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RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers: an Updated Review

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RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers: an Updated Review biology Review RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers: An Updated Review Elsi Ferro 1,2, Carla Bosia 1,2 and Carlo C. Campa 1,2,* 1 Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Turin, Italy; [email protected] (E.F.); [email protected] (C.B.) 2 Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The small GTPase RAB11 is a master regulator of both vesicular trafficking and membrane dynamic defining the surface proteome of cellular membranes. As a consequence, the alteration of RAB11 activity induces changes in both the sensory and the transduction apparatuses of cancer cells leading to tumor progression and invasion. Here, we show that this strictly depends on RAB110s ability to control the sorting of signaling receptors from endosomes. Therefore, RAB11 is a potential therapeutic target over which to develop future therapies aimed at dampening the acquisition of aggressive traits by cancer cells. Abstract: Many disorders block and subvert basic cellular processes in order to boost their pro- gression. One protein family that is prone to be altered in human cancers is the small GTPase RAB11 family, the master regulator of vesicular trafficking. RAB11 isoforms function as membrane organizers connecting the transport of cargoes towards the plasma membrane with the assembly of autophagic precursors and the generation of cellular protrusions. These processes dramatically impact normal cell physiology and their alteration significantly affects the survival, progression and metastatization as well as the accumulation of toxic materials of cancer cells. In this review, we dis- cuss biological mechanisms ensuring cargo recognition and sorting through a RAB11-dependent pathway, a prerequisite to understand the effect of RAB11 alterations in human cancers. Citation: Ferro, E.; Bosia, C.; Campa, Keywords: RAB11; RAB25; endosome; sorting; cancer C.C. RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers: An Updated Review. Biology 2021, 10, 26. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/biology10010026 1. Introduction Received: 15 November 2020 To manage pathogenic alterations induced by genetic/epigenetic/transcriptomic Accepted: 30 December 2020 changes, cells evolved various strategies to exploit cellular machinery and guarantee their Published: 4 January 2021 own survival. Specific genetic alterations modify key elements controlling the molecular composition of the cell surface, the assembly of internal organelles and the efficacy of Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- intracellular and extracellular transmission. RAB GTPases are key players in membrane tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- transport events and are fundamental to ensure the efficacy of intracellular logistics [1–3]. ms in published maps and institutio- RAB GTPases are members of the Ras superfamily of monomeric G proteins, a large nal affiliations. protein family which includes among its members RAS, RHO–RAC, ARF and RAN as well as the more recently characterized RHEB, RAD and RIT subfamilies [4]. Similarly to other small GTPases, Rab proteins are molecular switches that cycle between an active and an inactive state through the association and the subsequent hydrolysis of guanosine-50- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. triphosphate (GTP). In particular, association with GTP is stimulated by Guanine nucleotide This article is an open access article exchange factors (GEFs), whereas hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is promoted by GTPase- distributed under the terms and con- activating proteins (GAPs) [5]. This activation cycle is pivotal for the binding of multiple ditions of the Creative Commons At- effector proteins which mediate the delivery of cellular material to various intracellular tribution (CC BY) license (https:// compartments such as—the plasma membrane, endosomes, autophagosomes, leading creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ edge of migrating cells, midbodies, primary cilium and centrioles [6]. As a matter of fact, 4.0/). alterations of RAB-mediated trafficking are pivotal in various aspects of both progression Biology 2021, 10, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10010026 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biology Biology 2021, 10, 26 2 of 15 Biology 2021, 10, x 2 of 15 and tumorgenicity of cancer cells including the sustainment of proliferative signaling, the evasion of growth suppression, the induction of receptor recycling, the activation of receptor invasion recycling, and metastasis the activation as well of as invasi the reprogrammingon and metastasis of as tumor well as metabolism the reprogramming and the ofevasion tumor ofmetabolism immune destruction and the evasio [7,8n]. of immune destruction [7,8]. 