (1960) be used by a broad, cross-disciplinary academic tectural renderings, and photo- a miniature city, in today's Jackson [above] are also very important. This is community. graphs to show what might have Park, that mimicked Paris as it had an iconic part of the downtown skyline, Narratives been. By enabling users to layer a been remade by Napoleon III under serving to define the image of the city. Each map has its own opacity slider, allowing The narratives provide a more guided experience through the digital series of urban plans, the project the direction of Baron Haussmann. The Golden Gateway was also one of the users to interact with the urban plans to their publication, providing context and analysis of the various proposals. As the presents the city not only as a So impressed were San Francisco earliest urban renewal plans in San Fran- own purpose. These are layered on top of reader follows along with the text, the view updates to show the relevant plans, sequence of material changes, but officials, that they invited Burnham cisco and so was an important arena in different basemaps, such as modern San Francisco supplementing the narrative and often allowing the user to draw further also as a contingent process and a to make a plan for their own city. which the relationships between citizens [see left] or a neighborhood boundaries map. connections. We plan to eventually make the scholarly narratives a battleground for political power. The plan presented a re-imagined and governmental agencies were renegoti- collaborative effort, where other researchers of San Francisco’s planning history San Francisco: San Francisco as ated. Using federal funding, the municipal In some areas, the plans are particularly dense, or related fields may submit essays. We hope these narratives will be read by In researching, we ask: How can we Paris, San Francisco as a neoclassical government here established the capacity due to the variety of proposed design schemes, anyone who has an interest in San Francisco history, city planning history, the make these geospatial and historical imperial metropole. Though no to remake large areas of the city, whole coming from a variety of competing political power of neighborhood activism, and any related topics. analyses of San Francisco more aspect of the plan was actually cloth, in ways that would have been interests. This highlights the ways in which accessible to the public? realized, it influenced everything unimaginable only ten years earlier. specific geographic areas held outsized Imagined San Francisco hopes to go live in Spring 2020. importance in determining the future of the entire city. 28 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY that came after it, serving to condition the An Interactive Site Re-designed Proposal List dreamed of a perfect city of the future: Address Search Bar Acknowledgments range of possibilities that people could To resolve our central question of accessibility, This new design [below] places 1905-1933,” and “The Era of Radical In particular, we created features, such as an address search bar, for researchers Many thanks to project lead Ocean Howell for his guidance on the project and imagine. Many ideas that were first this summer we developed a re-design of the emphasis on the maps themselves, Technocracy: Highways and Urban interested in community history or for users simply curious about the site support for my ideas, and for providing the Burnham and Golden Gateway proposed in Burnham's Plan emerged Imagined San Francisco website. Our challenge with the short descriptions and Renewal schemes sweep away where their home now sits. We also built in functionality to allow users to plan descriptions above; to Spatial History Project Co-Director Erik Steiner for again and again in subsequent planning was to design for a range of audiences, including narratives as complementary portions of the old city, delivering San automatically explore all plans which affected an address. his encouragement and for providing the site design mock-ups; to Cody Leff efforts. researchers, students, and the general public. information that is directly linked to Francisco to an uncertain future: for his mentorship and for sharing his programming expertise; to Amanda the plans and visuals. There are plans 1946-1963.” With such categorization, Wilson Bergado and Brian Kersey at the Center for Spatial and Textual We aimed to provide full access and easy ranging from the mid-19th to the we make the relationship of each plan Analysis for their invaluable support this summer; to the past project RIs for navigation to the scholarly narratives and digital late-20th century. In the previous to the overall history of San Francisco their work and notes; to my CESTA RI cohort for making my time on this map database. The geo-referenced database version of the publication, this more distinct. The user is also invited project so enjoyable; to Kim Durante at Stanford Libraries and Stace Maples includes a basemap of the 1906 earthquake and diverse range of maps went to explore the politics behind each era, and David Medeiros at the Geospatial Center for their help; and to VPUE for fire burnt area, the Homeowners’ Loan uncategorized. The urban plans are some of rapid change and others of funding my work. C Corporation’s original 1937 redlining map, and now grouped by era, demarcating the minimal development. Rather than public transit plans from several decades. years when a specific set of planning simply listing the plans alphabetically, sensibilities and priorities prevailed. this reorganization better integrates Examples include “Imagining Utopia: the intellectual goals of the project The new design is more interactive, with Student Profile dynamically rendered maps focusing the user’s An era when San Franciscans into the design of the site. attention. It also allows for both complete user Krain Chen control, with the Proposal Maps List, and more Krain is a sophomore potentially his project traces the history Significant Proposals guided experiences, through the various majoring in Computer Science with a of urban planning in San The Burnham Plan (1905) [above] narratives written by Professor Ocean Howell. minor in Architectural Design. Her two Francisco, placing special emphasis We hope this website will be used by anyone main roles on the Imagined San Francisco might be the single most important Project are to develop the website as on unrealized schemes. Rather than plan in the project. Daniel Burnham who has an interest in the history of San part of a team and to georeference using visual material simply to is well known as the central planner Francisco, city planning, politics, and undeveloped maps of the city. Last illustrate outcomes, Imagined San of the 1893 World's Columbian neighborhood activism. We also hope that the summer, she worked as a background Francisco extra in movies and TV shows such as uses historical plans, maps, Exposition in Chicago (also known georeferenced maps we are making accessible will Legends of Tomorrow, so working at competing design proposals, archi- as the White City). This fair created The plans for the Golden Gateway (1960) be used by a broad, cross-disciplinary academic CESTA this summer is a new experience. tectural renderings, and photo- a miniature city, in today's Jackson [above] are also very important. This is community. graphs to show what might have Park, that mimicked Paris as it had an iconic part of the downtown skyline, Narratives been. By enabling users to layer a been remade by Napoleon III under serving to define the image of the city. Each map has its own opacity slider, allowing The narratives provide a more guided experience through the digital series of urban plans, the project the direction of Baron Haussmann. The Golden Gateway was also one of the users to interact with the urban plans to their publication, providing context and analysis of the various proposals. As the presents the city not only as a So impressed were San Francisco earliest urban renewal plans in San Fran- own purpose. These are layered on top of reader follows along with the text, the view updates to show the relevant plans, sequence of material changes, but officials, that they invited Burnham cisco and so was an important arena in different basemaps, such as modern San Francisco supplementing the narrative and often allowing the user to draw further also as a contingent process and a to make a plan for their own city. which the relationships between citizens [see left] or a neighborhood boundaries map. connections. We plan to eventually make the scholarly narratives a battleground for political power. The plan presented a re-imagined and governmental agencies were renegoti- collaborative effort, where other researchers of San Francisco’s planning history San Francisco: San Francisco as ated. Using federal funding, the municipal In some areas, the plans are particularly dense, or related fields may submit essays. We hope these narratives will be read by In researching, we ask: How can we Paris, San Francisco as a neoclassical government here established the capacity due to the variety of proposed design schemes, anyone who has an interest in San Francisco history, city planning history, the make these geospatial and historical imperial metropole. Though no to remake large areas of the city, whole coming from a variety of competing political power of neighborhood activism, and any related topics. analyses of San Francisco more aspect of the plan was actually cloth, in ways that would have been interests. This highlights the ways in which San Francisco and Stanford University accessible to the public? realized, it influenced everything unimaginable only ten years earlier. specific geographic areas held outsized Imagined San Francisco hopes to go live in Spring 2020. both occupy unceded Ohlone land. importance in determining the future of the entire city. cesta.stanford.edu | 29 Thomas of Marga’s Book of Governors: Methods Next Steps

Gregory of Mahoze Foremost, the relationship spreadsheets requires further fine-tuning in terms of Twelve Scholars of Beth Edre Luhrasaph Horseman of Fire; Below To compile social networks and Insights into Early Christians Horseman of Fire; Above Armenazwai Arabs 2 Unjust Men Deceitful Men Bishop of Salakh node attributes and edge categories, in order to cultivate a database that can Teacher of Beth Edre Nestorious 2 Maslemah Nun of Beth Tehunai geospatial databases, we mined the text People of Beth Wark Armenazwai's Wife

People of Bashosh Gregory; Metropolitan of Nisibis answer complex questions about the Book of Governors. Visualizations of the under Islamic Rule Zadhai Zadhnaphrokh Stephen; Bishop of Dasen People of Rewai for names of people, locations, and Man's Second Wife Heretic of Beth Kardagh Abraham bar-Dashandad's Mother Believers in Nehshon Khusrau's Twenty-four Sons social networks of the text’s marginal groups, such as women and by Palmer Manes and Zuyi Zhao Maran 'ammeh; Metropolitan of Adiabene Lohrasaph Sabhr-Isho I; Nestorian Patriarch People of Beth Kardagh Abraham bar-Dashandad instances of interactions between Man's Lawful Wife Seventy Nobles Believers in Hesna Ebhraya Heretic's Disciple Project Lead: Michael Penn Sixty Disciples Yazdin non-Christians, can provide further insight into the world of Thomas of Marga. Widow characters and places. We then logged Angel 3 Arab Followers Angel 5 Man of Beth Newa Widow's Son of Tidor Babhai; the Musician Thieves Scholars of Marga Arab's Only Son Owner of a Mule Visualization of specific important journeys made in the text could be useful, Certain Monks of Tidor Hitm bar-Salah Theodore; the Expositor Devil 2 our findings in spreadsheets. The social Widow's Only Son Disciples of Maran 'ammeh Disciples Simon; Bishop of Beth Beghash Arab of Mosul Jacob; Nestorian Patriarch Isaias of Scete Arabs 1 especially for the purposes of comparison. Certain Monks of Beth Abhe 4 Ill-Natured Arab Brethren of Beth Abhe 8 Transgressor Neighbors of Maran-zekha's Master Widow of Tidor network database comprised two main Brethren of Beth Abhe 7 Pasturer Maran-zekha's Master Boat Owner Gurya Envious People Solomon Mahdi of Beth Garmai George II; Nestorian Patriarch Maran-zekha; Bishop of Nineveh Two Monks Certain Monks of Beth Abhe 2 Arab Man spreadsheets: a master list of all Surin; Nestorian Patriarch Crowd of Christians and Arabs Believing Woman Assembly Aphni-Maran Dahkane Aha; Abbot of Beth Abhe Believers in Mosul Ten Horsemen Mihroi Forty-two Chosen Monks Abha bar-berikh-Sebhyaneh Angel 4 Brethren of Beth Abhe 10 Acknowledgments Amran bar-Muhammad's Sons characters (nodes) and another Monks Men from the North Maran-zekha Hugair; the Nobleman Aphni-Maran of Beth Abhe Shubhhal-Maran Merchants 1 Two Soldiers Heretical Bishop Amran bar-Muhammad Joseph's Neighbor We would like to acknowledge and thank Amanda and Brian, and CESTA, for Sergius; Bishop of Ma'alltha containing interactions and relationships Angel 2 Noblemen of Adiabene Shahrighan Certain Monks of Beth Abhe 3 Khusrau of Beth Abhe Bacchus bar-Kustoi Evildoers allowing us the space and resources needed to complete this project. David Solomon; Bishop of Hadhatta Beraz Surin (edges) in the Book of Governors. From People of Beth Aroe Cyriacus; Paloha Five Men God Abbot of Peter of Beth Abhe Beth Abhe Solomon bar-Sabhetha Manichees Seventy Solitaries Medeiros and Stace Maples at the Stanford Geospatial Center gave invaluable Hakima; Bishop of Ghawkai these lists, we noted node attributes (e.g., Certain Monks of Beth Abhe 5 Isho-dadh of Beth Abhe Joseph; Twentieth Abbot of Beth Abhe Wicked Monks of Beth Abhe Dindowai Monk of Beth Abhe 3 Certain Monks of Beth Habba advice for the geospatial component of the project, especially to work with QGIS Marcionites gender) and edge categories (e.g., familial Nekhwar; the Priest Monk Shubhhal-Isho of Herta Rostam; Bishop of Henaitha Selibha-zekha; Nestorian Patriarch Brethren of Beth Abhe 12 Joseph; Metropolitan of Merv Simon; Bishop of Gilan Jacob bar-Babhanosh Satan relationships) allowing for more dynamic and ArcGIS. Rachel Midura and Quinn Dombrowski provided helpful guidance Laborers Nobles of Kephar Uzzel Isho-yahbh; the Long Shubhhal-Isho's Sister Zacchaeus; Bishop of Gilan Young Ascetics of Beth Abhe Shem bar-Arlaye Ploughmen Matthew; the Elder Potter Overseers Shabhor; Father of Abraham the Patriarch Thomas; Bishop of Gilan Ephraim of Gilan for the use of the social network visualization program Gephi. We would also Emmanuel; the Priest forms of social network analysis. We used Ananias; Bishop of Gilan Henan-Isho of Beth Abhe Mari; Father of Joseph John; Metropolitan of Adiabene David; Bishop of Gilan George; Bishop of Beth Beghash Phranse Old Solitaries Sergius of Beth Abhe like to thank Dr. Michael Penn, our project lead, for allowing us to work on People of Baladh Abraham; Nestorian Patriarch Isho-yahbh; Abbot of Beth Abhe Gephi to calculate statistics and produce Elders of Beth Abhe 1 Fifteen Monks Shubhhal-Isho's Disciples Believing Men 1 Bar-Henana Kenargh For the geospatial component, we relied primarily on ArcGIS, QGIS, and Yahbh-laha; Metropolitan of Dailom such an interesting project and for being such an invaluable resource for us. Elders of Beth Abhe 8 Pharrokh-bandadh visualizations of the interactions and Ephraim of Elam Tumana People of Adiabene Nobles and Chiefs of Salakh People of Hefthon Kardagh; Metropolitan of Gilan People of Banikaye Tableau. We used QGIS to create both heat maps and district maps by both Mischief-makers Merchants and King's Scribes Builder Pachomius relationships, using concepts like degree Habbibha; Metropolitan of Rai Elisha; the Venerable Old Man Isho-zekha; Bishop of Salakh Rama; the Deacon Steward of the Monastery of Rabban bar-Idta Certain Monks of Beth Abhe 1 Uthman Bar-Khusrau occurrence (a unique singular mention of a place) and frequency (the number Priests of Beth Sharonaye and betweenness centrality to identify Thomas of Old Man of Gar Kahne

