Writing and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS

Home , Chittagong College, Mary Houghton, Ron Grzywinski

Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising and editing decisions.

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.

After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a "NO CHANGE" option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and supplemental information. A) NO CHANGE B) entrepreneur; banker; economist, and The People's Bank C) entrepreneur, banker, economist, and Born in 1940 , Muhammad Yunus is a social D) entrepreneur, banker, economist and, D entreprene ur; banker, economist and civil leader who was award ed the Nobel Peace Pri ze for pi oneering the concepts of mi crocredit and mi crofinance. In 1974 , Yunus A ) NO CHANGE B) Bangladesh - took (who was then working as a professor at Chittagong C) Bangladesh) took University in B Bangladesh, took hi s students on a fi eld D) Bangladesh), took trip to a poor vill age, where he interviewed a woman who made bamboo stools. The woman explained that she had to

- - -~------borrow money to buy raw bamboo for each stool. After

repayin g her loans, sometimes at rates as high as I 0% per A) NO CHANGE B) flip week, she was barely abl e to II roll a profit. As a resul t, C) count she struggled to feed both herself and her children. Were D) turn the woman able to borrow mo ney with lower rates ofll interest, Yunus recogni zed , she would likely be able to .. ,.. . amass an economic cushi on and ri se above subsistence A) NO CHANGE B) interest; Yunus recogni zed le vel. C) interest, and Yun us recogni zed Yunus decided to take matters into hi s own hands. D) interested, Yunus recogni zin g II He personall y lent the equival ent of a few do ll ars to 42 basket weavers in the village. When he tracked the workers

over several years, he di scovered that the tiny loans not Which choice most effecti vely supports the information that foll ows? onl y helped the basket weavers survive II and also creating the moti vation for them to pull themselves out of A) NO CHANGE B) In 1965 , Yunus received a F ulbright fell owship poverty. Against the advice of banks and the government, to study in the United States. he continued to di stribute what he termed " micro-loans." C) Traditi onal banks did not want to make low interest loans to the poor because of hi gh ri sk of default. D) During that time, he set up a packaging factory, which became very profitable.

A) NO CHANGE B) and create C) but al so to create D) but also created

10 II In 1971, Yunus founded a citizen's committee along with other Bangladeshis in the United States. In Which choice provides the most effective introduction to the paragraph? 1983, he made funds available by forming the Grameen

Bank. Ron Grzywinski and Mary Houghton of ShoreBank, A) NO CHANGE B) Yunus has served on the Global Commission a community development bank in Chicago, helped Yunus of Women 's Health and the UN Expert Group on Women and Finance. with the official incorporation under a grant from the Ford C) As a student at Chittagong College, Yunus Foundation. The Bank provides loans to entrepreneurs who had studied drama as well as economics. are unable to qualify for traditional bank loans. "Grameen D) Yun us reasoned that if basic financial resources could be made widely available, then economic bank" means "village bank," and it is founded on the wonders could occur. II principles in trust and solidarity.

A) NO CHANGE B) principles of C) principals in D) principals of

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The Grameen Bank not onl y reversed conventional banking practice but it also created a cost-effecti ve weapon -Which choice most accurately and effecti vely represents the information in the graph? to fight poverty, giving people access to fu nds that would otherwise have remained o utside their reach. A) NO CHANGE B) Membership grew dramatically between II Membership grew dramatica ll y throughout the 1980s 1980 and 1985 before level_in g off. and 1990s. although it began to decline around 2000. C) Membership grew slowly until 2000, after whi ch it increased drama ti call y . The Bank is intended to serve as a catalyst in the overall D) Membership increased steadily until 2005 development of socio-economic conditions of the poor, and then leveled off. particularl y women. II!] Conversely, 97% of Grameen borrowers are female, and over 97% of the loans are paid A) NO CHANGE back in full - a recovery rate mhigher than any other 8) Regardless, banking system. C) However, D) Accordingly ,

Grameen Bank Members, 1980-2010

10,000,000 A) NOCHANGE 8,000,000 B) hi gher then any other banking system. 6,000,000 C) higher than that of any other banking system . 4,000,000 D) hi gher than those for any other banking 2,000,000 system . 0

