Acknowledgments
Research into the systematics of Melaleuca in Canberra, Australia, was initiated by Bryan Barlow to whom credit is given for leading the early studies and demonstrating what a rewarding genus it is for scientific investigations. In the early 1980s, one of us (LAC) began working on the taxonomy of a group of species then considered to belong in Melaleuca but now recognised as Asteromyrtus, a genus allied to Agonis. Subsequently, LAC extended his research into the M. scabra group of species, into other parts of the genus and into other concepts within the Melaleuca complex. A great many people have assisted these studies through their provision of specimens, com- panionship and assistance in the field and/or herbarium, hospitality, information on the existence of unusual populations, and so on. These people are too numerous to name individually but we thank them here for their generosity and willingness to go out of their way to help. Special thanks, however, are due to colleagues then and/or currently on the staff of the Australian National Herbarium, notably Bryan Barlow, Kirsten Cowley, Brendan Lepschi, Julie Matarczyk and Frances Quinn.
When this book was conceived, it was evident that no The majority of the photographs in the ‘Species information on essential oils was available for over 90 accounts’ (Chapter 7) were made available to us by the late species, despite the authors, wherever possible, having Ivan Holliday. Thanks are due to the many other people made a point of collecting foliage samples for distillation who have contributed photographs; they are named in the and analysis over the years. Funding was provided by the photograph credits below. We thank Anto Rimbawanto, Le Rural Industries Research and Development Corpora- Dinh Kha and Stephen Midgley for providing information tion (RIRDC) to enable a dedicated collecting trip to be on the utilisation of melaleucas in Indonesia, Vietnam made in south-western Western Australia in 2010, during and China, respectively. Peter White provided informa- which many of the outstanding species were collected for tion on the use of M. viminea sticks in the lobster-fishing oil analysis. This trip was undertaken by one of us (JCD) and vegetable-growing industries in Western Australia. and David Lea whose help on this trip and in undertaking Carl Davies and Nunzio Knerr, both with CSIRO, deserve several additional collections is gratefully acknowledged. special thanks. Carl digitised transparencies and prepared Requests have also been made of people and organisations the digital files for publication, while Nunzio prepared in a position, potentially, to assist us to obtain samples. the distribution maps and generated the species-richness In most cases, these requests resulted in the collection of and endemism maps. We thank Christian Doran for his samples, thus enabling analyses to be prepared of most editorial work on the photographs and figures presented of the missing taxa. These people and/or organisations in the draft introductory chapters. The passage on the use are numerous and, in some cases, the samples that we of melaleucas in bonsai was based on notes written for us received were collected as a result of our request having by Roger Hnatiuk; it is unfortunate that space limitations been passed to other parties. To attempt to name each prevented further elaboration of this interesting topic. person individually would result in an incomplete list but Murray Fagg, Australian National Botanic Gardens, gener- we acknowledge with sincere thanks the goodwill and ously permitted us to use his illustrations of floral details assistance of those who provided samples. of typical Melaleuca species (Figures 3 and 4).