Marga The Kartewaye Hananya; the Vegetarian Priests of Golai of times a location is mentioned over the course of the text). Drawing on Sabhr-Isho; Governor of Adiabene People of Mokan Timothy I; Nestorian Patriarch John Chrysostom Henan-Isho; surnamed Red hubs and clusters of interaction and to Abraham bar-Liphe Elders of Beth Abhe 6 Two Old Women of Beth Beghash Laity of Golai secondary sources, we then drew district maps, which represent important Hasan; the Nobleman People of Shahrai Macarius of Alexandria pinpoint the most important nodes. Evagrius Anan-Isho'; Editor of the Book of Paradise Old Man 1 Abhd-Isho'; Friend of Thomas of Marga Old Woman of Golai Elder of Beth Hazkiel Elijah; Bishop of Mokan Jacob; Father of Thomas of Marga ecclesiastical boundaries to visualize locations for which we knew a region but Mari; a Monk Mark; the Monk Four Women Brethren of Beth Abhe 11 Nestorius; Metropolitan of Adiabene Paul; Friend of Thomas of Marga Arab Woman Believing Men 2 Shabhoran Believers of Bagdad Narsai; surnamed Dadh Ishso not exact coordinates. We used Tableau to create a timeline visualization and Elders of Beth Abhe 2 Devil 1 Man with a Mule Na'man; Son of Shahdost Eustathius; the Archdeacon Abhorred Son Shalman Devils 3 John of Dailom ArcGIS to create a standard distance circle map. Shahdost's Wife Merchants 2 Defrauded Woman Shahdost of Beth Gawza Brethren of the Monastery of Abba Simon Burzadh Men of Dailom n the Early Christians under Islamic Rule Shubhhal-Maran; Abbot of the Monastery of Shenna Thieving Woman Narsai; Bishop of Shenna Abhorred Son's Parents Gardener of Hadhudh Shubhhal-Maran; Abbot of Beth Abhe God-fearing Man's Wife Disciple; "Wolf" Rich Believer project, we created a dynamic and Jacob; Bishop of Marga Ya'le bar-Himran of Beni-Taimlah Monk of Beth Abhe 1 Findings Cyprian; Disciple of Narsai Elders of Beth Abhe 7 God-fearing Man I Man with palsy 2 Well-known Believers big-picture understanding of the Book of Governors by Gardener's Wife Man trapped in a Well Heshim's Father We discovered that Thomas includes a surprising number of names as his Well-known Believer's Son Believers in Marga Heshim; the Fisherman Arab Thief Disciple; "Disappearing" Governor of Hadhatta Gardener's Son using digital humanities tools, while developing a model to Well-known Believer People of Ekronta written sources, providing material for a potential network of literature. We Two Household Members apply these methods to future research. Written by Thomas of also found that very few women are present in the Book of Governors, Marga, the Book of Governors is a ninth-century Christian text that comprising approximately five percent of all four hundred seventy nodes. spans over four hundred years and documents the lives of monks who lived Figures like God, Satan, and Nestorian Patriarchs played varyingly influential in the Monastery of Beth Abhe, and the history of the Church of the East (an roles, depending on what statistics we used. Geographic results remain very Eastern Christian denomination, located primarily in present day Iraq). preliminary, but we found intense clustering in the Adiabene/Mosul region, Through applying social network analysis, we identified the text’s assumptions particularly between the Upper and Lower Zab Rivers. The text almost never and attitudes toward different people, investigated distinct characters and their mentions the Roman Empire or the Greco-Roman world, besides passing relationships with one another, applied geospatial analysis, and created a references to Athens and Turkey. Egypt, the birthplace of Christian asceticism, geographic database. We focused on creating five distinct visualizations: a heat only appears a few times. Nestorian activity further east, in China and India, is map, district map, timeline visualization, monastery social network described vaguely, mainly referred to as two amorphous ecclesiastical visualization, and a standard distance circles map to accomplish these goals. constructs.

30 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

Social network of the Book of Methods Next Steps Governors, nodes colored by Gregory of Mahoze Foremost, the relationship spreadsheets requires further fine-tuning in terms of Luhrasaph To compile social networks and Prokhzadh modularity and edges Unjust Men Deceitful Men Hormizd IV node attributes and edge categories, in order to cultivate a database that can Maslemah colored by book of Nun of Beth Tehunai geospatial databases, we mined the text Khusrau's Troops Shirin Gregory; Metropolitan of Nisibis appearance. answer complex questions about the Book of Governors. Visualizations of the Zadhnaphrokh Abha; Monk of Selibha for names of people, locations, and Nathaniel; Abbot of Beth Abhe Abraham bar-Dashandad's Mother Khusrau II Khusrau's Twenty-four Sons social networks of the text’s marginal groups, such as women and Sabhr-Isho I; Nestorian Patriarch Selibha; Monk of Beth Abhe Abraham bar-Dashandad Abhroi of Beth Abhe instances of interactions between Man's Lawful Wife Thomas; Monk of Selibha

Sixty Disciples Yazdin non-Christians, can provide further insight into the world of Thomas of Marga. Gabriel; Thirteenth Abbot of Beth Abhe Bar-Idta; Monk of Selibha characters and places. We then logged

Babhai; the Musician Shamta Scholars of Marga Jonah; the Prophet Visualization of specific important journeys made in the text could be useful, Kurta Envious Men Christians Henan-Isho I; Nestorian Patriarch our findings in spreadsheets. The social Disciples Holy Man Bar-Sauma; Sixth Abbot of Beth Abhe Arabs 1 Holy Virgin especially for the purposes of comparison. Neighbors of Maran-zekha's Master Sheroe Shamoni network database comprised two main Pasturer Mar-yahbh Maran-zekha's Master Envious People Holy Woman Brethren of Beth Abhe 2 Hazkiel Shamoni's Seven Sons Arab Man Wretched Men Brethren of Beth Hazkiel Henan-Isho Bar-Non spreadsheets: a master list of all Believing Woman Assembly Aphni-Maran Devils 1 Bar-hadh-bhe-shabba Poman Elijah of Izla Sacristan 1 Eighty Men Abha bar-berikh-Sebhyaneh Acknowledgments Brethren of Beth Abhe 1 characters (nodes) and another Maran-zekha Aphni-Maran of Beth Abhe Bar-Idta; the Seer Shubhhal-Maran John; Second Abbot of Beth Abhe Holy Fathers of Izla Jacob of Beth Garmai Nine Monks Leontius Zinaya containing interactions and relationships We would like to acknowledge and thank Amanda and Brian, and CESTA, for Noblemen of Adiabene Man with palsy

Joseph of Izla Jacob; First Abbot of Beth Abhe Zekha-Isho Abraham of Kashkar Abraham; Monk of Izla allowing us the space and resources needed to complete this project. David Beraz Surin Dadh-Isho; Abbot of Mount Izla (edges) in the Book of Governors. From God Estaphnos Holy Fathers 1 Seventy Solitaries these lists, we noted node attributes (e.g., Medeiros and Stace Maples at the Stanford Geospatial Center gave invaluable Babhai; Abbot of Mount Izla Sergius of Beth Garmai Dindowai Kam-Isho Bishops 1 Holy Man; Neighbor of Jacob gender) and edge categories (e.g., familial advice for the geospatial component of the project, especially to work with QGIS Isho-yahbh; Disciple of Sergius Yonadhabh Selibha-zekha; Nestorian Patriarch Angel 1 George bar-Sayyadhe Slanderers Benjamin's Companions Holy Fathers 2 Satan Isho-yahbh II; Nestorian Patriarch and ArcGIS. Rachel Midura and Quinn Dombrowski provided helpful guidance Elders of Beth Abhe 5 relationships) allowing for more dynamic Nobles of Kephar Uzzel Neighbors of the Monastery of Rabban bar-Idta Narsai of Mount Izla Devils 2 Young Ascetics of Beth Abhe Brethren of Beth Abhe 3 Sama; Abbot of Beth Abhe Bastohmagh; the Nobleman People of Kerkuk Gabriel; surnamed "Cow" forms of social network analysis. We used for the use of the social network visualization program Gephi. We would also Scholars Joseph; Abbot of Beth Abhe Followers of Severus of Antioch John; Metropolitan of Adiabene Sorceresses Phranse Cyriacus; Metropolitan of Nisibis Gabriel; Metropolitan of Kerkuk Severus of Antioch like to thank Dr. Michael Penn, our project lead, for allowing us to work on Isho-yahbh; Abbot of Beth Abhe Jacob of Beth Nuhadhra Gephi to calculate statistics and produce People of Beth Bore Isho-yahbh of Mosul Believing Men 1 Sabhr-Isho Rostam Brethren of the Monastery of Rabban bar-Idta Greeks Brethren of Beth Koka For the geospatial component, we relied primarily on ArcGIS, QGIS, and Ephraim of Nineveh Christ Paul; Metropolitan of Adiabene such an interesting project and for being such an invaluable resource for us. Pharrokh-bandadh Brethren of the Monastery of Isho-Yahbh visualizations of the interactions and People of Adiabene Nobles and Chiefs of Salakh Brethren of Beth Abhe 6 People of Hefthon Doctor Elders of Beth Abhe 3 Ayas Shaibanaye People of Mahoze dhe Ariwan Tableau. We used QGIS to create both heat maps and district maps by both Mischief-makers Builder Watchmen Benjamin of Izla Kardagh; Syncellus of Isho-yahbh III relationships, using concepts like degree Isho-zekha; Bishop of Salakh Steward of the Monastery of Rabban bar-Idta Bar-Idta; Historian of Sahdona Certain Monks of Beth Abhe 1 Uthman Bar-Khusrau occurrence (a unique singular mention of a place) and frequency (the number Priests of Beth Sharonaye Jesse of Izla Sahdona the Apostate and betweenness centrality to identify Old Man of Gar Kahne

