Insights on Diasporas and Global Citizenship Réflexions Sur La

Vol. 2 No. 2, 2012 Insights on Diasporas and Global Citizenship Réﬂexions sur la citoyenneté mondiale et la diaspora Canadian Journal for Social Research Revue canadienne de recherche sociale Insights on Diasporas and Global Citizenship Editorial Committee / Comité de rédaction Réflexions sur la citoyenneté mondiale et la diaspora Michael Adams, Environics Research Group Vol. 2 No. 2, 2012 Donna Dasko, Environics Research Group Jean-Marc Leger, Leger Marketing Christian Bourque, Leger Marketing Stuart Soroka, McGill University Ariela Keysar, Trinity College Barry Kosmin, Trinity College 01 52 From the Atlantic to the Pacific: the Implications of “My Career Chose Me. I Didn’t Choose It”: John Biles, Citizenship and Immigration Canada Immigration and Multiculturalism for Canadian Factor Impacting Career Orientations of Lebanese Minelle Mahtani, University of Toronto Foreign Policy since 1945 Muslim Girls Rodrigue Landry, Institut canadien de recherche sur les minorités linguistiques Jon Pammett, Carleton University Hector Mackenzie Jihan Rabah & Vivek Venkatesh Jack Jedwab, Association for Canadian Studies Editor / Rédacteur en chef 18 70 Multi-stream Flows Reshape Chinese Communities Creating Caring and Critically Thinking Citizens: Jack Jedwab in Canada: A Human Capital Perspective Making a Case for an Education That Combines the Humanistic and the Critical Approaches to Diversity Managing Editor / Directrice à la rédaction Kenny Zhang Vilelmini Tsagkaraki Julie Perrone 35 Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora Politics in Canada: A Thirty-Year Retrospective Amarnath Amarasingam In January 1947, Louis St. Laurent, then Secretary external affairs minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, From the Atlantic to the Pacific: of State for External Affairs and within two years whose wary influence on foreign policy was still felt Canada’s Prime Minister, addressed an audience at from the office of prime minister. According to the Implications of Immigration and the University of Toronto about “The Foundations of St. Laurent, there were five “basic principles” which Canadian Foreign Policy.”3 When he spoke, recent governed “the conduct of our relations abroad.” experience in the Second World War and the evident These included the maintenance of Canadian unity, Multiculturalism for Canadian Foreign breakdown of the victorious wartime alliance – with support for political liberty, respect for the rule of law 1 indications already of the onset of the global ideological, in national and international affairs, the influence of Policy since 1945 diplomatic, strategic and economic confrontation “conceptions of good and evil which emerged from between “East” and “West” that would come to be Hebrew and Greek civilisation and which have been Hector Mackenzie is the Senior Departmental Historian of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International known as the Cold War – prompted a reflection about transformed and transmitted through the Christian Trade of Canada (a position he has held since 1991). Educated at the University of Toronto and Oxford University the assumptions upon which wartime policies and traditions of the Western world,” and the acceptance (from which he received his doctorate), he taught at the University of Toronto and the University of Western plans for the post-war world had been based. Fifty of international responsibility. The minister then went Ontario before joining the Department of External Affairs as a historian in 1989. He has edited two volumes in years later, one of his successors as foreign minister, on to depict the “practical application” of these tenets the series Documents on Canadian External Relations and he has published numerous articles and reviews on the Lloyd Axworthy, addressed similar themes after the in five areas: the Commonwealth, relations with the history of Canada’s international relations. Dr. Mackenzie is an Adjunct Research Professor in the Department of end of the Cold War – another period of transformation United States, relations with France, support for agencies History of Carleton University, where he has taught courses on the history of Canada and its international relations. of the context in which Canada determined its approach and activities associated with “constructive international • Hector Mackenzie est historien senior au ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Commerce international du to international relations.4 More recently still, the organisation,” and expansion of the foreign service. Canada (un poste qu’il occupe depuis 1991). Formé à l’Université de Toronto et à l’Université d’Oxford (d’où il a reçu Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper, and the son doctorat), il a enseigné à l’Université de Toronto et l’Université Western Ontario avant de se joindre au ministère Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, have affirmed In light of the theme of this paper, what is noteworthy des Affaires extérieures en tant qu’historien en 1989. Il a édité deux volumes de la série Documents on Canadian that the Canadian government pursues a “principled about