395 We extend special thanks to John Turnbull, Bill Foley, Gardens: biconvexa (photo: D. Greig); Liliana Baskorowati: Ian Southwell and Kirsten Cowley for their helpful com- dissitiflora; Don Bellairs (Ivan Holliday Image Library): ments on a draft of this manuscript. hollidayi; Kym Brennan: citrolens, dealbata, ferruginea, seri- cea, stipitata; Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research: apostiba (photo: J. Connors); L. Carman (Ivan This volume is dedicated to the memories of Holliday Image Library): tinkeri; Colin Cornford (Ivan Ivan Grenfell Holliday (1926–2010) sportsman, Holliday Image Library): arcana, cornucopiae, foliolosa;
Acknowledgments plant photographer and author, and Robert John Ian Cowie: triumphalis; Gil Craig: johnsonii, papillosa, pau- Goldsack (1941–2009) chemist and botanist. periflora, pomphostoma, ulicoides; Lyn Craven: atroviridis, Ivan Holliday was keenly interested in Melaleuca megalongensis, nematophylla, punicea, uncinata, vinnula, and produced a volume (with two editions) on zeteticorum; Mike Crisp: agathosmoides, amydra, campto- the genus. He accompanied Lyn Craven and clada, glauca, grieveana, halophila, idana, pritzelii, sabrina, Brendan Lepschi on a key collecting mission to sciotostyla, serpentina; Christine Doran: armillaris; Bill south-western Western Australia in 1994. Bob Dowling: nanophylla; Murray Fagg, Australian National Goldsack, who died tragically in 2009, was both Botanic Gardens: acacioides, alsophila, argentea, blaerii- a botanist and chemist who greatly contributed folia, brachyandra, cajuputi, citrina, comboynensis, decora, for over 20 years to the work on the essential oils densispicata, ericifolia, faucicola, flammea, flavovirens, of the melaleucas. His tireless work on the chem- formosa, globifera, groveana, leptospermoides, linariifolia, istry of this genus, as well as his fresh outlook megacephala, micromera, minutifolia, montana, nervosa, on ‘life, the universe and everything’ is greatly nodosa, pachyphylla, paludicola, parvistaminea, phratra, missed by all who came into contact with him. podiocarpa, quinquenervia, recurva, salicina, shiressii, squa- mophloia, stenostachya, styphelioides, subulata, tamariscina, thyoides, viminalis, violacea, virens, williamsii; Andrew Ford: borealis, monantha, sylvana, uxorum; Mary Hoggart, Photograph credits Esperance Wildflower Society: dempta, exuvia, fissurata, linguiformis, phoidophylla, plumea, sparsiflora, subalaris; Chapters 1–6: In addition to the authors’ contributions, David Lea: bisulcata, cliffortioides, genialis, haplantha, the following persons or organisations provided some or holosericea, protrusa, similis, urceolaris; Glenn Leiper: all of the images in the following figures: Figure (Fig.) 1, howeana; Daniel & Irène Létocart: dawsonii, gnidioides, Christine Doran; Fig. 2, Australian Tree Seed Centre pancheri, sphaerodendra; Nathan McQuoid: sophisma; (ATSC); Figs 3 & 4, Murray Fagg; Figs 5, 6, 7 & 8, Liliana Neil Marriott: wimmerensis; Rhonda Melzer: hemisticta; Baskorowati; Fig. 11A, Ivan Holliday; Fig. 11B, Wayne Peter Olde: deanei; Wayne O’Sullivan: osullivanii, scalena, O’Sullivan; Fig. 11C, Nathan McQuoid; Fig. 12, ATSC & teuthidoides; Steven & Alison Pearson: chisholmii, lazaridis, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (FSIV); Fig. 13, ATSC pearsonii, trichostachya; Joel Plumb: fluviatilis; Anne Rick: & David Lea; Fig. 15A, Frank Zich; Fig. 15B, Murray Fagg; lecanantha, sculponeata; Jean-Louis Ruiz: brongniartii, Fig. 16A, Roger Hnatiuk; Fig. 16B, David Sweet; Fig. 17A, buseana; Garry & Nada Sankowsky: polandii, pyramidalis; Murray Fagg; Fig. 18B, C, D, E, F, Murray Fagg; Fig. 19, John Simmons (Ivan Holliday Image Library): pustulata; FSIV; Fig. 20, Mary Webb; Fig. 23, ATSC; Fig. 26A, Anto Corin Urquhart: linearifolia; Peter White: eurystoma; Frank Rimbawanto; Fig. 27, Peter Entwistle; Fig. 28, Gary Baker Zich: stereophloia, zonalis. Ivan Holliday provided all the & Liliana Baskorowati. remaining photographs in this chapter. Species accounts (Chapter 7): The following people Copyright for the images in this volume is held by the and/or organisations provided images for the listed species: person and/or entity or organisation named in the lists David Albrecht: interioris; Australian National Botanic above.
