DOCSLIB.ORG

Striped Poison Frog, Dendrobates Truncatus Cope, 1861 (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with Description of the Aggressive Call

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Striped Poison Frog, Dendrobates Truncatus Cope, 1861 (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with Description of the Aggressive Call Herpetology Notes, volume 13: 925-929 (2020) (published online on 16 November 2020) First record of male-male aggressive behaviour in the yellow- striped poison frog, Dendrobates truncatus Cope, 1861 (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with description of the aggressive call Yeison Tolosa1,* Territoriality has been observed in many animal Urabá, Caribbean region, and lowlands of the piedmont species and implies the defence of a relatively fixed site of central and western cordilleras (Frost, 2020; Páez et (Kaufmann, 1983). The defence of a territory enables al., 2002), between 10 and 1800 m a.s.l. Currently, there access to potential mates, reproduction areas, calling is few information about the aggressive behaviour and sites, hiding places, food, water, among others. Although vocalisation in this species. Although there are some obtaining these resources is energetically costly, they descriptive approximations of the advertisement call, might be necessary for the survival and reproductive this is an onomatopoetic presumption (like a “buzz success of individuals (Howard, 1978; Dhondt and call”), and the authors argue that advertisement call Schillermans, 1983; Whitham, 1986). One way of is infrequent because this is not easy to detect (Myers defending territories is through social interactions, and Daly, 1976). However, vocally active males were such as advertisement behaviour and contests, widely observed in a population of Tolima in the Mariquita humid observed in animals (Wells, 1977; Kluge, 1981; Dhondt forest (B. Rojas, pers. comm.). Gualdrón-Duarte et al. and Schillermans, 1983; Whitham, 1986). (2016) provides a short description of the advertisement In Dendrobatidae frogs, aggressive interactions are call, composed of a dominant frequency between 1.8- common and consist of visual displays, chases, calls 2.5 kHz and note rate of 59 notes/ second. Erdtmann and wrestling (Crump, 1972; Bunnell, 1973; McVey et and Amézquita (2009) described its advertisement call al., 1981; Sullivan et al., 1995; Pröhl, 2005; Méndez- with a duration of 2.35 s, a dominant frequency of 3.1 Narváez and Amézquita, 2014). Indeed, aggressive kHz and a note rate of 57.9 notes/s. Herein I describe interactions have been reported in males of the genus for the first time aggressive behaviours in D. truncatus, Oophaga (Galeano and Harms, 2015; Yang et al., 2018), involving two communication channels, the acoustic Colostethus (Duellman, 1966), Dendrobates (Summers, and the visual. 1992; Rojas and Pašukonis, 2019), Silverstoneia On 16 November 2016, I registered one aggressive (Summers, 2000), and Phyllobates (Summers, 2000; encounter between two males of Dendrobates truncatus Zimmerman and Zimmerman, 1985). in the locality “Reserva Natural El Neme”, municipality The yellow-striped poison frog, Dendrobates truncatus of Coello, Department of Tolima, Colombia (4.2868° N; (Cope, 1861), is a diurnal species, endemic of Colombia 74.9225° W, 379 m a.s.l.), between 16:00h and 17:00h. and presumably aposematic. It is found in the lowest The full record of the aggressive encounter was filmed stratum of humid and dry forests (Castro and Lynch, with a Canon PowerShot SX60HS digital camera and 2004), along the Magdalena Valley, western Gulf of housed in YouTube (https://youtu.be/y0XIhXrTx28). The aggressive behaviours were categorised, with modifications, according to Baugh and Foster (1994) (Table 1). Spectral and temporal parameters of the aggressive call of D. truncatus were described following Köhler et al. (2017). I considered the aggressive call of D. truncatus 1 La Cumbre, Proyecto de divulgación en Biología & Astronomía, Vereda Asociadas Km 20, Santa Isabel, Tolima, as a distinctive sound produced in an exhalation of air, 730560, Colombia. during an encounter between at least two males (Toledo * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] et al., 2014). A call is separated from other calls by a 926 Yeison Tolosa Table 1. Description of the aggressive behaviours in Dendrobates truncatus in the municipality of Coello, Tolima, Colombia, Table 1. Description of the aggressive behaviours in Dendrobates truncatus in the municipality of Coello, according to Baugh and Foster (1994). Tolima, Colombia, according to Baugh and Foster (1994). Behaviour Description Calling Vocalisation is a common outcome of male-male encounters. The calling male orients toward his opponent, inflates his vocal sac and emits an aggressive call. Locomotion Spontaneous displacement from one place to another without any aggressive stimulus. Tracking It can be either static, when a frog orients