12 Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage. A) NO CHANGE Everyday Art -1- B) deri ved C) fabricated For more than a quarter of a century, artist Gabriel D) cl aimed Orozco (b. 1962) has mfo r~ a career marked by constant surprise and innovation, blurring the boundari es Ill between art and reality . Orozco resists confinement to a A) NO CHANGE sin gle medium in order to engage mth ey' re B) their imaginations. C) you' re imagin ati on. imaginati ons. He roams freel y among drawing, D) viewers' imaginati ons. photography, sculpture, install ati on, and painting. Basing hi s work on a series of recurring themes and techniques,

Orozco mdi vides hi s time between Mexico City, New Which choice most effecti vely sets up the examples that foll ow? York , and France. One work mi ght consist of exquisite drawings scribbled on airplane boarding passes; another A) NO CHANGE could in volve sculptures made from recovered trash. His B) has exhibited hi s work in art gall eries on every continent except Antarcti ca. expl oration of such varied materi als all ows audiences to C) uses urban landscapes and common objects in vesti gate masso ciations between obj ects that are to erase the line between art and the everyday environment. hidden. D) has received numerous awards , including a DAAD arti st-in-residence grant to work in Berlin.

A ) B) hidden associations between obj ects. C) associati ons hidden between objects. D) associations th at are hidden between o bj ects.

13 -2- Orozco's nomadi c lifestyle began to strongly inform The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or del eted? hi s work around this time. Im Once, whil e wandering A) Kept, because it illustrates how Orozco's through a small town in B razil, Orozco spotted some preference for wandering influenced his art. oranges left ove r from a market, positioned one on each of B) Kept, because it expl ains why Orozco became interested in photography. several tabl es , and photographed them. U nlike many C) Deleted, because it is inconsistent with the mainstream artists, who often oversaw huge studios with paragraph 's focus on Orozco's studio. many assistants and elaborate production techniques , D) Deleted, because it implies that Orozco rejected all forms of mainstream art. Orozco also worked mb y himself in solitude or wi th a sin gle assistant. He therefore remained free to create art where and when he chose. A) NO CHANGE - 3 - B) in solitude Orozco was born in 1962 in Veracru z, Mexico . Hi s C) alone in solitude D) al one by hi s solitary self fath er, Mari o Orozco Ri vera , was a mural painter and art professor at the Uni versity of Veracru z. When Orozco was six , the family relocated to Mexico City so th at hi s father ln context, whi ch choice best combines the could work on vari o us mural commissions. lEJ Orozco underlined sentences? often accompani ed hi s father to mural sites and museum A) Although O rozco often accompanied hi s father exhibitions. He overheard many conversati ons about art to mural sites and museum exhibitions, he overh eard many conversati ons about art and and politics. politics. B) Orozco, who often accompanied his father to mural sites and museum exhibitions, overhearing many conversations about art and politics there. C) Orozco often accompanied hi s father to mural sites and museum exhibiti ons, where he overheard many conversati ons about art and politics. D) Orozco often accompanied hi s father to mural sites and museum exhibitions, and that was where he overheard many conversati ons about art and poli tics.

14 I

-4- ln 198 1, Orozco entered the National School of Fin e A) NO CHANGE B) Circ ul o de Artes; Arts in Mexico City, but he found the curriculum C) Circul o de Artes, conservative and the work uninteresting. When a friend D) Ci rc ul o de Artes, it was invited him to study in Spain , he eagerly accepted. In 1986, he enrolled at Madrid's IPJ Circulo de Artes. Which - ~•i::,~' was one of the leadi ng art schools in Spain . It was there A) NO CHANGE B) affects of that hi s in structors introduced him to a broad range of C) effects on contemporary artists working in non-traditional formats . D) effects of -5- Orozco then returned to Mexico, where he began to collaborate with other Mexican arti sts, including Damian A) NO CHANGE B) has offered Ortega, Gabriel Kuri , and Abraham Cruzvill egas. T he C) offers members gathered once a week for five years, and D) offerin g Orozco's work soon began to show the EIJ affects on hi s colleagues' influence, becoming more experimental and Think about the passage as a whole as you answer geometrical. In the early 1990s, however, Orozco relocated question 22. once agai n, this time to New York. - 6 - To make the passage most logical, paragraph 2 Although Orozco has exhibited his works around the should be placed world and won doze ns of awards, he considers hi s art a A) where it is now. process of continuous explorati on. Orozco' s creations, B) after paragraph 3. which combine his passion for life with the poetry of C) after paragraph 4. D) after paragraph 5. hance encounters, moffer a distinctive model for the ways in which artists can affect the world with their work.