Hananya; the Vegetarian Peter of Izla Adada of Izla Priests of Golai of times a location is mentioned over the course of the text). Drawing on People of Mokan Isho-yahbh III; Nestorian Patriarch John Chrysostom hubs and clusters of interaction and to Two Old Women of Beth Beghash Paul of Izla Jacobites Laity of Golai secondary sources, we then drew district maps, which represent important John of Izla Macarius of Alexandria pinpoint the most important nodes. Brethren of Heretical Monastery Evagrius Anan-Isho'; Editor of the Book of Paradise Old Woman of Golai Sacristan 2 Isho-yahbh; Brother of 'Anan-Isho' ecclesiastical boundaries to visualize locations for which we knew a region but Mark; the Monk Four Women Teachers and Scholars Arab Woman John; Bishop of the Scattered Workmen and Builders Sabhr-Isho; Metropolitan of Beth Garmai Heretical Abbot Jerome Palladius not exact coordinates. We used Tableau to create a timeline visualization and Devil 1 Bishops 2

Brethren of Beth Abhe 4 Metropolitans John of Dailom People of Dure Brethren of the Great Monastery Bethren of Beth Rabban Zekha-Isho Hasan bar-Ali ArcGIS to create a standard distance circle map. Defrauded Woman George I; Nestorian Patriarch Abraham of Nephthar Men of Dailom Early Christians under Islamic Rule Brethren of Beth Abhe 5 Khodhahwai; Abbot of Beth Hale n the George; Metropolitan of Perath dhe Maishan Gardener of Hadhudh God-fearing Man's Wife People of Beth Ketraye Disciple; "Wolf" Abha; Nestorian Patriarch Disciple's Wife; "Wolf" project, we created a dynamic and George; Metropolitan of Nisibis Monk of Beth Abhe 1 People of Diren Findings Elders of Beth Abhe 4 Elders of Beth Abhe 7 God-fearing Man

Simon; the "Beardless" big-picture understanding of the Book of Governors by Gardener's Wife People of Nisibis Malignant Men We discovered that Thomas includes a surprising number of names as his Believers in Marga Disciple; "Disappearing" using digital humanities tools, while developing a model to Gardener's Son People of Ekronta written sources, providing material for a potential network of literature. We apply these methods to future research. Written by Thomas of also found that very few women are present in the Book of Governors, Marga, the Book of Governors is a ninth-century Christian text that comprising approximately five percent of all four hundred seventy nodes. spans over four hundred years and documents the lives of monks who lived Figures like God, Satan, and Nestorian Patriarchs played varyingly influential in the Monastery of Beth Abhe, and the history of the Church of the East (an roles, depending on what statistics we used. Geographic results remain very Eastern Christian denomination, located primarily in present day Iraq). preliminary, but we found intense clustering in the Adiabene/Mosul region, Through applying social network analysis, we identified the text’s assumptions particularly between the Upper and Lower Zab Rivers. The text almost never and attitudes toward different people, investigated distinct characters and their mentions the Roman Empire or the Greco-Roman world, besides passing relationships with one another, applied geospatial analysis, and created a references to Athens and Turkey. Egypt, the birthplace of Christian asceticism, geographic database. We focused on creating five distinct visualizations: a heat only appears a few times. Nestorian activity further east, in China and India, is map, district map, timeline visualization, monastery social network Network of the ten nodes with the described vaguely, mainly referred to as two amorphous ecclesiastical visualization, and a standard distance circles map to accomplish these goals. highest betweenness centrality. constructs.

cesta.stanford.edu | 31 Methods Next Steps To compile social networks and Foremost, the relationship spreadsheets requires further fine-tuning in terms of LITERARY LAB ARMENIA geospatial databases, we mined the text node attributes and edge categories, in order to cultivate a database that can answer complex questions about the Book of Governors. Visualizations of the for names of people, locations, and TURKEY instances of interactions between social networks of the text’s marginal groups, such as women and characters and places. We then logged non-Christians, can provide further insight into the world of Thomas of Marga. our findings in spreadsheets. The social Visualization of specific important journeys made in the text could be useful, SYRIA network database comprised two main especially for the purposes of comparison. LEBANON spreadsheets: a master list of all IRAN characters (nodes) and another JORDAN Acknowledgments containing interactions and relationships IRAQ We would like to acknowledge and thank Amanda and Brian, and CESTA, for ISRAEL (edges) in the Book of Governors. From allowing us the space and resources needed to complete this project. David these lists, we noted node attributes (e.g., Medeiros and Stace Maples at the Stanford Geospatial Center gave invaluable SAUDI KUWAIT gender) and edge categories (e.g., familial EGYPT ARABIA advice for the geospatial component of the project, especially to work with QGIS relationships) allowing for more dynamic and ArcGIS. Rachel Midura and Quinn Dombrowski provided helpful guidance Frequency of place name mentions over the course of the text. forms of social network analysis. We used for the use of the social network visualization program Gephi. We would also Gephi to calculate statistics and produce like to thank Dr. Michael Penn, our project lead, for allowing us to work on visualizations of the interactions and For the geospatial component, we relied primarily on ArcGIS, QGIS, and such an interesting project and for being such an invaluable resource for us. relationships, using concepts like degree Tableau. We used QGIS to create both heat maps and district maps by both and betweenness centrality to identify occurrence (a unique singular mention of a place) and frequency (the number hubs and clusters of interaction and to of times a location is mentioned over the course of the text). Drawing on pinpoint the most important nodes. secondary sources, we then drew district maps, which represent important ecclesiastical boundaries to visualize locations for which we knew a region but not exact coordinates. We used Tableau to create a timeline visualization and ArcGIS to create a standard distance circle map. n the Early Christians under Islamic Rule project, we created a dynamic and Findings big-picture understanding of the Book of Governors by We discovered that Thomas includes a surprising number of names as his using digital humanities tools, while developing a model to written sources, providing material for a potential network of literature. We apply these methods to future research. Written by Thomas of also found that very few women are present in the Book of Governors, Marga, the Book of Governors is a ninth-century Christian text that comprising approximately five percent of all four hundred seventy nodes. spans over four hundred years and documents the lives of monks who lived Figures like God, Satan, and Nestorian Patriarchs played varyingly influential in the Monastery of Beth Abhe, and the history of the Church of the East (an roles, depending on what statistics we used. Geographic results remain very Eastern Christian denomination, located primarily in present day Iraq). preliminary, but we found intense clustering in the Adiabene/Mosul region, Through applying social network analysis, we identified the text’s assumptions particularly between the Upper and Lower Zab Rivers. The text almost never and attitudes toward different people, investigated distinct characters and their mentions the Roman Empire or the Greco-Roman world, besides passing relationships with one another, applied geospatial analysis, and created a references to Athens and Turkey. Egypt, the birthplace of Christian asceticism, geographic database. We focused on creating five distinct visualizations: a heat only appears a few times. Nestorian activity further east, in China and India, is map, district map, timeline visualization, monastery social network described vaguely, mainly referred to as two amorphous ecclesiastical visualization, and a standard distance circles map to accomplish these goals. constructs.

32 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

Methods Next Steps To compile social networks and Foremost, the relationship spreadsheets requires further fine-tuning in terms of geospatial databases, we mined the text node attributes and edge categories, in order to cultivate a database that can for names of people, locations, and answer complex questions about the Book of Governors. Visualizations of the instances of interactions between social networks of the text’s marginal groups, such as women and characters and places. We then logged non-Christians, can provide further insight into the world of Thomas of Marga. our findings in spreadsheets. The social Visualization of specific important journeys made in the text could be useful, network database comprised two main especially for the purposes of comparison. spreadsheets: a master list of all characters (nodes) and another Acknowledgments containing interactions and relationships We would like to acknowledge and thank Amanda and Brian, and CESTA, for (edges) in the Book of Governors. From allowing us the space and resources needed to complete this project. David these lists, we noted node attributes (e.g., Medeiros and Stace Maples at the Stanford Geospatial Center gave invaluable gender) and edge categories (e.g., familial advice for the geospatial component of the project, especially to work with QGIS relationships) allowing for more dynamic and ArcGIS. Rachel Midura and Quinn Dombrowski provided helpful guidance forms of social network analysis. We used for the use of the social network visualization program Gephi. We would also Gephi to calculate statistics and produce like to thank Dr. Michael Penn, our project lead, for allowing us to work on visualizations of the interactions and For the geospatial component, we relied primarily on ArcGIS, QGIS, and such an interesting project and for being such an invaluable resource for us. C relationships, using concepts like degree Tableau. We used QGIS to create both heat maps and district maps by both and betweenness centrality to identify occurrence (a unique singular mention of a place) and frequency (the number hubs and clusters of interaction and to of times a location is mentioned over the course of the text). Drawing on Student Profiles pinpoint the most important nodes. secondary sources, we then drew district maps, which represent important ecclesiastical boundaries to visualize locations for which we knew a region but Palmer Manes Zuyi Zhao not exact coordinates. We used Tableau to create a timeline visualization and Palmer Manes is a junior (Class of 2021) Zuyi Zhao is a junior (Class of 2021) ArcGIS to create a standard distance circle map. majoring in Religious Studies. He is majoring Philosophy & Religious Studies. n the Early Christians under Islamic Rule working on the geospatial component With a focus on the interactions between Book of Governors project, which involves the various characters of the Book of project, we created a dynamic and Findings assembling a dataset of every geographic Governors, Zuyi is responsible for the big-picture understanding of the Book of Governors by We discovered that Thomas includes a surprising number of names as his location in the text and ﬁnding ways to analysis and visualization of the social using digital humanities tools, while developing a model to visualize this dataset and the geographic networks within the text, exploring the written sources, providing material for a potential network of literature. We interrelations within it. ways in which different and similar apply these methods to future research. Written by Thomas of also found that very few women are present in the Book of Governors, communities and identities intersect. Marga, the Book of Governors is a ninth-century Christian text that comprising approximately five percent of all four hundred seventy nodes. spans over four hundred years and documents the lives of monks who lived Figures like God, Satan, and Nestorian Patriarchs played varyingly influential in the Monastery of Beth Abhe, and the history of the Church of the East (an roles, depending on what statistics we used. Geographic results remain very Eastern Christian denomination, located primarily in present day Iraq). preliminary, but we found intense clustering in the Adiabene/Mosul region, Through applying social network analysis, we identified the text’s assumptions particularly between the Upper and Lower Zab Rivers. The text almost never and attitudes toward different people, investigated distinct characters and their mentions the Roman Empire or the Greco-Roman world, besides passing relationships with one another, applied geospatial analysis, and created a references to Athens and Turkey. Egypt, the birthplace of Christian asceticism, geographic database. We focused on creating five distinct visualizations: a heat only appears a few times. Nestorian activity further east, in China and India, is map, district map, timeline visualization, monastery social network described vaguely, mainly referred to as two amorphous ecclesiastical visualization, and a standard distance circles map to accomplish these goals. constructs.

LITERARY LAB Any reader willing to purchase a Convention membership can vote in the Next steps Hugos, and I wondered if they reward popular works that consciously adopt Next steps could explore how speculative fiction tropes, while the Nebulas, which require voters to be these stories—the speculative published authors, would have a literary bent and reward works with more fiction “canon”—would compare experimental qualities. Would there be an increasing diversity of topics and to those canonized from the characters in the more recent selections, especially as more female authors join realist tradition, such as the lists? And are these themes consistent or volatile? nominated works for the O. Henry Prize or Pen/Hemingway Award. Which work is the “best” continues to be up for question, especially as tastes and themes change to reflect and challenge society. We may not know what AWARD makes the canon until fifty years later, but until then, at least we’ll have lots of excellent reading.

