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Pdf/17/2/375/5259835/375.Pdf 375 by Guest on 02 October 2021 Research Paper Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: Tectonic, Sedimentary, Volcanic, and Fluid Flow Processes along the Queen Charlotte–Fairweather Fault System and Surrounding Continental Margin GEOSPHERE Late Quaternary sea level, isostatic response, and sediment GEOSPHERE, v. 17, no. 2 dispersal along the Queen Charlotte fault 1 2,3 1 4 https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02311.1 J. Vaughn Barrie , H. Gary Greene , Kim W. Conway , and Daniel S. Brothers 1Geological Survey of Canada–Pacific, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada 2SeaDoc Tombolo Mapping Laboratory, Orcas Island, Eastsound, Washington 98245, USA 9 figures; 1 table 3Center for Habitat Studies, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA 4Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] ABSTRACT Alexander Archipelago are exposed to an extreme wave regime (Thomson, CITATION: Barrie, J.V., Greene, H.G., Conway, K.W., and Brothers, D. S., 2021, Late Quaternary sea level, 1981, 1989). In addition to being an exposed high-wave-energy environment, isostatic response, and sediment dispersal along the The active Pacific margin of the Haida Gwaii and southeast Alaska has the area has also undergone dramatic sea-level fluctuations and is the most Queen Charlotte fault: Geosphere, v. 17, no. 2, p. 375– been subject to vigorous storm activity, dramatic sea-level change, and active seismically active area in Canada. With limited access and the energetic shore- 388, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02311.1. tectonism since glacial times. Glaciation was minimal along the western shelf line, these shores have been, and are, relatively uninhabited, and some marine margin, except for large ice streams that formed glacial valleys to the shelf areas are not yet charted. Science Editor: Shanaka de Silva break between the major islands of southeast Alaska and Haida Gwaii. Upon Just offshore is the Queen Charlotte–Fairweather fault system, a major Received 6 July 2020 deglaciation, sediment discharge was extensive, but it terminated quickly due to structural feature that extends from the Explorer triple junction, south of the Revision received 15 September 2020 rapid glacial retreat and sea-level lowering with the development of a glacio-iso- islands, to well into the bight of the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 1). The transform Accepted 14 December 2020 static forebulge, coupled with eustatic lowering. Glacial sedimentation offshore boundary is split into two primary faults: the northern 300 km section is defined ended soon after 15.0 ka. The shelf became emergent, with sea level lowering by, by the transpressional Fairweather fault, which extends southward from Yaku- Published online 19 January 2021 and possibly greater than, 175 m. The rapid transgression that followed began tat along the western front of the Fairweather Range to Icy Point; the fault then sometime before 12.7 ka off Haida Gwaii and 12.0 ka off southeast Alaska, and steps offshore at Icy Point, takes an ~25° clockwise bend (~340°), and becomes with the extreme wave-dominated environment, the unconsolidated sediment the Queen Charlotte fault. This system represents a major transform boundary that was left on the shelf was effectively removed. Temperate carbonate sands that separates the Pacific plate from the North American plate, similar to the make up the few sediment deposits presently found on the shelf. San Andreas fault system of California (Atwater, 1970; Plafker et al., 1978). The The Queen Charlotte fault, which lies just below the shelf break for most of length of the Queen Charlotte–Fairweather fault system is 1330 km, slightly its length, was extensively gullied during this short period of significant sed- longer than the San Andreas fault, with a reported width of 1–5 km, and ~75% iment discharge, when sediment was transported though the glacial valleys of the length is located offshore (Carlson et al., 1985). Recently, most of the and across the narrow shelf through fluvial and submarine channels and was offshore fault zone from south of Haida Gwaii through southeastern Alaska deposited offshore as sea level dropped. The Queen Charlotte fault became the has been imaged in detail using multibeam echosounder (MBES) data and western terminus of the glacio-isostatic forebulge, with the fault acting as a other geophysical techniques that have documented the fault morphology hinged flap taking up the uplift and collapse along the fault of 70+ m. This may and identified features associated with localized deformation along the fault have resulted in the development of the distinctive fault valley that presently (step-overs), submarine canyons, gullies, and submarine slides adjacent to the acts as a very linear channel pathway for sediment throughout the fault system. fault (Barrie et al., 2013; Brothers et al., 2019; Greene et al., 2019). Based on this high-resolution data, a better