its body towards other frog without locomotion, or with an advance, when the male orients towards its conspecific while moving forward. Chase One male retreats following an encounter (visual, acoustic or both), and the other one pursues him. Escape In response to aggressive behaviour, one frog attempts to hide beneath the substrate or escape. Statue behaviour In response to aggressive behaviour, the submissive frog freezes in one position. Wrestling Physical contact that results from the chase. This behaviour can be divided into snout blows (Fig. 1F and 1I), and crush behaviour (Fig. 1G, 1H and 1J), in which one frog presses the other to the ground by sitting on him (see Baugh and Foster, 1994). period of silence, typically much larger than the call of fast strokes with forehead movements, here called (Köhler et al., 2017). For the analysis of the calls, I “snout blows” (Table 1; Fig. 1F and 1I). At times, a extracted the audio file from the video in WAV format, contestant stood on top of the other with movements which was visualised in Raven Pro 1.3 (Cornell Lab pushing him toward the ground, which lasted almost of Ornithology) using the Blackman Algorithm with a 120 seconds. This behaviour, denominated “crush window size of 256, and in R Studio using the seewave behaviour”, may prevent movement from the opponent and tuneR packages (Sueur and Simonis, 2008; R Studio and was reported in Oophaga pumilio (Table 1; Fig. 1G, Team, 2015; Uwe et al., 2018). 1H, 1J; Baugh and Foster, 1994). The contestant that Prior to the initiation of the agonistic encounter, the was underneath continued to jump until it was released, males were far away from each other (roughly 5 m), after which the chases and escapes continued and ended calling from their locations with no apparent visual in wrestling. Finally, the contestants decreased both the contact. The aggressive encounter began with the arrival escapes and chases, and the aggressive encounters. Once of an intruder male within the calling site of a resident males stopped wrestling, each one vocalised from their male, accompanied by a series of aggressive calls, and new locations (ca. five meters distant from each other), lasted ca. 712 seconds. The interaction took place close indicating the end of the agonistic interactions. to a brook, on trunks, branches and leaf litter. When I quantified the budget time as the percentage of the the intruder emitted an aggressive call, the resident behaviours exhibited between the two males during displayed a behaviour called “tracking-static” (Baugh the whole aggressive encounter, based on the video and Foster, 1994), in which one male orients his body in recording. The most prominent was wrestling (30.25% the direction of the other male without locomotion (Table of the total duration) followed by chases (21.07%), 1; Fig. 1C), probably tuning and locating the origin of showing that the aggressive behaviour between them the signal. After this behaviour, the resident male usually involved mostly physical contact. Also, statue behaviour emitted an aggressive call, as an antagonistic response was observed 19.88% of the time, and is considered a to the call of the intruder. The vocal dispute among passive behaviour resulting from a chase or escape (Fig. contestants generated a behaviour of approaching 1A). Escapes (12.40%) were displayed after wrestling towards the opponent, called “advance tracking” (Table or calling. Likewise, males performed calling (11.44%) 1). This proximity caused a series of chases and escapes as an antagonistic response to an acoustic or visual (Table 1; Fig. 1D and 1E), followed by a vocal dispute behaviour. The advance tracking behaviour occurred less with some tracking-static behaviours, in which acoustic frequently (3.05%), because this behaviour is displayed and visual contact remained despite not moving towards before the chases. When males moved towards or to each other. In general, the chases and escapes ended in avoid the opponent, I considered this as chase or escape, physical contact or wrestling. Wrestling is composed respectively. Finally, locomotion (Table 1) was the less First record of male-male aggressive behaviour in the yellow-striped poison frog 927 Figure 1. Aggressive behaviours observed between two males of Dendrobates truncatus (Coello, Tolima, Colombia). (A) Statue behaviour; (B) Vocalisation, (C) Tracking-static; (D) Chase; (E) A male performs a chase while the other escapes; (F, I) Snout blows; (G, H, J) Crush behaviour. Photographs and illustrations by the author. represented behaviour (1.86%), since it was considered was 3.78 ± 0.17 kHz (3.45-4.06 kHz, N = 19 calls from spontaneous without any relation with acoustic, visual two males). or aggressive behaviour. Locomotion occurred in the The aggressive encounter of D. truncatus included first seconds of the aggressive encounter and in some mostly a combination of wrestling and chases final moments when the intensity decreased. (approximately half of the time). Chases, escapes, The aggressive call of D. truncatus was a pulsed call acoustic and visual exhibitions can be considered as composed of several notes distributed in pulse groups behaviours that increase the probability of physical (Buzz call) (Fig. 2). The following results are shown contact between intruder and resident. These intrasexual as average ± standard deviation (range; number of physical aggressions are arguably costly in terms of observations). Aggressive call duration was 1.60 ± 0.56 energy, and can increase the risks of both contestants to s (0.81 - 2.81 s, N = 19 calls from two males).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Article Look but Don't Lick! Find out How These Brightly Colored Frogs