Acknowledgements Many thank yous to Literary Lab’s Laura McGrath and J. D. Understanding Book Awards Porter for their generous mentorship, guidance, and through Big Data fascinating research stories. I also want to thank Green Library by Shana Hadi Why the Nebulas over the Hugos? Perhaps it’s the composition of the fanbase. curator Dr. Rebecca Wingfield Project Leads: Laura McGrath, J. D. Porter, and Mark Algee-Hewitt It’s possible that members of Hugo conventions may skew towards men raised for helping me find several scarce on science fiction. Most pre-2010 Hugo-nominees come from three magazines short stories, Mark Algee-Hewitt established in the mid-twentieth century: Asimov’s Science Fiction, Fantasy and and Nichole Nomura for their hen awards have varying selection criteria and voter Science Fiction, and Analog Science Fiction, which have varying generations of thought-provoking “Novel composition—often distinguished on the basis of what’s “popular” readers. Any fan willing to purchase a membership can vote, and the fanbase W World-Building: Science Fiction” and “prestigious” in a given year—what do these awards really measure? I collected 194 Hugo- and Nebula-nominated short stories spanning 20 years has historically leaned towards white men interested in science. presentation, and CESTA and What do these awards say about their stories? In speculative fiction, the from 1999-2018. This corpus has over 925,000 English-language words from Literary Lab for the opportunity two most well-known awards, the Hugo and Nebula, offer perspective 123 unique authors, with 99 Hugo stories and 126 Nebula stories. Out of these, In contrast, the composition of active members of the SFWA may be more to work on exciting projects to this research question. Presented within a yearly convention, the 30 stories have been cross-nominated for the Hugo and Nebula, with three well-balanced, with author-voters who will pay greater attention to stories throughout the summer. Hugo and Nebula Awards unite the larger gathering of fans and authors stories having won both. I found that the Nebula stories had more occurrences that experiment with the craft of writing. At the very least, the recent through a collectively chosen “new canon.” Beyond honoring the stories of “she,” “shes” (she’s), “her,” “herself,” “woman,” and “women,” with a high Nebula-nominees have a significant proportion of female authors, and five with the greatest print and literary reach, they reflect the tastes of their degree of certainty. The word “shed” in this case would most likely refer to female authors have won the Nebula in a row from 2013-2018, and 15 out of This article is an excerpt from a voters through canonizing the “best of the year.” “she’d” (with the apostrophe removed), but the remaining words suggest that 20 Nebula-winners were written by women. The observed distinctions longer post that will appear on the the Nebula short stories are more likely to feature female main characters, between the Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Short Story may reflect LitLab Techne Blog at especially with the collective results of these words and their high different compositions of their audiences and tastes. litlab.stanford.edu/techne/. observed/expected scores.

34 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Any reader willing to purchase a Convention membership can vote in the Next steps Hugos, and I wondered if they reward popular works that consciously adopt Next steps could explore how speculative fiction tropes, while the Nebulas, which require voters to be these stories—the speculative published authors, would have a literary bent and reward works with more fiction “canon”—would compare experimental qualities. Would there be an increasing diversity of topics and to those canonized from the characters in the more recent selections, especially as more female authors join realist tradition, such as the lists? And are these themes consistent or volatile? nominated works for the O. Henry Prize or Pen/Hemingway Award. Which work is the “best” continues to be up for question, especially as tastes and themes change to reflect and challenge society. We may not know what makes the canon until fifty years later, but until then, at least we’ll have lots of excellent reading.

Acknowledgements Many thank yous to Literary Lab’s Laura McGrath and J. D. Porter for their generous mentorship, guidance, and fascinating research stories. I also want to thank Green Library Why the Nebulas over the Hugos? Perhaps it’s the composition of the fanbase. 1999-2018 Most Distinctive (Cleaned) Words, Hugo + Nebula curator Dr. Rebecca Wingfield It’s possible that members of Hugo conventions may skew towards men raised Size dependent on number of observations as obs/exp scores for helping me find several scarce varied wildly from the small year sample size. on science fiction. Most pre-2010 Hugo-nominees come from three magazines short stories, Mark Algee-Hewitt established in the mid-twentieth century: Asimov’s Science Fiction, Fantasy and and Nichole Nomura for their hen awards have varying selection criteria and voter Science Fiction, and Analog Science Fiction, which have varying generations of thought-provoking “Novel composition—often distinguished on the basis of what’s “popular” readers. Any fan willing to purchase a membership can vote, and the fanbase World-Building: Science Fiction” and “prestigious” in a given year—what do these awards really measure? I collected 194 Hugo- and Nebula-nominated short stories spanning 20 years has historically leaned towards white men interested in science. presentation, and CESTA and What do these awards say about their stories? In speculative fiction, the from 1999-2018. This corpus has over 925,000 English-language words from Literary Lab for the opportunity two most well-known awards, the Hugo and Nebula, offer perspective 123 unique authors, with 99 Hugo stories and 126 Nebula stories. Out of these, In contrast, the composition of active members of the SFWA may be more to work on exciting projects to this research question. Presented within a yearly convention, the 30 stories have been cross-nominated for the Hugo and Nebula, with three well-balanced, with author-voters who will pay greater attention to stories throughout the summer. Hugo and Nebula Awards unite the larger gathering of fans and authors stories having won both. I found that the Nebula stories had more occurrences that experiment with the craft of writing. At the very least, the recent through a collectively chosen “new canon.” Beyond honoring the stories of “she,” “shes” (she’s), “her,” “herself,” “woman,” and “women,” with a high Nebula-nominees have a significant proportion of female authors, and five with the greatest print and literary reach, they reflect the tastes of their degree of certainty. The word “shed” in this case would most likely refer to female authors have won the Nebula in a row from 2013-2018, and 15 out of This article is an excerpt from a voters through canonizing the “best of the year.” “she’d” (with the apostrophe removed), but the remaining words suggest that 20 Nebula-winners were written by women. The observed distinctions longer post that will appear on the the Nebula short stories are more likely to feature female main characters, between the Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Short Story may reflect LitLab Techne Blog at especially with the collective results of these words and their high different compositions of their audiences and tastes. litlab.stanford.edu/techne/. observed/expected scores.

cesta.stanford.edu | 35 LITERARY LAB Any reader willing to purchase a Convention membership can vote in the Female Pronoun Usage in Hugo and Nebula 1999-2018 Nominated Works Next steps Hugos, and I wondered if they reward popular works that consciously adopt Next steps could explore how speculative fiction tropes, while the Nebulas, which require voters to be Token Corpus Observations her Hugo these stories—the speculative published authors, would have a literary bent and reward works with more Expected fiction “canon”—would compare experimental qualities. Would there be an increasing diversity of topics and Nebula to those canonized from the characters in the more recent selections, especially as more female authors join she Hugo Expected realist tradition, such as the lists? And are these themes consistent or volatile? Nebula nominated works for the O. woman Hugo Henry Prize or Pen/Hemingway Expected Nebula Award. Which work is the “best” shed (*she’d) Hugo continues to be up for question, Expected especially as tastes and themes Nebula herself Hugo change to reflect and challenge Expected society. We may not know what Nebula makes the canon until fifty years shes (*she’s) Hugo Expected later, but until then, at least we’ll Nebula have lots of excellent reading. women Hugo Expected Nebula Acknowledgements Many thank yous to Literary Lab’s Laura McGrath and J. D. This ﬁgure presents the ratio of female pronouns in the short stories nominated for the Hugo (orange) to the Nebula (green), found through the technique of most distinctive words. The Porter for their generous expected values are denoted in green. mentorship, guidance, and fascinating research stories. I also want to thank Green Library Why the Nebulas over the Hugos? Perhaps it’s the composition of the fanbase. curator Dr. Rebecca Wingfield It’s possible that members of Hugo conventions may skew towards men raised for helping me find several scarce on science fiction. Most pre-2010 Hugo-nominees come from three magazines short stories, Mark Algee-Hewitt established in the mid-twentieth century: Asimov’s Science Fiction, Fantasy and and Nichole Nomura for their hen awards have varying selection criteria and voter Science Fiction, and Analog Science Fiction, which have varying generations of thought-provoking “Novel composition—often distinguished on the basis of what’s “popular” readers. Any fan willing to purchase a membership can vote, and the fanbase World-Building: Science Fiction” and “prestigious” in a given year—what do these awards really measure? I collected 194 Hugo- and Nebula-nominated short stories spanning 20 years has historically leaned towards white men interested in science. presentation, and CESTA and What do these awards say about their stories? In speculative fiction, the from 1999-2018. This corpus has over 925,000 English-language words from Literary Lab for the opportunity two most well-known awards, the Hugo and Nebula, offer perspective 123 unique authors, with 99 Hugo stories and 126 Nebula stories. Out of these, In contrast, the composition of active members of the SFWA may be more to work on exciting projects to this research question. Presented within a yearly convention, the 30 stories have been cross-nominated for the Hugo and Nebula, with three well-balanced, with author-voters who will pay greater attention to stories throughout the summer. Hugo and Nebula Awards unite the larger gathering of fans and authors stories having won both. I found that the Nebula stories had more occurrences that experiment with the craft of writing. At the very least, the recent through a collectively chosen “new canon.” Beyond honoring the stories of “she,” “shes” (she’s), “her,” “herself,” “woman,” and “women,” with a high Nebula-nominees have a significant proportion of female authors, and five with the greatest print and literary reach, they reflect the tastes of their degree of certainty. The word “shed” in this case would most likely refer to female authors have won the Nebula in a row from 2013-2018, and 15 out of This article is an excerpt from a voters through canonizing the “best of the year.” “she’d” (with the apostrophe removed), but the remaining words suggest that 20 Nebula-winners were written by women. The observed distinctions longer post that will appear on the the Nebula short stories are more likely to feature female main characters, between the Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Short Story may reflect LitLab Techne Blog at especially with the collective results of these words and their high different compositions of their audiences and tastes. litlab.stanford.edu/techne/. observed/expected scores.

36 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Any reader willing to purchase a Convention membership can vote in the Next steps Hugos, and I wondered if they reward popular works that consciously adopt Next steps could explore how Student Profile speculative fiction tropes, while the Nebulas, which require voters to be these stories—the speculative published authors, would have a literary bent and reward works with more fiction “canon”—would compare Shana Hadi experimental qualities. Would there be an increasing diversity of topics and to those canonized from the Shana is a junior majoring in English and characters in the more recent selections, especially as more female authors join realist tradition, such as Computer Science and contributed to the lists? And are these themes consistent or volatile? nominated works for the O. various Literary Lab projects this summer. She especially enjoyed studying concepts Henry Prize or Pen/Hemingway of popularity and prestige, as well as the Award. Which work is the “best” effects of translation on short stories. continues to be up for question, When she is not reading books, she helps manage Arts&Life at the Stanford Daily, especially as tastes and themes writes creative ﬁction, wanders cities, and change to reflect and challenge drinks a staggering amount of tea. society. We may not know what makes the canon until fifty years later, but until then, at least we’ll have lots of excellent reading.

Acknowledgements Many thank yous to Literary Lab’s Laura McGrath and J. D. Porter for their generous mentorship, guidance, and fascinating research stories. I also want to thank Green Library Why the Nebulas over the Hugos? Perhaps it’s the composition of the fanbase. curator Dr. Rebecca Wingfield It’s possible that members of Hugo conventions may skew towards men raised for helping me find several scarce on science fiction. Most pre-2010 Hugo-nominees come from three magazines short stories, Mark Algee-Hewitt established in the mid-twentieth century: Asimov’s Science Fiction, Fantasy and and Nichole Nomura for their hen awards have varying selection criteria and voter Science Fiction, and Analog Science Fiction, which have varying generations of thought-provoking “Novel composition—often distinguished on the basis of what’s “popular” readers. Any fan willing to purchase a membership can vote, and the fanbase World-Building: Science Fiction” and “prestigious” in a given year—what do these awards really measure? I collected 194 Hugo- and Nebula-nominated short stories spanning 20 years has historically leaned towards white men interested in science. presentation, and CESTA and What do these awards say about their stories? In speculative fiction, the from 1999-2018. This corpus has over 925,000 English-language words from Literary Lab for the opportunity two most well-known awards, the Hugo and Nebula, offer perspective 123 unique authors, with 99 Hugo stories and 126 Nebula stories. Out of these, In contrast, the composition of active members of the SFWA may be more to work on exciting projects to this research question. Presented within a yearly convention, the 30 stories have been cross-nominated for the Hugo and Nebula, with three well-balanced, with author-voters who will pay greater attention to stories throughout the summer. C Hugo and Nebula Awards unite the larger gathering of fans and authors stories having won both. I found that the Nebula stories had more occurrences that experiment with the craft of writing. At the very least, the recent through a collectively chosen “new canon.” Beyond honoring the stories of “she,” “shes” (she’s), “her,” “herself,” “woman,” and “women,” with a high Nebula-nominees have a significant proportion of female authors, and five with the greatest print and literary reach, they reflect the tastes of their degree of certainty. The word “shed” in this case would most likely refer to female authors have won the Nebula in a row from 2013-2018, and 15 out of This article is an excerpt from a voters through canonizing the “best of the year.” “she’d” (with the apostrophe removed), but the remaining words suggest that 20 Nebula-winners were written by women. The observed distinctions longer post that will appear on the the Nebula short stories are more likely to feature female main characters, between the Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Short Story may reflect LitLab Techne Blog at especially with the collective results of these words and their high different compositions of their audiences and tastes. litlab.stanford.edu/techne/. observed/expected scores.