St. Laurent’s discussion of Canada’s international External Relations et a publié de nombreux articles et commentaires sur l’histoire des relations internationales du foreign policy” with a keen commitment to upholding relations is the dearth of references to Asia in the text. Canada. Dr Mackenzie est professeur auxiliaire au Département d’Histoire de l’Université Carleton, où il a enseigné Canada’s values and interests in international affairs, Though Western Europe was frequently mentioned, des cours sur l’histoire du Canada et ses relations internationales. even as the world undergoes another major shift, with and Canada’s world-wide interests were stressed, “global re-balancing.”5 One theme that is interwoven China was identified only in the context of export with these geopolitical developments and with the credits for reconstruction and India featured simply as periodic reassessment of Canadian foreign policy over the destination for the most recent of Canada’s diplo- the years is the increasing attention to Asia and the matic appointments.7 That comparative inattention to ABSTRACT With the recent geopolitical developments and with the periodic reassessment of Canadian Pacific in Canada’s outlook since the end of the Second Asia would not last, but it would neither have sur- / RÉSUMÉ foreign policy over the years is the increasing attention to Asia and the Pacific in Canada’s World War. In order to trace that aspect of Canada’s outlook since the end of the Second World War. In order to trace that aspect of Canada’s prised nor disappointed those who heard or read the global policies and actions, this overview will view global policies and actions, this paper will view developments through the imperfect lens of speech. On the contrary, that aspect was consistent developments through the imperfect lens of major major speeches and formal reviews of Canada’s international relations.2 Other factors undoubtedly with how Canadians perceived their relationship to the speeches and formal reviews of Canada’s international influenced the greater awareness of Asia and the Pacific in Canadian reckoning, but this brief rest of the world in early 1947. Not without reason did relations.6 Other factors undoubtedly influenced the account will pay particular heed to the implications for Canada’s foreign policy of the patterns policy-makers and the public regard economic assis- greater awareness of Asia and the Pacific in Canadian of immigration since the Second World War and the emphasis in the past half-century on the tance from North America to Western Europe and the reckoning, but this brief account will pay particular projection abroad of Canada as a bilingual and multicultural country. conclusion of the North Atlantic Treaty as the principal heed to the implications for Canada’s foreign policy of assurances of Canada’s vital interests in international • Aux côtés des récents développements géopolitiques et de la réévaluation périodique de la the patterns of immigration since the Second World affairs.8 During the Second World War, with the politique étrangère canadienne au fil des ans, on trouve, dans les perspectives du Canada, une War and the emphasis in the past half-century on the conspicuous exception of the controversial and ill- attention croissante pour l’Asie et le Pacifique depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Afin projection abroad of Canada as a bilingual and multi- fated reinforcement of the Hong Kong garrison, the de cerner cet aspect des politiques et des actions globales du Canada, le présent texte exam- cultural country. Canadian government had focussed its contribution to ine ces développements à travers la lentille imparfaite des grands discours et des revues officielles the allied war effort almost exclusively on the conflict 2 des relations internationales du Canada. D’autres facteurs ont sans aucun doute influencé une plus St. Laurent’s speech was noteworthy not only for its in Europe and on the North Atlantic. Canadians were grande prise de conscience de l’Asie et du Pacifique dans le contexte canadien, mais ce bref compte content but also as a departure from the more cau- obviously aware of the defeat and occupation of Japan, rendu sera particulièrement attentif aux conséquences, pour la politique étrangère du Canada, des tious and usually silent approach of his predecessor as but there was considerably greater interest in the tendances de l’immigration depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de l’accent mis dans le dernier demi-siècle sur la projection à l’étranger du Canada en tant que pays bilingue et multiculturel. 1 2 European settlement. That attitude was not funda- reasons, largely symbolic quotas were granted in 1951 perspective of the Cold War and he was keen to avoid subsequent expenditures. Canadian efforts to negotiate mentally altered with the onset of the Cold War.9 to immigrants originating from India (150), Pakistan an entanglement which could be a flashpoint for war an armistice were arguably intended more to limit the (100), and Ceylon (50), but these concessions to fellow between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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