396 Appendix 1 Oil types by species
Oil types found in the various Melaleuca species are based on a broad classification of the composition of the oils found. The basis for each oil type is described in the box below. Summaries of the oil composition of the species are provided in the ‘Species accounts’ (Chapter 7) and full details are accessible at
# Species Oil type # Species Oil type 1 M. acacioides J 3 M. acutifolia A 2a M. acuminata subsp. acuminata A, L 4 M. adenostyla A 2b M. acuminata subsp. websteri C, L 5 M. adnata L 6 M. agathosmoides L Oil compositions used in the table 7 M. alsophila G, D, B, A Where percentage figures are mentioned, they are to be 8 M. alternifolia A, B, C taken as only approximate values. 9 M. amydra A A 50–70% 1,8-cineole, <10% each of a-pinene, 10 M. apodocephala J/L limonene, a-terpineol 11 M. apostiba A B 20–50% terpinen-4-ol C major amounts of terpinolene 12 M. araucarioides G D lemon-scented oils 13 M. arcana A, B E aromatic oils (in the chemical sense) 14 M. argentea L, F F major amounts of E-nerolidol 15a M. armillaris subsp. akineta A G large amounts of a-pinene 15b M. armillaris subsp. armillaris A H significant amounts ofb -diketones 16 M. aspalathoides L J other sesquiterpenic oils 17 M. atroviridis A K significant amounts of linalool L other monoterpenoid oils 18 M. barlowii L M virtually no oil present 19 M. basicephala A X/Y oil compositions midway between X and Y type 20 M. beardii G oils 21 M. biconvexa J (Z) isolated occurrences of Z type oils but by no means the major oil type 22 M. bisulcata K – no data 23 M. blaeriifolia A # species number (notional) 24 M. boeophylla L
397 # Species Oil type # Species Oil type 25 M. borealis A 39 M. calycina L, E 26 M. brachyandra M 40 M. calyptroides A 27 M. bracteata E, (J) 41 M. campanae L 28 M. bracteosa J 42 M. camptoclada A 29 M. brevifolia L 43 M. capitata G 30 M. brevisepala J 44 M. cardiophylla L 31 M. bromelioides A 45 M. carrii A, L 32 M. brongniartii G/L 46 M. cheelii G
Appendix 1 Oil types by species types by Appendix 1 Oil 33 M. brophyi A 47 M. chisholmii A 34 M. buseana C/L 48 M. ciliosa K 35 M. caeca A 49 M. citrina A 36a M. cajuputi subsp. cajuputi A, F 50 M. citrolens A, L, D, E 36b M. cajuputi subsp. cumingiana L 51 M. clarksonii J 36c M. cajuputi subsp. platyphylla G, H 52 M. clavifolia L 37 M. calcicola B 53 M. cliffortioides J 38 M. calothamnoides A 54 M. coccinea J 55 M. comboynensis A Oil compositions used in the table 56 M. concinna G/J Where percentage figures are mentioned, they are to be 57 M. concreta A/B taken as only approximate values. 58 M. condylosa L
A 50–70% 1,8-cineole, <10% each of a-pinene, 59 M. conothamnoides L limonene, a-terpineol 60 M. cordata L B 20–50% terpinen-4-ol 61 M. cornucopiae L C major amounts of terpinolene D lemon-scented oils 62 M. croxfordiae A E aromatic oils (in the chemical sense) 63 M. ctenoides A F major amounts of E-nerolidol 64 M. cucullata J G large amounts of a-pinene 65 M. cuticularis A b H significant amounts of -diketones 66 M. dawsonii C/J J other sesquiterpenic oils 67 M. dealbata J K significant amounts of linalool 68 M. deanei G L other monoterpenoid oils M virtually no oil present 69 M. decora G, L X/Y oil compositions midway between X and Y type 70 M. decussata A oils 71 M. delta A (Z) isolated occurrences of Z type oils but by no means the major oil type 72 M. dempta L – no data 73 M. densa A # species number (notional) 74 M. densispicata A