cesta.stanford.edu | 37 the translations accurately convey the Acknowledgements to complex and unique relationships I’d like to give a huge thank you to the between characters of different ages Literary Lab and Dr. Laura McGrath time and ranks in Korea? and Dr. J.D. Porter for their mentorship and guidance throughout had Findings the summer. I would also like to his he Recently, the influence of thank Quinn Dombrowski and said by translations to and from European everyone else working on the if as this languages has resulted in the creation translation project for their advice she 그녀 and input and CESTA for supporting her be of an equivalent for “she”: / and 그녀들 my research. me was (geunyeo / geunyeodeul). 그 그녀 I on Because both and , as my third-person pronouns, are not This article is an excerpt from a longer commonly used, and 그녀 has only post that will appear on the LitLab Found in Translation: Building been around relatively for a relatively Techne Blog at short time, I expected the prevalence litlab.stanford.edu/techne/. an “Atlas” of World Literature of gendered pronouns to be higher in by Eunji Lee original English language short Project Leads: Laura McGrath, J. D. Porter, and Mark Algee-Hewitt stories than in translated ones. he challenge any translator faces is telling a story in a language that is not Interestingly, “she,” “her,” and “he” a product of the same culture, history, and circumstances that the original were all tagged as distinctive words; textT came from. This results in a “fingerprint” or “signature” of the original “she” and “her” appear more in (“source”) language that the translator often unconsciously carries over to the English, but “he” appears more in destination language (to clarify, this is distinct from mistranslation, which is Korean. The effect of using titles over simply an error in understanding the meaning or context of the text in its names is also reflected in the source language). Over summer, the Literary Lab team focused primarily on part-of-speech tags. Singular proper the syntactic branch of this question: are there subtle yet significant differences nouns (which would include names) in the way words and parts of speech are used in translated short stories, and appear 1.24 times more in English do those differences affect the reader’s experience of the text? short stories than in Korean translated ones (p-value of Fingerprints aren’t necessarily simply syntactical, though. A country’s culture 1.233e-64). and customs determine what and how its people need to communicate to each other; in turn, those needs shape their language. What signatures exist in Next Steps non-Western languages? Whose speakers have lived a history and culture more The ultimate end goal for this project removed from America and Britain? And where do those traces stem from? I could be an “atlas” of world literature: chose to work with Korean-to-English texts this summer. a study of how signals from translation between languages affects In Korea, showing respect to elders and those in positions of authority is such a foreign readers’ understanding of that priority that it is ingrained in the very way its language is structured. Do these language. features manifest in English translations of Korean works, and do the English

38 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY

translations accurately convey the Acknowledgements complex and unique relationships I’d like to give a huge thank you to the between characters of different ages Literary Lab and Dr. Laura McGrath and ranks in Korea? and Dr. J.D. Porter for their mentorship and guidance throughout Findings the summer. I would also like to Recently, the influence of thank Quinn Dombrowski and translations to and from European everyone else working on the languages has resulted in the creation translation project for their advice of an equivalent for “she”: 그녀 / and input and CESTA for supporting 그녀들 (geunyeo / geunyeodeul). my research. C Because both 그 and 그녀, as third-person pronouns, are not This article is an excerpt from a longer commonly used, and 그녀 has only post that will appear on the LitLab been around relatively for a relatively Techne Blog at short time, I expected the prevalence litlab.stanford.edu/techne/. of gendered pronouns to be higher in original English language short Student Profile stories than in translated ones. he challenge any translator faces is telling a story in a language that is not Interestingly, “she,” “her,” and “he” Eunji Lee were all tagged as distinctive words; a product of the same culture, history, and circumstances that the original Eunji Lee is a sophomore that is text came from. This results in a “fingerprint” or “signature” of the original “she” and “her” appear more in planning to major in Computer Science. (“source”) language that the translator often unconsciously carries over to the English, but “he” appears more in She is interning for the Literary Lab and Korean. The effect of using titles over is contributing to various projects. She destination language (to clarify, this is distinct from mistranslation, which is is currently working on the translation simply an error in understanding the meaning or context of the text in its names is also reflected in the project, aiming to compare the syntax source language). Over summer, the Literary Lab team focused primarily on part-of-speech tags. Singular proper and themes of English short stories to nouns (which would include names) those that have been translated from the syntactic branch of this question: are there subtle yet significant differences other languages. She has also helped in the way words and parts of speech are used in translated short stories, and appear 1.24 times more in English identify literary agents and the authors do those differences affect the reader’s experience of the text? short stories than in Korean they represent and has summarized translated ones (p-value of various deﬁnitions of popularity for the Lit Lab's other projects. Fingerprints aren’t necessarily simply syntactical, though. A country’s culture 1.233e-64). and customs determine what and how its people need to communicate to each other; in turn, those needs shape their language. What signatures exist in Next Steps non-Western languages? Whose speakers have lived a history and culture more The ultimate end goal for this project removed from America and Britain? And where do those traces stem from? I could be an “atlas” of world literature: chose to work with Korean-to-English texts this summer. a study of how signals from translation between languages affects In Korea, showing respect to elders and those in positions of authority is such a foreign readers’ understanding of that priority that it is ingrained in the very way its language is structured. Do these language. features manifest in English translations of Korean works, and do the English The Josquin Research Project Ribbon Tool This summer, I worked with research leads Professor Jesse Rodin and Search, browse, and analyze complete scores The ribbon tool shows the Next Steps Acknowledgments Professor Craig Sapp to integrate current analytic tools with the website of polyphonic music, ca. 1420–ca. 1520 respective ranges of pitch and attack We are currently developing a Thanks to Professors Jesse Rodin interface. Specifically, I developed the note tree tool, ribbon tool, and began density performed by voices in a melodic search tool for general note and Craig Sapp for providing me josquin.stanford.edu development of a melodic search tool. work through a visualization of the intervals. We are also expanding with the great opportunity to melodic contours and attack the ribbon tool to display more work with them on this amazing densities of specific musical scores. musical parameters simultaneously: project; to Brian Kersey and rhythmic activity, melodic ranges, Amanda Wilson Bergado for being Understanding Renaissance Music The ribbons can be displayed and musical "arrivals" (similar to so supportive of the CESTA separately or overlapping. commas and periods in prose). internship cohort; and to Timothy Through Density and Dissonance Overlapping ribbons are useful in Because arrivals are to some extent Karoff, Palmer Manes, and by Young Fenimore Lee visualizations that demonstrate how subjective, we are developing an Michelle Julia Ng for helping Project Leads: Jesse Rodin and Craig Sapp voices begin to merge ranges during interface through which users can develop Jellybones right at CESTA. specific sections of a piece. enter and display their own analyses in real time. Learn more at josquin.stanford.edu

he Josquin Research Project (JRP) is an open-access website that hosts a growing collection of complete scores from Renaissance vocal music. As a Trepository for these scores, the project will make the music fully searchable Note Tree through melody and rhythm. The JRP also provides analytical tools to research The note tree tool enables researchers to visualize note sequences from a large individual works, the style of composers, and musical lingua francas. Our goal corpus of scores. Then, they can narrow criteria based on composer and genre is to bring “big data” into conversation with traditional analytical methods. to create a tree displaying the relative frequencies of each note, following the root note. If the tree depth is greater than one, the tree will iterate recursively, treating each child of the root note as another root note.

Researchers can also use this tool to create visual analyses of the relative frequencies of certain note sequences. For example, among all of the works by Ockeghem on the site, from the root note C, the ascending note sequence C-D-E is overwhelmingly the most common. A short glance at any note tree with a depth of at least two can identify note sequences of study interest within a certain composer’s body of work and statistical differences between musical genres within a composer’s corpus.

40 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Ribbon Tool This summer, I worked with research leads Professor Jesse Rodin and The ribbon tool shows the Next Steps Acknowledgments Professor Craig Sapp to integrate current analytic tools with the website respective ranges of pitch and attack We are currently developing a Thanks to Professors Jesse Rodin interface. Specifically, I developed the note tree tool, ribbon tool, and began density performed by voices in a melodic search tool for general note and Craig Sapp for providing me development of a melodic search tool. work through a visualization of the intervals. We are also expanding with the great opportunity to melodic contours and attack the ribbon tool to display more work with them on this amazing densities of specific musical scores. musical parameters simultaneously: project; to Brian Kersey and rhythmic activity, melodic ranges, Amanda Wilson Bergado for being The ribbons can be displayed and musical "arrivals" (similar to so supportive of the CESTA separately or overlapping. commas and periods in prose). internship cohort; and to Timothy Overlapping ribbons are useful in Because arrivals are to some extent Karoff, Palmer Manes, and visualizations that demonstrate how subjective, we are developing an Michelle Julia Ng for helping voices begin to merge ranges during interface through which users can develop Jellybones right at CESTA. specific sections of a piece. enter and display their own analyses in real time. Learn more at josquin.stanford.edu

he Josquin Research Project (JRP) is an open-access website that hosts a growing collection of complete scores from Renaissance vocal music. As a repository for these scores, the project will make the music fully searchable Note Tree through melody and rhythm. The JRP also provides analytical tools to research The note tree tool enables researchers to visualize note sequences from a large individual works, the style of composers, and musical lingua francas. Our goal corpus of scores. Then, they can narrow criteria based on composer and genre is to bring “big data” into conversation with traditional analytical methods. to create a tree displaying the relative frequencies of each note, following the root note. If the tree depth is greater than one, the tree will iterate recursively, treating each child of the root note as another root note.

cesta.stanford.edu | 41 Ribbon Tool This summer, I worked with research leads Professor Jesse Rodin and POUR SOUHAITTER The ribbon tool shows the Next Steps Acknowledgments Professor Craig Sapp to integrate current analytic tools with the website respective ranges of pitch and attack We are currently developing a Thanks to Professors Jesse Rodin interface. Specifically, I developed the note tree tool, ribbon tool, and began Jos3008 LOAD density performed by voices in a melodic search tool for general note and Craig Sapp for providing me development of a melodic search tool. Superius Sextus work through a visualization of the intervals. We are also expanding with the great opportunity to Contratenor Quintus melodic contours and attack the ribbon tool to display more work with them on this amazing Tenor Bassus densities of specific musical scores. musical parameters simultaneously: project; to Brian Kersey and rhythmic activity, melodic ranges, Amanda Wilson Bergado for being Separate Voices The ribbons can be displayed and musical "arrivals" (similar to so supportive of the CESTA Show Notes Show Extreme Notes separately or overlapping. commas and periods in prose). internship cohort; and to Timothy

Show Ribbon Rhythmic Activity Overlapping ribbons are useful in Because arrivals are to some extent Karoff, Palmer Manes, and visualizations that demonstrate how subjective, we are developing an Michelle Julia Ng for helping Export SVG voices begin to merge ranges during interface through which users can develop Jellybones right at CESTA. 50 seconds selected specific sections of a piece. enter and display their own analyses in real time. Learn more at josquin.stanford.edu c G C4 F

G C4 F

G C4 he Josquin Research Project (JRP) is an open-access website that hosts a F growing collection of complete scores from Renaissance vocal music. As a G repository for these scores, the project will make the music fully searchable Note Tree C4 F through melody and rhythm. The JRP also provides analytical tools to research The note tree tool enables researchers to visualize note sequences from a large 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 individual works, the style of composers, and musical lingua francas. Our goal corpus of scores. Then, they can narrow criteria based on composer and genre to create a tree displaying the relative frequencies of each note, following the is to bring “big data” into conversation with traditional analytical methods. c root note. If the tree depth is greater than one, the tree will iterate recursively, treating each child of the root note as another root note.