2. Different Different RAB11 RAB11 Isoforms Isoforms fo forr Distinct Distinct Cellular Cellular Functions Functions OneOne prominent prominent Rab-mediated Rab-mediated transport transport pathway pathway that that cancer cancer cells cells exploit exploit to adapt to adapt their internaltheir internal states statesto fluctuations to fluctuations of both of their both gene their expression gene expression and microenvironmental and microenvironmental status is thestatus RAB11-mediated is the RAB11-mediated trafficking trafficking pathway. pathway. This transport This transport route relies route on relies members on members of the RAB11of the RAB11 protein protein family familywhich control which controlthe delivery the delivery of both ofproteins both proteins and lipids and toward lipids towardseveral organellesseveral organelles and therefore and therefore are involved are involvedin many cellular in many processes cellular (Figure processes 1A,B). (Figure 1A,B). Figure 1. Overview of the main cellular processes and traffickingtrafficking pathways regulated by RAB11 isoforms. (A) Schematic representation of of cellular cellular processes processes controlled controlled by by RAB11. RAB11. Blac Blackk lines lines represent represent cells’ cells’ contour, contour, green green arrows arrows represent represent di- rections of RAB11-mediated trafficking pathways. (B) Schematic representation of RAB11 isoform localization in both directions of RAB11-mediated trafficking pathways. (B) Schematic representation of RAB11 isoform localization in both endocytic (left panel) and exocytic pathways (right panel). Green circles represent RAB11-positive compartments, yellow, endocytic (left panel) and exocytic pathways (right panel). Green circles represent RAB11-positive compartments, yellow, blue, red lines represent RAB11A, RAB11B and RAB25, respectively. blue, red lines represent RAB11A, RAB11B and RAB25, respectively. The RAB11 protein family includes three different isoforms named RAB11A, RAB11B The RAB11 protein family includes three different isoforms named RAB11A, RAB11B and and RAB25, each one encoded by a different gene located in a distinct chromosome (Table RAB25, each one encoded by a different gene located in a distinct chromosome 1). All RAB11 isoforms are widely distributed in human tissues. In particular, while (Table1). All RAB11 isoforms are widely distributed in human tissues. In particular, RAB11A is ubiquitously expressed, both RAB11B and RAB25 are enriched in specific or- while RAB11A is ubiquitously expressed, both RAB11B and RAB25 are enriched in specific gansorgans (Table (Table 1)1 [9].)[ 9 Notably,]. Notably, RAB11 RAB11 proteins proteins di differffer in in their their percentage percentage of of sequence sequence identity. identity. While RAB11ARAB11A andand RAB11B RAB11B share share 89% 89% of sequenceof sequence similarity, similarity, the identity the identity between between RAB25 RAB25with either with RAB11A either RAB11A or RAB11B or RAB11B is lower is than lower 70% than (Table 70%1 )[(Table10]. 1) [10]. Although minimal, such differences in protein sequence identity significantly impact Table 1. Structure of RAB11 gene isoforms. both protein structure and specificity of effector binding, providing an explanation for the different roles ofChromosome RAB11 isoforms Number in cells of [11 ,12Number]. All RAB11 of proteinsPercentage present of severalTissue post- Gene Name translational modifications,Position includingCoding Exon prenylation, Amino phosphorylationAcids Identity and ubiquitination.Expression In particular, while prenylation at RAB11 C-termini allows Rab100% membrane association, RAB11A 15q22.31 5 216 Ubiquitous both phosphorylation and ubiquitination modulate either activity(with orRAB11A) degradation of RAB11 isoforms, respectively [9]. Wide, RAB11A is the first discovered and best characterized member89% of the RAB11enriched subfamily. in RAB11B 19p13.2 5 218 Homozygous depletion of Rab11a in mice is embryo lethal;(with whereas RAB11A) the loss brain of RAB11A testis, protein in neurons does not significantly impact both brain development and functionality.heart In contrast, depletion of Rab11a in mice intestine increases intracellular accumulationWide, of 61% and 66% enriched in lung apicalRAB25 proteins and it1q22 induces shortening5 of microvilli213 [13,14].(with RAB11A kidney, gastric and RAB11B) tract Biology 2021, 10, 26 3 of 15 Table 1. Structure of RAB11 gene isoforms. Number of Chromosome Number of Percentage Tissue Gene Name Amino Position Coding Exon of Identity Expression Acids 100% RAB11A 15q22.31 5 216 (with Ubiquitous RAB11A) Wide, 89% enriched in RAB11B 19p13.2 5 218 (with brain testis, RAB11A) heart 61% and 66% Wide, (with enriched in RAB25
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