understanding of plate tecton- ics and Quaternary sedimentary processes can be realized for this region of ■ INTRODUCTION the Pacific Northwest. Because the physiography of this continental margin is shaped by the complex interplay between tectonic and sedimentary processes, The western shores of the Haida Gwaii archipelago (formally the Queen which often alternate between periods dominated by constructional (sediment Charlotte Islands) off the northwestern coast of British Columbia (Canada) and delivery and progradation) or destructional (erosion, slope failure, canyon inci- the Alexander Archipelago of southeast Alaska are distinctly rugged with little sion, retrogression, and fault displacement) geomorphic processes, it is now refuge from the North Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1). George Dawson described this possible to provide an interpretive chronology through the late Quaternary. This paper is published under the terms of the coast from his 1878 expedition as having steep rocky sides with little or no Our objective here is to document how the last glaciation and subsequent CC-BY-NC license. beach and bold water (Dawson, 1878). Indeed, western Haida Gwaii and the sea-level changes have impacted the present morphology of the central and © 2021 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 17 | Number 2 Barrie et al. | Sea level, isostatic response, and sediment dispersal along the Queen Charlotte fault Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/17/2/375/5259835/375.pdf 375 by guest on 02 October 2021 Research Paper southern Queen Charlotte fault, and in turn, how the Queen Charlotte fault has impacted the sea-level history and Quaternary sedimentary processes along this portion of the Queen Charlotte fault margin, subsequent to the last Icy Point 1800 Depth (m) 30 glaciation. The exceptional preservation of faulted geomorphic features along the plate boundary fault provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the fault behavior over many earthquake cycles in a high-latitude Quaternary glacial marine setting. In addition, knowledge of the late Quaternary Pacific Northwest coastal environment provides insight into the viable pathway for early humans as they colonized the Americas (Lesnek et al., 2018). Baranoff ■ REGIONAL SETTING Island Queen Charlotte Fault System Fig. 9 The Queen Charlotte fault is a near-vertical fault zone that is seismically 2013 Alaska active down to ~21 km (Hyndman and Ellis, 1981) with a mainly right-lat- Mw 7.5 eral transform motion of ~50–60 mm/yr (Prims et al., 1997; Rohr et al., 2000). Recently, Brothers et al. (2020) analyzed submarine tectonic geomorphology and suggested that the Queen Charlotte fault itself accommodates the majority Dixon Fig. 7 of relative plate motion (48–55 mm/yr). In contrast to the predominately strike- Entrance slip motion along the central and northern portions of the Queen Charlotte fault zone, plate motion along the southern portion is more oblique, with up to 20° of B 1949 C r convergence up to central Haida Gwaii (Hyndman and Hamilton, 1993). Because o Mw 8.1 i t l Fig. 4 i u s m of the high slip rates along the fault, the Queen Charlotte fault tends to rupture Haida h b frequently in large earthquakes. During the past 100 yr, seven earthquakes of i Gwaii a Fig. 3 Mw 7.0 or greater have occurred along the Queen Charlotte fault (Fig. 1), includ- H S t ing the 1949 Mw 8.1 earthquake off northern Haida Gwaii, Canada’s largest e r c a a i recorded earthquake (Bostwick, 1984). More recently, a Mw 7.8 thrust event 2012 t t e near southern Haida Gwaii in 2012 (Lay et al., 2013) and a Mw 7.5 strike-slip Mw 7.8 Fig. 5 event west of Craig (Fig. 1) suggested there are dramatic differences in plate boundary mechanics due to an increasing component of convergence to the Fig. 2 south (Lay et al., 2013; Hyndman, 2015; Tréhu et al., 2015; Brothers et al., 2020). Figure 1. Multibeam swath bathymetric image and coastal outline of northwestern Glacial History British Columbia, Canada, and southeastern Alaska, USA, adjacent to the Queen Charlotte fault. Figure shows historical large earthquakes greater the Mw 7.0 and the locations of Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9. In the late Quaternary, a glacier from the massive Cordilleran ice sheet extended westward across northern Hecate Strait and through Dixon Entrance and coalesced with ice from Haida Gwaii, deflecting it westward within Dixon Entrance (Sutherland-Brown, 1968; Barrie and Conway, 1999; Mathewes and south parallel to the coast (Shaw et al., 2019). A minimum ice thickness of Clague, 2017). This coalescence was probably short-lived (Clague, 1989). Ice 400 m is suggested for some shelf areas (Josenhans et al., 1995; Barrie and also moved south down the central trough in Hecate Strait (Barrie and Born- Conway, 1999), and an ~690 m thickness is suggested in the northern Hecate hold, 1989; Shaw et al., 2019) and coalesced with ice flowing through the Strait and Dixon Entrance (Hetherington et al., 2004).
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