42 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Ribbon Tool This summer, I worked with research leads Professor Jesse Rodin and The ribbon tool shows the Next Steps Acknowledgments Professor Craig Sapp to integrate current analytic tools with the website respective ranges of pitch and attack We are currently developing a Thanks to Professors Jesse Rodin interface. Specifically, I developed the note tree tool, ribbon tool, and began density performed by voices in a melodic search tool for general note and Craig Sapp for providing me development of a melodic search tool. work through a visualization of the intervals. We are also expanding with the great opportunity to melodic contours and attack the ribbon tool to display more work with them on this amazing densities of specific musical scores. musical parameters simultaneously: project; to Brian Kersey and rhythmic activity, melodic ranges, Amanda Wilson Bergado for being The ribbons can be displayed and musical "arrivals" (similar to so supportive of the CESTA separately or overlapping. commas and periods in prose). internship cohort; and to Timothy Overlapping ribbons are useful in Because arrivals are to some extent Karoff, Palmer Manes, and visualizations that demonstrate how subjective, we are developing an Michelle Julia Ng for helping voices begin to merge ranges during interface through which users can develop Jellybones right at CESTA. C specific sections of a piece. enter and display their own analyses in real time. Learn more at josquin.stanford.edu

Student Profile Young Fenimore Lee Young is a junior and prospective English major. He is the son of two Korean musicians and was born and raised in the Chicago metropolitan area. He identiﬁes as queer and loves indie rock, indie folk, emo, Josquin Research Project (JRP) post-hardcore, and math rock. His he is an open-access website that hosts a main project is his music journalism growing collection of complete scores from Renaissance vocal music. As a publication Jellybones. repository for these scores, the project will make the music fully searchable Note Tree through melody and rhythm. The JRP also provides analytical tools to research The note tree tool enables researchers to visualize note sequences from a large 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 individual works, the style of composers, and musical lingua francas. Our goal corpus of scores. Then, they can narrow criteria based on composer and genre is to bring “big data” into conversation with traditional analytical methods. to create a tree displaying the relative frequencies of each note, following the root note. If the tree depth is greater than one, the tree will iterate recursively, treating each child of the root note as another root note.

cesta.stanford.edu | 43 languages. Another barrier is that the manuscripts are handwritten in many possible. One of the biggest challenges in translating these lyrics was the Acknowledgements different scripts with large numbers of abbreviations. Even with skills in these differences in modes of expression between English and Chinese. If we had We would like to express our greatest appreciation to our project leads, Mae languages, many scholars will find them illegible. And while more and more only translated these lyrics literally, many of them would not make complete Lyons-Penner and Professor Kathryn Starkey, who have helped us edit our medieval sources are being made available digitally, most online repositories sense because of the extensive employment of metaphors in the Chinese work and gave directions on what we should focus on when working through lack contextual and introductory information, and are intended only for language and certain cultural differences. In order to counter this problem, we the large corpus of Song Dynasty ci lyrics. In addition, we would also like to specialists. Our additions of contextual information will make these sources attached extensive notes to each lyric to explain what the versions convey. In thank Dr. Benjamin Albritton, Rare Book Curator for Special Collections with more available to scholars, students, teachers, and the interested public. addition, we wrote an introduction to the lyrics to facilitate audience the Stanford Libraries, for his generous help on explaining Latin abbreviations. understanding of the cultural context and historical background. Last but not least, we would like to express great appreciation to Professor Our goal of the Global Medieval Sourcebook is to create a free, open access, and Ronald Egan for his useful suggestions regarding the ci collection. Global Medieval Sourcebook open source teaching and research tool for the simultaneous viewing of A Digital Repository of Medieval Texts medieval texts in their original language, in English translations, and as HOME SEARCH TEXTS COLLECTIONS digitized manuscripts. The Global Medieval Sourcebook project can be found at sourcebook.stanford.edu. sourcebook.stanford.edu An Online Portal to the Middle Ages by Nina Du and Tina Zhang Project Leads: Kathryn Starkey and Mae Lyons-Penner

hile working on the Global Medieval WSourcebook project, we challenged two major barriers for the use of medieval documents by professional scholars, aspiring scholars, and interested non-scholars: language and access. This summer, our work has mostly consisted of three parts: transcription, translation, and web design for the forthcoming collections of medieval Chinese and Latin texts.

The first barrier to studying medieval sources is that they are only accessible in their original One of the greatest difficulties we encountered in transcribing these Latin In order to make the website more approachable, we are currently working to manuscripts was the diversity of different abbreviations and scripts. We create maps with routes marking the ci poets’ travel as complements to the consulted Medieval Studies librarians and our project leads to decode the general introductions to specific authors. This will allow users of the website to abbreviations. With their help, we were able to present a complete more easily visualize the geographical distribution of different works. transcription. Our most important contribution has been compiling a One of the most important tasks ahead is to continue the publishing process for collection of song lyrics (ci) from the Song Dynasty (960-1279) in medieval the ci collection. Once we have finalized the texts, the next step is to encode China. We transcribed and edited the Chinese versions of these lyrics for them in XML-TEI. After we have successfully encoded everything, we will digital publication and for them to be as literal and fluent in English as publish these lyrics in bundles to the website. CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY languages. Another barrier is that the manuscripts are handwritten in many possible. One of the biggest challenges in translating these lyrics was the Acknowledgements different scripts with large numbers of abbreviations. Even with skills in these differences in modes of expression between English and Chinese. If we had We would like to express our greatest appreciation to our project leads, Mae languages, many scholars will find them illegible. And while more and more only translated these lyrics literally, many of them would not make complete Lyons-Penner and Professor Kathryn Starkey, who have helped us edit our medieval sources are being made available digitally, most online repositories sense because of the extensive employment of metaphors in the Chinese work and gave directions on what we should focus on when working through lack contextual and introductory information, and are intended only for language and certain cultural differences. In order to counter this problem, we the large corpus of Song Dynasty ci lyrics. In addition, we would also like to specialists. Our additions of contextual information will make these sources attached extensive notes to each lyric to explain what the versions convey. In thank Dr. Benjamin Albritton, Rare Book Curator for Special Collections with more available to scholars, students, teachers, and the interested public. addition, we wrote an introduction to the lyrics to facilitate audience the Stanford Libraries, for his generous help on explaining Latin abbreviations. understanding of the cultural context and historical background. Last but not least, we would like to express great appreciation to Professor Our goal of the Global Medieval Sourcebook is to create a free, open access, and Ronald Egan for his useful suggestions regarding the ci collection. open source teaching and research tool for the simultaneous viewing of medieval texts in their original language, in English translations, and as digitized manuscripts. The Global Medieval Sourcebook project can be found at sourcebook.stanford.edu.

hile working on the Global Medieval Sourcebook project, we challenged two major barriers for the use of medieval documents by professional scholars, aspiring scholars, and interested non-scholars: language and access. This summer, our work has mostly consisted of three parts: transcription, translation, and web design for the forthcoming collections of medieval Chinese and Latin texts.

The first barrier to studying medieval sources is A sample from the homepage menu, showing the diversity of language traditions represented. that they are only accessible in their original One of the greatest difficulties we encountered in transcribing these Latin In order to make the website more approachable, we are currently working to manuscripts was the diversity of different abbreviations and scripts. We create maps with routes marking the ci poets’ travel as complements to the consulted Medieval Studies librarians and our project leads to decode the general introductions to specific authors. This will allow users of the website to abbreviations. With their help, we were able to present a complete more easily visualize the geographical distribution of different works. transcription. Our most important contribution has been compiling a One of the most important tasks ahead is to continue the publishing process for collection of song lyrics (ci) from the Song Dynasty (960-1279) in medieval the ci collection. Once we have finalized the texts, the next step is to encode China. We transcribed and edited the Chinese versions of these lyrics for them in XML-TEI. After we have successfully encoded everything, we will digital publication and for them to be as literal and fluent in English as publish these lyrics in bundles to the website.

cesta.stanford.edu | 45 GLOBAL MEDIEVAL SOURCEBOOK languages. Another barrier is that the manuscripts are handwritten in many possible. One of the biggest challenges in translating these lyrics was the Acknowledgements different scripts with large numbers of abbreviations. Even with skills in these differences in modes of expression between English and Chinese. If we had We would like to express our greatest appreciation to our project leads, Mae languages, many scholars will find them illegible. And while more and more only translated these lyrics literally, many of them would not make complete Lyons-Penner and Professor Kathryn Starkey, who have helped us edit our medieval sources are being made available digitally, most online repositories sense because of the extensive employment of metaphors in the Chinese work and gave directions on what we should focus on when working through lack contextual and introductory information, and are intended only for language and certain cultural differences. In order to counter this problem, we the large corpus of Song Dynasty ci lyrics. In addition, we would also like to specialists. Our additions of contextual information will make these sources attached extensive notes to each lyric to explain what the versions convey. In thank Dr. Benjamin Albritton, Rare Book Curator for Special Collections with more available to scholars, students, teachers, and the interested public. addition, we wrote an introduction to the lyrics to facilitate audience the Stanford Libraries, for his generous help on explaining Latin abbreviations. understanding of the cultural context and historical background. Last but not least, we would like to express great appreciation to Professor Our goal of the Global Medieval Sourcebook is to create a free, open access, and Ronald Egan for his useful suggestions regarding the ci collection. open source teaching and research tool for the simultaneous viewing of medieval texts in their original language, in English translations, and as digitized manuscripts. The Global Medieval Sourcebook project can be found at sourcebook.stanford.edu.

46 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY languages. Another barrier is that the manuscripts are handwritten in many possible. One of the biggest challenges in translating these lyrics was the Acknowledgements different scripts with large numbers of abbreviations. Even with skills in these differences in modes of expression between English and Chinese. If we had We would like to express our greatest appreciation to our project leads, Mae languages, many scholars will find them illegible. And while more and more only translated these lyrics literally, many of them would not make complete Lyons-Penner and Professor Kathryn Starkey, who have helped us edit our medieval sources are being made available digitally, most online repositories sense because of the extensive employment of metaphors in the Chinese work and gave directions on what we should focus on when working through lack contextual and introductory information, and are intended only for language and certain cultural differences. In order to counter this problem, we the large corpus of Song Dynasty ci lyrics. In addition, we would also like to specialists. Our additions of contextual information will make these sources attached extensive notes to each lyric to explain what the versions convey. In thank Dr. Benjamin Albritton, Rare Book Curator for Special Collections with more available to scholars, students, teachers, and the interested public. addition, we wrote an introduction to the lyrics to facilitate audience the Stanford Libraries, for his generous help on explaining Latin abbreviations. understanding of the cultural context and historical background. Last but not least, we would like to express great appreciation to Professor Our goal of the Global Medieval Sourcebook is to create a free, open access, and Ronald Egan for his useful suggestions regarding the ci collection. C open source teaching and research tool for the simultaneous viewing of medieval texts in their original language, in English translations, and as digitized manuscripts. The Global Medieval Sourcebook project can be found at sourcebook.stanford.edu.

Student Profiles hile working on the Global Medieval Sourcebook project, we challenged two Tina Zhang Nina Du major barriers for the use of medieval documents Tina Zhang is a sophomore with an Nina is a junior double majoring in by professional scholars, aspiring scholars, and interest in German studies, medieval Computer Science and English. She enjoys interested non-scholars: language and access. This manuscripts, and classics. She's a software development in Android and co-author of Medieval Childbirth History building web pages in her spare time. She summer, our work has mostly consisted of three and a skilled guitarist and fencer. loves learning new languages and is parts: transcription, translation, and web design currently learning French. She is for the forthcoming collections of medieval proﬁcient in English, Chinese, German, Chinese and Latin texts. and Spanish.

cesta.stanford.edu | 47 TEXT TECHNOLOGIES SOPES is inspired by unknown people of the past. In our research, we ask, "Who Young’s. I indexed every entry and Ordinary People, knew whom, and how?" The immediate goal of the project is to create a database letter, then I catalogued them by of digitized personal ephemera with all the relevant metadata like the sender’s and date, location, writer, and Extraordinary Stories receiver’s name and address as well as the details on the postmark. After creating transcription. Afterwards, I made a by Karunya Bhramasandra databases on for each group, the project investigates the real-life connections social networks for each group in Project Lead: Elaine Treharne between each individual by generating family trees and social networks. the form of detailed databases like family trees.