    The Power of Poison Look But Don’t Lick! GRADES K-2 NOTES FOR EDUCATORS Common Core State Standards: W.K-2.2, W.K-2.8 Have students read the article “Look but Don’t Lick!” Have them write notes RI.K-2.1, RI.K-2.2, RI.K-2.4, RI.K-2.7, RI.K-2.10 in the large right-hand margin. For example, they could underline key passages, paraphrase important information, or write down questions that New York State Science Core Curriculum: they have. LE 3.1a Next Generation Science Standards: If it is not possible to create color handouts, use a computer projector to PE 1-LS1-2 display the reading so that students can see the colorful frog photos. You DCI LS1.A: Structure and Function may also have them color their black and white copies to match the actual All organisms have external parts. Different colors. animals use their body parts in different ways to see, hear, grasp objects, protect Ask: themselves, move from place to place, and • What does it mean for an animal to be poisonous? (A: An animal is seek, find, and take in food, water and air. poisonous if its body contains a substance that is harmful or fatal to other Plants also have different parts (roots, animals.) stems, leaves, flowers, fruits) that help • How does being poisonous help the frogs in this article survive? (A: them survive and grow. Predators will not eat an animal that is poisonous to them. The frogs signal that they are poisonous by their bright colors, which warn predators not to eat them.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Emerging Infectious Diseases on Amphibians: a Review of Experimental Studies
    diversity Review Effects of Emerging Infectious Diseases on Amphibians: A Review of Experimental Studies Andrew R. Blaustein 1,*, Jenny Urbina 2 ID , Paul W. Snyder 1, Emily Reynolds 2 ID , Trang Dang 1 ID , Jason T. Hoverman 3 ID , Barbara Han 4 ID , Deanna H. Olson 5 ID , Catherine Searle 6 ID and Natalie M. Hambalek 1 1 Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] (P.W.S.); [email protected] (T.D.); [email protected] (N.M.H.) 2 Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] (J.U.); [email protected] (E.R.) 3 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; [email protected] 4 Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, NY 12545, USA; [email protected] 5 US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence [email protected]; Tel.: +1-541-737-5356 Received: 25 May 2018; Accepted: 27 July 2018; Published: 4 August 2018 Abstract: Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. These losses are especially illustrated by amphibians, whose populations are declining worldwide. The causes of amphibian population declines are multifaceted and context-dependent. One major factor affecting amphibian populations is emerging infectious disease. Several pathogens and their associated diseases are especially significant contributors to amphibian population declines.
    [Show full text]
  • Pumiliotoxin Metabolism and Molecular Physiology in a Poison Frog
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.367524; this version posted November 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Pumiliotoxin metabolism and molecular physiology in a poison frog 2 3 Aurora Alvarez-Buylla1, Cheyenne Y. Payne1, Charles Vidoudez2, Sunia A. Trauger2 and Lauren 4 A. O’Connell*1 5 6 1 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 7 2 Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 8 9 Running title: Physiology of pumiliotoxin uptake 10 Word count (including methods): 2470 11 Word count (Abstract): 180 12 Key words: alkaloid, cytochrome P450, allopumiliotoxin, RNA sequencing, Dendrobatidae, 13 decahydroquinoline 14 15 * To whom correspondence should be addressed: 16 Lauren A. O’Connell 17 Department of Biology 18 Stanford University 19 371 Jane Stanford Way 20 Stanford, CA 94305 21 [email protected] 22 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.367524; this version posted November 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 23 ABSTRACT 24 Poison frogs bioaccumulate alkaloids for chemical defense from their arthropod diet. These 25 small molecules are sequestered from their gastrointestinal tract and transported to the skin for 26 storage.