Question &J asks about the previous passage as a whole.

15 Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. m _-"'"'•---- -ffilllllll filliJmfilliJmaiiillllll A) NO CHANGE A Library for New York B) surpassed C) outdone D) enl arged T he o ri gin s of the New York Public Library date back

to the time when New York was emerging as one of the

world 's largest citi es. By the second half of the nineteenth A) NO CHANGE century, New York City's populati on had BJ increased the B) its C) they' re populati on of Paris, whi ch was then around 2.5 million. D) their Among mi t's inhabitants was former governor Samuel J. Tilden ( 181 4-1886), who left the majority of hi s fortune to :JI "establish and maintain a free library and reading room in A) NO CHANGE the ci ty of New York." 8 ) a trul y, public institution, C) trul y, public, in stitutions By the 1890s, New York had two major libraries - D) truly public institutions, the Astor and the Lenox - but they were not fD a trul y I public institution, and both were experi encin g fi nancial l difficul ties. John Bi gelow, a New York attorney and NO CHANGE trustee of Tilden 's estate, fD devised a pl an to combine contracted cooked up the resources of the two existing libraries into a new entity brain stormed that would be kn own as The New York Public Libra ry. The library would be located on the site of the Croton Reservoir, &,I a popular strolling place that occupied two T he writer is considerin g deletin g the underlined bl ocks of M idtown Manhattan. T he plan, signed and phrase (placin g a peri od after the word Reservoir). Should the phrase be deleted? agreed upon on May 23 , 1895 , was praised as an

unprecedented exampl e of pri vate philanthropy for the A) Yes, because the library could no longer serve as a strolling pl ace. public good. 8 ) Yes , because it digresses from the passage's focus on the New York Public Library. C) No, becau se it prov ides inform ati on about the size and location of the new library. D) No, because it indicates the role of pri vate philanth ropy in the li brary's constructi on.

16 John Billings, one of the most renowned librarians of hi s day, was appointed director of the library, and he had a A) NOCHANGE B) to lofty vision for the new building. It called El on an C) for enormous reading room set on top of seven fl oors of stacks D) about as well as the country's most rapid book-deli very system. Billings' design, first IIJ sketched on a scrap of paper, eventually became the blueprint for the structure. Some of A) NO CHANGE B) sketched on a scrap of paper - the city's most prominent architectural firms competed to C) sketched , on a scrap of paper, build the library, and IDJ the winning design featured a D) sketched on a scrap of paper; pair of li ons flanking the mai n entryway. The result was the largest marble structure ever attempted in the United

States. Before construction on the library itself could Which choice most logically completes the sentence while reinforcing its main point? begin, however, IJI the books from the Lenox and Astor Libraries were consolidated into a sin gle collection. A) NO CHANGE B) it was funded with a mi x of private and Finally, the site was cleared, and the cornerstone for the public donations. library was lai d in May 1902. C) the library now consists of research and circulating collections. D) the renowned firm of Carrere & Hasti ngs was selected to design and construct it.

Which choice provides the most effective transition to the information that fo ll ows?

A) NOCHANGE B) workers had to spend two years dismantling the reservoir. C) famed author Washington Irving was chosen to serve as President of the library's Board of Trustees. D) the library hired nationally prominent experts to oversee its collections.