From our research into their correspondences, I crafted a narrative of the Frahms family [facing page]. I studied a diverse range of primary sources from 19th and 20th century America including Project lead, Professor Elaine Treharne, collected ephemera to create a SOPES a set of 30 letters from the 1920s, a archive. I took the lead in transcribing and digitizing the materials and sorting diary from 1951, and three them by family and organization. Among my samples, I categorized two chief autograph books from the 1880s, groups: the ephemera of the Frahms family and a collection of autograph 1890s, and 1900s. books. Category 1 was broken up into two parts, one for the Frahms’ letters tanford Ordinary People Extraordinary and one for Jean Woods’ diary. Category 2 was broken up into three parts, one Next Steps S Stories (SOPES for short) is a project for Jessie Thorson’s autograph book, one for Martha’s, and one for Miss F. D. concerned with preserving ordinary lives of the Our next steps for this project is to past, the stories of “normal people” that would create relational databases. Later, otherwise be forgotten. The project is we will place these sources in interested in the mundane and the prosaic conversation with one another rather than the glamorous. It emphasizes the through a website displaying all importance of safeguarding personal archives our databases. like collections of letters, postcards, diaries, and other ephemera. Without individual archives Acknowledgements and the desire to retain our own intimate I would like to thank Professor histories, mainstream archives risk becoming Elaine Treharne for allowing me to lackluster and monolithic. The project aid in her in her journey of therefore seeks to diversify what we define as cataloguing her materials. I would an archive and validate individual attempts to also like to thank the staff and team write history. at CESTA for constantly offering help, expertise, and community.

48 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY SOPES is inspired by unknown people of the past. In our research, we ask, "Who Young’s. I indexed every entry and knew whom, and how?" The immediate goal of the project is to create a database letter, then I catalogued them by of digitized personal ephemera with all the relevant metadata like the sender’s and date, location, writer, and receiver’s name and address as well as the details on the postmark. After creating transcription. Afterwards, I made a databases on for each group, the project investigates the real-life connections social networks for each group in between each individual by generating family trees and social networks. the form of detailed databases like family trees.

From our research into their correspondences, I crafted a narrative of the Frahms family [facing page]. I studied a diverse Social Networks within the Frahm Family. range of primary sources from 19th and 20th century America including Project lead, Professor Elaine Treharne, collected ephemera to create a SOPES a set of 30 letters from the 1920s, a archive. I took the lead in transcribing and digitizing the materials and sorting diary from 1951, and three them by family and organization. Among my samples, I categorized two chief autograph books from the 1880s, groups: the ephemera of the Frahms family and a collection of autograph 1890s, and 1900s. books. Category 1 was broken up into two parts, one for the Frahms’ letters tanford Ordinary People Extraordinary and one for Jean Woods’ diary. Category 2 was broken up into three parts, one Next Steps Stories (SOPES for short) is a project for Jessie Thorson’s autograph book, one for Martha’s, and one for Miss F. D. concerned with preserving ordinary lives of the Our next steps for this project is to past, the stories of “normal people” that would create relational databases. Later, otherwise be forgotten. The project is Jean Frahm’s Diary. Source: Treharne Collection we will place these sources in interested in the mundane and the prosaic conversation with one another rather than the glamorous. It emphasizes the through a website displaying all importance of safeguarding personal archives our databases. like collections of letters, postcards, diaries, and other ephemera. Without individual archives Acknowledgements and the desire to retain our own intimate I would like to thank Professor histories, mainstream archives risk becoming Elaine Treharne for allowing me to lackluster and monolithic. The project aid in her in her journey of therefore seeks to diversify what we define as cataloguing her materials. I would an archive and validate individual attempts to also like to thank the staff and team write history. at CESTA for constantly offering help, expertise, and community.

cesta.stanford.edu | 49 TEXT TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES SOPES is inspired by unknown people of the past. In our research, we ask, "Who Narrative of the Frahms Family Young’s. I indexed every entry and knew whom, and how?" The immediate goal of the project is to create a database The heads of the family were Laura and Henry Frahm, and they had 3 daughters and 5 sons: letter, then I catalogued them by of digitized personal ephemera with all the relevant metadata like the sender’s and John, Lena, Arthur, Ray, Ida, Florence, William, and Ted, in that order. The children were date, location, writer, and receiver’s name and address as well as the details on the postmark. After creating born in Idaho; the evidence suggests that Florence, Ida, and some of their siblings attended transcription. Afterwards, I made a databases on for each group, the project investigates the real-life connections college in Gooding during the time these letters were written. Their parents, Laura and social networks for each group in between each individual by generating family trees and social networks. Henry, lived in Salt Lake City at the time. the form of detailed databases like family trees. The letters from the 1930s suggest that Laura headed a failing livestock business (alluding From our research into their to the Depression during that time) and that Henry’s health was consistently poor. The cycle correspondences, I crafted a of letters from the 1920s reveals that Ted either left or wholly did not attend college to help narrative of the Frahms family his mother take care of his father. He was not altogether happy about this arrangement; he [facing page]. I studied a diverse would write his sisters frequently (often promising to write them daily) and would ask them range of primary sources from 19th to tell his close friend, Bert J. Worden, to write him as well. and 20th century America including Project lead, Professor Elaine Treharne, collected ephemera to create a SOPES a set of 30 letters from the 1920s, a archive. I took the lead in transcribing and digitizing the materials and sorting A tiresome inside joke among the family is the amount of divorces they appear to go through diary from 1951, and three them by family and organization. Among my samples, I categorized two chief —Ted seems to be the newest member of this club. Jean’s diary is captivating—her autograph books from the 1880s, groups: the ephemera of the Frahms family and a collection of autograph progression through her early years of college and through her increasingly serious 1890s, and 1900s. books. Category 1 was broken up into two parts, one for the Frahms’ letters relationship with Lee Woods is fascinating. On January 1, 1951, Jean proclaims, “This is tanford Ordinary People Extraordinary and one for Jean Woods’ diary. Category 2 was broken up into three parts, one Lee’s and my year. We are going to make it as perfect as we can—resolve ‘not to quarrel any Stories (SOPES for short) is a project Next Steps for Jessie Thorson’s autograph book, one for Martha’s, and one for Miss F. D. more.’” This resolution evidently does not hold for very long; as I progressed through the concerned with preserving ordinary lives of the Our next steps for this project is to past, the stories of “normal people” that would diary,This ﬁgure almost presents every entrythe ratio mentions of female that pronouns Lee was in often the short angry stories with her nominated for no reason. for the The Hugo tone create relational databases. Later, of(orange) the entries to the as Nebula the year (green), goes foundon becomes through ominously the technique forlorn. of most distinctive words. The we will place these sources in otherwise be forgotten. The project is expected values are denoted in green. interested in the mundane and the prosaic conversation with one another rather than the glamorous. It emphasizes the In January, Jean seems thrilled about the holidays, her family, and her boyfriend. She seems through a website displaying all importance of safeguarding personal archives depressed about going back to university—not an uncommon sentiment. However, school our databases. like collections of letters, postcards, diaries, and soon becomes the least of her worries as she slips into a crisis about her relationship with other ephemera. Without individual archives Lee. Evidently, her marriage was decided before the start of the year, and there was no Acknowledgements and the desire to retain our own intimate getting out of it. Even on January 12, just nine days after the last time she declared her I would like to thank Professor histories, mainstream archives risk becoming undying love for Lee, she was “befuddled” and torn about her decision to marry him. A few of Elaine Treharne for allowing me to lackluster and monolithic. The project her friends attempted to convince her out of it, simply entrapping her further in her pit of aid in her in her journey of therefore seeks to diversify what we define as confusion. She does, of course, go through with the wedding on June 24, 1951. cataloguing her materials. I would an archive and validate individual attempts to also like to thank the staff and team write history. The latter half of her diary is sad. Jean slowly begins adjusting to her life as a housewife, at CESTA for constantly offering stuck cooking and cleaning for a man who does not often satisfy her, emotionally and help, expertise, and community. physically. All along, her mind revolts against her situation, but her thoughts, having no power, mutate into a mild but desperate melancholia. Many entries terminate with Jean mentioning how low she felt during the day, mostly because of Lee’s irrational anger. She seems mired in the mold of the Beauvoirian housewife.

50 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY SOPES is inspired by unknown people of the past. In our research, we ask, "Who Young’s. I indexed every entry and knew whom, and how?" The immediate goal of the project is to create a database letter, then I catalogued them by Student Profile of digitized personal ephemera with all the relevant metadata like the sender’s and date, location, writer, and receiver’s name and address as well as the details on the postmark. After creating transcription. Afterwards, I made a Karunya Bhramasandra databases on for each group, the project investigates the real-life connections social networks for each group in Karunya Bhramasandra is a sophomore between each individual by generating family trees and social networks. the form of detailed databases like planning to major in English and minor in family trees. Global Studies with a specialization in South Asian Studies. Her avid interest in personal writing fuels her passion to From our research into their transcribe and form connections between correspondences, I crafted a the letters and their writers for her research project, SOPES. In her time off, narrative of the Frahms family she goes on drives, starts reading books [facing page]. I studied a diverse but fails to ﬁnish them, and Facetimes range of primary sources from 19th friends from her hometown. and 20th century America including Project lead, Professor Elaine Treharne, collected ephemera to create a SOPES a set of 30 letters from the 1920s, a archive. I took the lead in transcribing and digitizing the materials and sorting diary from 1951, and three them by family and organization. Among my samples, I categorized two chief autograph books from the 1880s, groups: the ephemera of the Frahms family and a collection of autograph 1890s, and 1900s. books. Category 1 was broken up into two parts, one for the Frahms’ letters tanford Ordinary People Extraordinary and one for Jean Woods’ diary. Category 2 was broken up into three parts, one Next Steps Stories (SOPES for short) is a project for Jessie Thorson’s autograph book, one for Martha’s, and one for Miss F. D. concerned with preserving ordinary lives of the Our next steps for this project is to past, the stories of “normal people” that would create relational databases. Later, otherwise be forgotten. The project is we will place these sources in interested in the mundane and the prosaic conversation with one another rather than the glamorous. It emphasizes the through a website displaying all importance of safeguarding personal archives our databases. like collections of letters, postcards, diaries, and other ephemera. Without individual archives Acknowledgements and the desire to retain our own intimate I would like to thank Professor histories, mainstream archives risk becoming Elaine Treharne for allowing me to lackluster and monolithic. The project aid in her in her journey of therefore seeks to diversify what we define as cataloguing her materials. I would an archive and validate individual attempts to also like to thank the staff and team write history. at CESTA for constantly offering help, expertise, and community. C

cesta.stanford.edu | 51 TEXT TECHNOLOGIES imprecise manuscript metadata for creation, for research and teaching tools, medieval manuscripts, which contained Digitally Tracing the Distribution and for more precisely identifying locations of copying hubs for medieval information on the current location, of Medieval Manuscript manuscripts. The inspiration for this project came in part from the work of the production location, date, and signature of cool people who copied manuscripts a thousand years ago; we want to thousands of ninth-century manuscripts. by Timothy Karoff understand them and their work in our research, and to trace their legacies by From these catalogues, I digitized the Project Lead: Mateusz Fafinski and Elaine Treharne investigating how their handwritten manuscripts spread across Europe. metadata on every manuscript they mentioned by Augustine, Bede, Jerome, and My project lead Mateusz Fafinski (Freie Universität Berlin) and I broke the Orosius. I manually found each relevant project down into two main parts: gathering metadata and computationally entry in PDF copies of the catalogues and mapping that metadata. I worked on the first part, collecting manuscript copied the data of each entry into a big metadata. Since we are only need information about the manuscripts to map database. I also experimented with them, I didn’t need to look at the manuscripts themselves. Instead, I worked collecting manuscript metadata from the with catalogues of medieval manuscripts that contained manuscript metadata. I National Library of France’s online mainly used metadata from Bernhard Bischoff’s catalogues of ninth-century manuscript archive. I worked on building a program that could automatically gather this data from the archive for our database. To map all this metadata, Mateusz wrote a program that would process it and generate a heat map of manuscript production hubs in medieval Europe. Going forward, Mateusz and I will continue to make maps from the data we have already gathered. We will also continue to add more manuscript data from other databases, either manually or using web-scraping.