    [Show full text]
  • National Resource Material Green and Black Poison Frog (Dendrobates Auratus)
    Indicative 10 Project National Resource Material Green and Black Poison frog (Dendrobates auratus) Michelle T. Christy and Win Kirkpatrick 2017 Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 An Invasive Animals CRC Project Contents Summary ............................................................................. 2 Key Messages ................................................................... 2 Classification ................................................................... 2 Common names ................................................................ 3 Biology and Ecology ................................................................ 3 Identification ................................................................... 3 Behaviours and Traits ......................................................... 4 Food and Foraging ............................................................. 4 Reproduction and Lifecycle ................................................. 5 Habitat ......................................................................... 5 Global Range ........................................................................ 5 Potential for Introduction ........................................................ 6 Potential for Eradication.......................................................... 7 Impacts ............................................................................... 7 Economic ........................................................................ 7 Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • A Common Pumiliotoxin from Poison Frogs Exhibits Enantioselective Toxicity Against Mosquitoes
    A common pumiliotoxin from poison frogs exhibits enantioselective toxicity against mosquitoes Paul J. Weldon*†, Matthew Kramer‡, Scott Gordon§¶, Thomas F. Spandeʈ, and John W. Daly†ʈ *Conservation and Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630; ‡U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Biometrical Consulting Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705; §Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307; and ʈLaboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Building 8, Bethesda, MD 20892 Contributed by John W. Daly, September 29, 2006 (sent for review August 22, 2006) Neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) contain a variety of lipophilic alkaloids in their diffusely distributed cutaneous glands, including a major class of compounds known as pumiliotoxins. Pumiliotoxins are highly toxic and are believed to protect frogs against predators. Their potential activity against ectoparasites, however, has not been investigated. We tested female yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) for responses to 8-hydroxy-8- -methyl-6-(2؅-methylhexylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, desig nated pumiliotoxin 251D [PTX (؉)-251D], a skin alkaloid present in all genera of dendrobatids and in other anurans, and to its unnatural enantiomer, PTX (؊)-251D. Both enantiomers of PTX 251D presented on silicone feeding membranes reduced landing Scheme 1. PTX (ϩ)-251D. and feeding by A. aegypti, but PTX (؉)-251D did so at lower concentrations. PTX (؉)-251D also induced toxicosis, shown when mosquitoes failed to fly off membranes. Similarly, mosquitoes and Minyobates, and in trace amounts in Phyllobates aurotaenia confined with copper wires coated with PTX (؉)-251D exhibited (12, 13) (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Advertisement Call of Pratt's Rocket Frog, Colostethus Pratti, from The
    SALAMANDRA 56(4): 395–400 SALAMANDRA 30 October 2020 ISSN 0036–3375 Correspondence German Journal of Herpetology Correspondence Advertisement call of Pratt’s rocket frog, Colostethus pratti, from the western Andes of Colombia (Anura: Dendrobatidae) Juan David Jiménez-Bolaño1, Andrés Camilo Montes-Correa1, Franziska Leonhardt2 & Juan Manuel Renjifo1 1) Grupo de Investigación en Manejo & Conservación de Fauna, Flora & Ecosistemas Estratégicos Neotropicales (MIKU), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia 2) Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, A. B. Meyer Building, 01109 Dresden, Germany Corresponding author: Andrés Camilo Montes-Correa, e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 22 July 2019 Accepted: 14 April 2020 by Stefan Lötters Northwestern South America is one of the biologically most phibian checklists (Cochran & Goin 1970, Ruiz-Car- diverse yet least known regions of the world. The Tropi- ranza et al. 1994, Acosta-Galvis 2000, Lynch & Suá- cal Andes and Chocó-Tumbes-Magdalena ecoregions, two rez-Mayorga 2004, Ballesteros-Correa et al. 2019). hotspots with high degrees of endemism and conservation The most recent information onC. pratti in Colombia con- priority (Myers et al. 2000, Rodríguez-Mahecha et al. cerns its altitudinal distribution, relative abundance, and 2004), are part of this region. Especially the Chocoan low- natural history in the northernmost part of the western lands and the western Andes of Colombia are areas with Andes, at the Serranía de San Jerónimo, Departamento de exceptional high amphibian diversity and many endemic Córdoba (Romero-Martínez et al. 2008, Ballesteros- taxa (e.g., Lynch et al. 1997, Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga Correa et al. 2019). To the best of our knowledge, there is 2004, Armesto & Señaris 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • About the Book the Format Acknowledgments