17 1,

Work progressed slowly but steadil y o n the m monume ntal structure. During the summer of 1905, huge A) NO CHANGE B) has begun . columns were put into pl ace, and work o n the roof started . C) had begun. By the end of 1906, work o n the interi or rooms ID begin s. D) will begin . Four years later, 75 miles of shelv es were in stalled to

house th e immense collections. More than one million

books were set in pl ace for the official dedi cati on on May A) NOCHANGE B) opened its doors. At preci sely 9:08 in the 23, 19 11. The next day, the library offi ciall y opened its Ill morning, doors at preci sely 9:08 in the morning, the first patron fil ed C) opened its doors, at precisely 9:08 in the morning, a slip to request a book, receiving it onl y six minutes later. D) o pened its doors at precisely 9:08 in the morning

18 Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. ID A) NOCHANGE Designing the Web B) In any case, web designers As we point and click o ur way through a website, C) Likewise, web designers D) Web designers most of us don't stop to think about how that site came to

xist. Websites don't just appear, though. They must be ID efully created and maintained by web designers, whose Which choice most effectively sets up the contrast jobs require a synthesis of technical and creative skills. in the sentence? o netheless, web designers must not only be familiar m A) NOCHANGE wi th the most common programming languages such as B) will have a more limiled budget. cm l and Javascript but they must also have a thorough C) will choose from existing templates. D) will want to project a more subdued image. knowledge of color and design principles.

Most new businesses will need to have a website

igned in order to market their services to potential A) NO CHANGE tamers. Some companies will want a bright, modern B) assure, that k with flashy graphics, whereas others Iii prefer to C) ensure that D) ensure, that - ~ rview a number of designers. Either way, a designer is e sary tomassure that the site looks professional and sy for users to navigate.

19 Business owners may locate a web designer by doi ng an Internet search or by asking friends and coll eagues for A) NO CHANGE B) designer, who understand s the company's needs recommendations. When a business owner finds a C) designer who understands the company's needs, prospecti ve web mdesigner , who understands the D) designer which understands the company's company's needs, the two will usuall y meet to discuss needs, what information the site should include and develop a

"site map" - a chart indicating how the site will be laid out. Which choice gives a second supporting example They will discuss the number of pages that are necessary as that is most similar to the example already in the well as IIiJ the colors, fonts. and graphics that will be sentence? used. Then, the web designer will work independentl y to A) NO CHANGE produce a sampl e site, and the business owner will provide B) the products and services that the business provides. feedback. Sometimes, a final product is achi eved quickly; C) the types of customers the business serves . IPJ therefore, many drafts are necessary before everyone is D) the programming language the designer will use. satisfied .

A) NO CHANGE B) ironically, C) in other instances, D) likewise,

20 Al though no particul ar degree or program of study is ID q uired to become a website designer, many designers A) NO CHANGE 8) hold El] holdin g undergraduate or graduate degrees in arti sti c C) held fi elds suc h as graphic design or in techni cal fi elds such as D) would hold mputer science. Some web designers, however, are self taught. mW eb design is a field in whi ch talent and ttention to detail m are usuall y considered more T he writer is considerin g adding the foll owing sentence. important than academic di plomas. W orkers in this category may ini tiall y pursue web design as a hobby , onl y later realizing that they can transform their ski ll s into a career.

Sho uld the writer make this addi tio n?

A) Yes, becaus e it supports the idea that web design is a creati ve fi eld. 8) Yes, because it provi des addi tional relevant about self-taught web designers. C) No, because it detracts from the paragraph's focus on the types of degrees web designers hold. D ) No, because it suggests that we b design does not require a specific set of skill s.

A) NO CH ANGE 8) is C) was D) bein g

21 Regardless of background , web designers must •._,, __ ,_ demonstrate fl exibility. Although some designers are A) NO CHANGE B) bas is. Each project taking employed by compani es, most work on a project-to-project C) basis; and each project takes l!J basis, each proj ect takes anywhere from several weeks D) basis, with each project taking to several months. Long hours may sometimes be necessary, me speci all y when a designer must ju ggle multiple pro jects and manage competing deadlines. On the The wri ter is considering deleting the underlined portion of the sentence (repl acin g the comma after other hand , web designers often have far more scheduling "necessary" with a peri od.) Should it be kept or fl exibility than employees in other fi eld s. And with the deleted?

Internet playin g an increasingly important role in most A) Kept, because it expl ai ns why web designers must sometimes work long hours. industri es, good web designers are always in hi gh demand . B) Kept, because it cl arifies the role that web designers pl ay within companies. C) Deleted, because the passage indicates that many web desi gners are self-employed. D) Deleted , because it detracts from the paragraph's focus on web designers' fl exibility .