Reims Acknowledgements I’d like to thank the CESTA team for their support on this project. Our work was thanks to the help of Elaine Treharne, Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, Quinn Dombrowski, Scott Bailey, GP ur goal in the Mapping Manuscripts project is to map the production of LeBourdais, and Erik Steiner. I’d also like to Omedieval manuscripts through digital methods. Traditional mapping thank my project lead, Mateusz Fafinski, for techniques for manuscript production are problematic because scholars know the opportunity to work on this project this little about specific dates and locations of production. While scholars can summer, guidance through many hurdles, approximate the date and production location of a manuscript through close and for the tools and encouragement to do th th examination, their conclusions can be as broad as “Germany,” or “9 or 10 digital humanities research of my own. I’m century.” While pinpoints on a map can’t accurately represent this kind of also grateful to all of my coworkers for fuzzy metadata, it can be useful when applying digital mapping methods. making working at CESTA a fun time. Mapping Manuscripts experiments with different methods of mapping

52 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY imprecise manuscript metadata for creation, for research and teaching tools, medieval manuscripts, which contained and for more precisely identifying locations of copying hubs for medieval information on the current location, manuscripts. The inspiration for this project came in part from the work of the production location, date, and signature of cool people who copied manuscripts a thousand years ago; we want to thousands of ninth-century manuscripts. understand them and their work in our research, and to trace their legacies by From these catalogues, I digitized the investigating how their handwritten manuscripts spread across Europe. metadata on every manuscript they mentioned by Augustine, Bede, Jerome, and My project lead Mateusz Fafinski (Freie Universität Berlin) and I broke the Orosius. I manually found each relevant project down into two main parts: gathering metadata and computationally entry in PDF copies of the catalogues and mapping that metadata. I worked on the first part, collecting manuscript copied the data of each entry into a big metadata. Since we are only need information about the manuscripts to map database. I also experimented with them, I didn’t need to look at the manuscripts themselves. Instead, I worked collecting manuscript metadata from the with catalogues of medieval manuscripts that contained manuscript metadata. I National Library of France’s online mainly used metadata from Bernhard Bischoff’s catalogues of ninth-century manuscript archive. I worked on building a program that could automatically gather this data from the archive for our database. To A look into the database of 9th century manuscripts compiled from the printed catalogues. map all this metadata, Mateusz wrote a program that would process it and generate a heat map of manuscript production hubs in medieval Europe. Going forward, Mateusz and I will continue to make maps from the data we have already gathered. We will also continue to add more manuscript data from other databases, either manually or using web-scraping.

Acknowledgements I’d like to thank the CESTA team for their support on this project. Our work was thanks to the help of Elaine Treharne, Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, Quinn Dombrowski, Scott Bailey, GP ur goal in the Mapping Manuscripts project is to map the production of LeBourdais, and Erik Steiner. I’d also like to medieval manuscripts through digital methods. Traditional mapping thank my project lead, Mateusz Fafinski, for techniques for manuscript production are problematic because scholars know the opportunity to work on this project this little about specific dates and locations of production. While scholars can summer, guidance through many hurdles, approximate the date and production location of a manuscript through close and for the tools and encouragement to do th th examination, their conclusions can be as broad as “Germany,” or “9 or 10 digital humanities research of my own. I’m century.” While pinpoints on a map can’t accurately represent this kind of also grateful to all of my coworkers for fuzzy metadata, it can be useful when applying digital mapping methods. making working at CESTA a fun time. Mapping Manuscripts experiments with different methods of mapping

cesta.stanford.edu | 53 TEXT TECHNOLOGIES imprecise manuscript metadata for creation, for research and teaching tools, medieval manuscripts, which contained and for more precisely identifying locations of copying hubs for medieval information on the current location, manuscripts. The inspiration for this project came in part from the work of the production location, date, and signature of cool people who copied manuscripts a thousand years ago; we want to thousands of ninth-century manuscripts. understand them and their work in our research, and to trace their legacies by From these catalogues, I digitized the investigating how their handwritten manuscripts spread across Europe. metadata on every manuscript they mentioned by Augustine, Bede, Jerome, and My project lead Mateusz Fafinski (Freie Universität Berlin) and I broke the Orosius. I manually found each relevant project down into two main parts: gathering metadata and computationally entry in PDF copies of the catalogues and mapping that metadata. I worked on the first part, collecting manuscript copied the data of each entry into a big metadata. Since we are only need information about the manuscripts to map database. I also experimented with them, I didn’t need to look at the manuscripts themselves. Instead, I worked collecting manuscript metadata from the with catalogues of medieval manuscripts that contained manuscript metadata. I National Library of France’s online mainly used metadata from Bernhard Bischoff’s catalogues of ninth-century manuscript archive. I worked on building a program that could automatically gather this data from the archive for our database. To map all this metadata, Mateusz wrote a program that would process it and generate a heat map of manuscript production hubs in medieval Europe. Going forward, Mateusz and I will continue to make maps from the data we have already gathered. We will also continue to add more manuscript data from other databases, either manually or using web-scraping.

Acknowledgements I’d like to thank the CESTA team for their support on this project. Our work was thanks to the help of Elaine Treharne, Amanda Wilson Bergado, Brian Kersey, Quinn Dombrowski, Scott Bailey, GP ur goal in the Mapping Manuscripts project is to map the production of A code snippet showing the LeBourdais, and Erik Steiner. I’d also like to medieval manuscripts through digital methods. Traditional mapping scraping script developed to thank my project lead, Mateusz Fafinski, for techniques for manuscript production are problematic because scholars know automatically enrich the database with the information the opportunity to work on this project this little about specific dates and locations of production. While scholars can contained in the online summer, guidance through many hurdles, approximate the date and production location of a manuscript through close catalogue of Bibliothèque and for the tools and encouragement to do th th . examination, their conclusions can be as broad as “Germany,” or “9 or 10 Nationale de France digital humanities research of my own. I’m century.” While pinpoints on a map can’t accurately represent this kind of also grateful to all of my coworkers for fuzzy metadata, it can be useful when applying digital mapping methods. making working at CESTA a fun time. C Mapping Manuscripts experiments with different methods of mapping

54 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University CESTA SUMMER RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY Distribution of Jerome’s Letters in the 9th century

A map showing the distribution of manuscripts containing letters of Jerome, Student Profile an important 4th century Christian writer and translator. Timothy Karoff The map clusters data points in a way that allows for inclusion Timothy is a sophomore working on the of non precise locations, thus Mapping Manuscripts project. He is showing areas were those originally from Massachusetts, and he’s manuscripts were of particular considering majoring in either Science, interest. Technology, and Society or Sociology. His interests include the politics of historical narratives, vegan snacks, the study of online communities, electronic music, giraffes, and Super Smash Bros.

cesta.stanford.edu | 55 Updates from other ongoing CESTA projects...

Poetic Media Lab Amir Eschel, Cody Chun, Fyza Parviz, and Nelson Schumacher

The Poetic Media Lab is a digital humanities research collective housed at CESTA. Current projects include MaPaLiterature, a project to “visually map the circulation, international movement, and (im)mobility of Palestinian authors and texts," and Poetic Thinking, a digital intervention, at the level of pedagogy, which seeks to facilitate creative forms of thinking. The lab also collaborates with research units at other institutions: currently, it is working with a team at Bucknell University on a digitization of Bernardino de Sahagún's Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Learn more at poeticmedia.stanford.edu.

Chinese Railroad Workers Project Gordon Chang, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Roland Hsu, and Erik Steiner The Chinese Railroad Workers Project has been active throughout summer 2019. We have engaged scholars and the general public interested in the Chinese worker experience with our large corpus of new print and digital publications. As we begin our final year of activity, we have used the summer to post on our website the research findings and first person testimonies of our CESTA research interns. In the coming year, we will complete our work in partnership with CESTA and Stanford Libraries, to accession and curate our limited selection of rare and hard to access original historical materials, as well as the project papers, that we anticipate will be invaluable for future researchers. These materials, many of which originate in our work with CESTA RIs, will be available in perpetuity in the Stanford Library Chinese Railroad Workers Project collection. Learn more at chineserailroadworkers.stanford.edu.

56 | Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA) at Stanford University Corpus Synodalium Rowan Dorin, Thawsitt Naing, and Clara Romani Throughout the later Middle Ages, bishops across Latin Christendom promulgated legislation to guide the clergy and instruct the faithful. Until recently, the extent and dispersion of the surviving sources has made impossible for scholars to explore them systematically. With CESTA's support, the project team has now transcribed more than a thousand texts, gathered them into a flexible online database (powered by ARTFL's Philologic4), and integrated them into the first-ever digital atlas of medieval Christian Europe. Going forward, we're excited to use these new digital tools to explore the ways such local legislation challenged the centralizing efforts of the contemporary papacy. Learn more at corpus-synodalium.com.

Modernist Archives Publishing Project Alice Staveley, Claire Battershill, Nicola Wilson, Helen Southworth, and Elizabeth Willson Gordon The Modernist Archives Publishing Project (MAPP), a CESTA-supported DH project digitizing and enriching with metadata thousands of documents related to the history of twentieth century book publishing in the UK, USA, and Canada, concluded the data capture for a major subsidiary project within MAPP on the financial account books that record all sales of Hogarth Press publications between 1917 and 1941. CESTA’s stellar research interns over the past two years—Peter Morgan, Emily Elott, Victoria Ding, and Khuyen Nha Le—have spent countless hours transcribing the handwritten mid-century records of book sales of the Press famously founded in 1917 by Leonard and Virginia Woolf. Khuyen this past summer finished crucial work on an Order Book (the name of the MSS as they are catalogued at their home institution, the University of Reading, UK) we had thought ‘lost’ but which held vital records allowing us to complete the transcription of all Virginia Woolf’s sales. Now we can move forward with final data visualizations of the results, and begin writing up our findings for publication. Learn more at modernistarchives.com.

cesta.stanford.edu | 57 Mapping Ottoman Epirus Ali Yaycioglu, Antonis Hadjikyriacou, Fatma Öncel, Selma Koroglu, and Erik Steiner The Mapping Ottoman Epirus team worked on Ottoman-Turkish and Greek documents on Epirus and tried to solve the puzzle about how imperial

and vernacular/regional archives language coexisted and interacted in the Ottoman context. With the help of google David Medeiros at the Stanford explorer Geospatial Center, we also developed a factors regional study of slope and elevation. The next stage in the MapOE project will be to convey various questions about multilingualism, imperial and regional scribal cultures, and archives, and archiving into the digital platform.

Learn more at mapoe.sites.stanford.edu. experience

Oral History Text Analysis Project Estelle Freedman, Natalie Marine-Street, Katie McDonough, and Preston Carlson investigate Preston Carlson, Research Intern for the Oral History Text Analysis Project, made substantial progress this summer preparing and analyzing digitized transcripts of nearly 3,000 women’s oral history interviews to help understand ordinary the language used and meanings attached to sexual violence and sexual latin harassment. His tasks involved integrating transcripts and metadata from The HistoryMakers (a database of African-American leaders), running and modifying a tool to generate subcorpora based on keyword searches, and qualitatively coding interviews in NVivo. geographic

Child Abuse/ Harassment Incest Sexual 4.9% Abuse Sexual 4.1% Molest* 1.3% 2.9% Violence/Rap* Title IX 13.8% 1.9% Attack Other 1.7% terms Hill and Thomas 1.6%

Percent of HistoryMakers Women using terms digitally itineraries

interactive factors itineraries interactive explorer models digitally opportunity geographic latin ordinary investigate experience google associated making information attributes database catalogues translated greatest methodologies literature

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especially working likely

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create patterns meaningful known landscapes summer student projects online categories website professional metadata steps corpus works collection musical essays location lists distinct insights written nodes tool lyrics

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data talk analysis used heat use team explore ci help interested methods lead focus certain women tools locations relationships short canon manually large allows culture reveal parts ideas nebula details economic research context learning italy developed open sources chinese available know diverse led present geospatial individual analyzed lived able early infrastructure europe text abbreviations web nominated production spreadsheets bookmembers creation search displacement connections changing routes urban century represent

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best brian creating records main primary elaine digitized hugo humanities mobility mentorship visualization visualizations scholarly development current students visualize A publication ofCESTA2019.10:1 A publication cesta.stanford.edu //cesta.stanford.edu // @cesta_stanford [email protected] 450 JANE STANFORD WAY // STANFORD, 94305-2055 CA FOURTH FLOOR, WALLENBERG 160) HALL(BLDG. CENTER FORSPATIAL ANDTEXTUAL ANALYSIS CESTA is apioneering research hub where we applydigitaltools knowledge ininterdisciplinary and methods to create new humanistic inquiry.