    About the Book For more than ten years I have been working on a book on bryophyte ecology and was joined by Heinjo During, who has been very helpful in critiquing multiple versions of the chapters. But as the book progressed, the field of bryophyte ecology progressed faster. No chapter ever seemed to stay finished, hence the decision to publish online. Furthermore, rather than being a textbook, it is evolving into an encyclopedia that would be at least three volumes. Having reached the age when I could retire whenever I wanted to, I no longer needed be so concerned with the publish or perish paradigm. In keeping with the sharing nature of bryologists, and the need to educate the non-bryologists about the nature and role of bryophytes in the ecosystem, it seemed my personal goals could best be accomplished by publishing online. This has several advantages for me. I can choose the format I want, I can include lots of color images, and I can post chapters or parts of chapters as I complete them and update later if I find it important. Throughout the book I have posed questions. I have even attempt to offer hypotheses for many of these. It is my hope that these questions and hypotheses will inspire students of all ages to attempt to answer these. Some are simple and could even be done by elementary school children. Others are suitable for undergraduate projects. And some will take lifelong work or a large team of researchers around the world. Have fun with them! The Format The decision to publish Bryophyte Ecology as an ebook occurred after I had a publisher, and I am sure I have not thought of all the complexities of publishing as I complete things, rather than in the order of the planned organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Analysis of Five Brazilian
    c Indian Academy of Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Chromosome analysis of five Brazilian species of poison frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae) PAULA CAMARGO RODRIGUES1, ODAIR AGUIAR2, FLÁVIA SERPIERI1, ALBERTINA PIMENTEL LIMA3, MASAO UETANEBARO4 and SHIRLEI MARIA RECCO-PIMENTEL1∗ 1Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular e Fisiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 2Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, 11060-001 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil 3Coordenadoria de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas do Amazonas, 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 4Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 70070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Abstract Dendrobatid frogs have undergone an extensive systematic reorganization based on recent molecular findings. The present work describes karyotypes of the Brazilian species Adelphobates castaneoticus, A. quinquevittatus, Ameerega picta, A. galactonotus and Dendrobates tinctorius which were compared to each other and with previously described related species. All karyotypes consisted of 2n = 18 chromosomes, except for A. picta which had 2n = 24. The karyotypes of the Adelphobates and D. tinctorius species were highly similar to each other and to the other 2n = 18 previously studied species, revealing conserved karyotypic characteristics in both genera. In recent phylogenetic studies, all Adelphobates species were grouped in a clade separated from the Dendrobates species. Thus, we hypothesized that their common karyotypic traits may have a distinct origin by chromosome rearrangements and mutations. In A. picta, with 2n = 24, chromosome features of pairs from 1 to 8 are shared with other previously karyotyped species within this genus. Hence, the A.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Incursion Plan PIP003 Toads and Frogs
    Pre-incursion Plan PIP003 Toads and Frogs Scope This plan is in place to guide prevention and eradication activities and the management of non-indigenous populations of Toads and Frogs (Order Anura) in the wild in Victoria. Version Document Status Date Author Reviewed By Approved for Release 1.0 First Draft 26/07/11 Dana Price M. Corry, S. Wisniewski and A. Woolnough 1.1 Second Draft 21/10/11 Dana Price S. Wisniewski 2.0 Final Draft 11/01/12 Dana Price S.Wisniewski 2.1 Final 27/06/12 Dana Price M.Corry Visual Standard approved by ADP 3.0 New Final 6/10/15 Dana Price A.Kay New DEDJTR template and document revision Acknowledgement and special thanks to Peter Courtenay, Senior Curator, Zoos Victoria, for reviewing this document and providing comments. Published by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Victoria, May 2016 © The State of Victoria 2016. This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000. Front cover: Cane Toad (Rhinella marinus) Photo: Image courtesy of Ryan Melville, HRIA Team, DEDJTR For more information about Agriculture Victoria go to www.agriculture.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186. ISBN 978-1-925532-37-1 (pdf/online) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Anura: Dendrobatidae: Anomaloglossus) from the Orinoquian Rainforest, Southern Venezuela
    TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 2413: 37–50 (2010) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new dendrobatid frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Anomaloglossus) from the Orinoquian rainforest, southern Venezuela CÉSAR L. BARRIO-AMORÓS1,4, JUAN CARLOS SANTOS2 & OLGA JOVANOVIC3 1,4 Fundación AndígenA, Apartado postal 210, 5101-A Mérida, Venezuela 2University of Texas at Austin, Integrative Biology, 1 University Station C0930 Austin TX 78705, USA 3Division of Evolutionary Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr 8, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract A new species of Anomaloglossus is described from the Venezuelan Guayana; it is the 21st described species of Anomaloglossus from the Guiana Shield, and the 15th from Venezuela. This species inhabits rainforest on granitic substrate on the northwestern edge of the Guiana Shield (Estado Amazonas, Venezuela). The new species is distinguished from congeners by sexual dimorphism, its unique male color pattern (including two bright orange parotoid marks and two orange paracloacal spots on dark brown background), call characteristics and other morphological features. Though to the new species is known only from the northwestern edge of the Guiana Shield, its distribution may be more extensive, as there are no significant biogeographic barriers isolating the type locality from the granitic lowlands of Venezuela. Key words: Amphibia, Dendrobatidae, Anomaloglossus, Venezuela, Guiana Shield Resumen Se describe una nueva especie de Anomaloglossus de la Guayana venezolana, que es la vigesimoprimera descrita del Escudo Guayanés, y la decimoquinta para Venezuela.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance
    Chapter 21 A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance Juan C. Santos , Rebecca D. Tarvin , and Lauren A. O’Connell 21.1 Introduction Chemical defense has evolved multiple times in nearly every major group of life, from snakes and insects to bacteria and plants (Mebs 2002 ). However, among land vertebrates, chemical defenses are restricted to a few monophyletic groups (i.e., clades). Most of these are amphibians and snakes, but a few rare origins (e.g., Pitohui birds) have stimulated research on acquired chemical defenses (Dumbacher et al. 1992 ). Selective pressures that lead to defense are usually associated with an organ- ism’s limited ability to escape predation or conspicuous behaviors and phenotypes that increase detectability by predators (e.g., diurnality or mating calls) (Speed and Ruxton 2005 ). Defended organisms frequently evolve warning signals to advertise their defense, a phenomenon known as aposematism (Mappes et al. 2005 ). Warning signals such as conspicuous coloration unambiguously inform predators that there will be a substantial cost if they proceed with attack or consumption of the defended prey (Mappes et al. 2005 ). However, aposematism is likely more complex than the simple pairing of signal and defense, encompassing a series of traits (i.e., the apose- matic syndrome) that alter morphology, physiology, and behavior (Mappes and J. C. Santos (*) Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre , University of British Columbia , #4200-6270 University Blvd , Vancouver , BC , Canada , V6T 1Z4 e-mail: [email protected] R. D. Tarvin University of Texas at Austin , 2415 Speedway Stop C0990 , Austin , TX 78712 , USA e-mail: [email protected] L.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology of Ameerega Trivittata(Anura: Dendrobatidae)
    ACTA AMAZONICA http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201305384 Reproductive biology of Ameerega trivittata (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in an area of terra firme forest in eastern Amazonia Ellen Cristina Serrão ACIOLI1 * , Selvino NECKEL-OLIVEIRA2 ¹ Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Av. Perimetral 1901/1907, Terra Firme, 66017-970, Belém, Pará, Brasil. ² Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, 88040-970, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The reproductive success of tropical amphibians is influenced by factors such as body size and the characteristics of breeding sites. Data on reproductive biology are important for the understanding of population dynamics and the maintenance of species. The objectives of the present study were to examine the abundance ofAmeerega trivittata, analyze the use of microhabitats by calling males and the snout-vent length (SVL) of breeding males and females, the number of tadpoles carried by the males and mature oocytes in the females, as well as the relationship between the SVL of the female and both the number and mean size of the mature oocytes found in the ovaries. Three field trips were conducted between January and September, 2009. A total of 31 plots, with a mean area of 2.3 ha, were surveyed, resulting in records of 235 individuals, with a mean density of 3.26 individuals per hectare. Overall, 66.1% of the individuals sighted were located in the leaf litter, while 17.4% were perched on decaying tree trunks on the forest floor, 15.7% on the aerial roots ofCecropia trees, and 0.8% on lianas.
    [Show full text]