398 Appendix 1 Oil types by species # Species Oil type # Species Oil type 75 M. depauperata A 109 M. halmaturorum E 76 M. depressa K 110 M. halophila A, B 77 M. dichroma A 111 M. hamata A/K, B 78 M. diosmatifolia A 112 M. hamulosa J 79 M. diosmifolia A 113 M. haplantha A/G/J 80 M. dissitiflora A, B 114 M. hemisticta A 81 M. eleuterostachya L 115 M. hnatiukii A 82 M. elliptica A 116 M. hollidayi G 83 M. ericifolia A, K 117 M. holosericea A/J 84 M. eulobata A 118 M. howeana J 85 M. eurystoma L 119a M. huegelii subsp. huegelii J/L 86 M. eximia J 119b M. huegelii subsp. pristicensis J/L 87 M. exuvia A, L, B/K 120 M. huttensis K 88 M. fabri L 121 M. hypericifolia A 89 M. faucicola A 122 M. idana A 90 M. ferruginea L 123a M. incana subsp. incana J,A 91 M. filifolia A 123b M. incana subsp. tenella J 92 M. fissurata A 124 M. interioris L/J 93 M. flammea A 125 M. irbyana L/J 94 M. flavovirens A 126 M. johnsonii A 95 M. fluviatilis L 127 M. keigheryi A 96 M. foliolosa B, L 128 M. kunzeoides J 97 M. formosa A 129 M. laetifica A/J 98a M. fulgens subsp. corrugata A 130 M. lanceolata A/G/J 98b M. fulgens subsp. fulgens A 131 M. lara A/G 98c M. fulgens subsp. steedmanii A 132 M. lasiandra G 99 M. genialis J/A 133 M. lateralis A 100 M. gibbosa A 134 M. lateriflora A 101 M. glaberrima A 135 M. lateritia J 102 M. glauca A, G 136 M. laxiflora A 103 M. glena J 137 M. lazaridis A 104 M. globifera A 138 M. lecanantha A 105 M. glomerata L/J 139 M. leiocarpa G 106 M. gnidioides L/J 140 M. leiopyxis K, A, J 107 M. grieveana A 141 M. leptospermoides A 108 M. groveana G 142 M. leucadendra E, A
399 # Species Oil type # Species Oil type 143 M. leuropoma G 157 M. microphylla A 144 M. linariifolia A, B, C 158 M. minutifolia J 145 M. linearifolia A 159 M. monantha G 146a M. linearis var. linearis A 160 M. montana J 146b M. linearis var. pinifolia A 161 M. montis-zamia A, A/G 147 M. linguiformis A 162 M. nanophylla H 148 M. linophylla A 163 M. nematophylla G 149 M. longistaminea J 164 M. nervosa A/K/J
Appendix 1 Oil types by species types by Appendix 1 Oil 150 M. lutea J 165 M. nesophila A 151a M. macronychia subsp. macronychia A 166 M. nodosa A/B 151b M. macronychia subsp. trygonoides A 167 M. ochroma B 152 M. manglesii A 168 M. oldfieldii A 153 M. marginata J 169 M. orbicularis K 154 M. megacephala L 170 M. ordinifolia A 155 M. megalongensis A 171 M. orophila L 156 M. micromera A 172 M. osullivanii J 173 M. oxyphylla A Oil compositions used in the table 174 M. pachyphylla L Where percentage figures are mentioned, they are to be 175 M. pallescens G taken as only approximate values. 176 M. pallida L
A 50–70% 1,8-cineole, <10% each of a-pinene, 177 M. paludicola A limonene, a-terpineol 178 M. pancheri G/J B 20–50% terpinen-4-ol 179 M. papillosa G/J C major amounts of terpinolene D lemon-scented oils 180 M. parviceps K E aromatic oils (in the chemical sense) 181 M. parvistaminea A F major amounts of E-nerolidol 182 M. pauciflora L G large amounts of a-pinene 183a M. pauperiflora subsp. fastigata L b H significant amounts of -diketones 183b M. pauperiflora subsp. mutica L J other sesquiterpenic oils 183c M. pauperiflora subsp. pauperiflora A K significant amounts of linalool 184 M. pearsonii A L other monoterpenoid oils M virtually no oil present 185 M. penicula J X/Y oil compositions midway between X and Y type 186a M. pentagona var. latifolia L oils 186b M. pentagona var. pentagona L (Z) isolated occurrences of Z type oils but by no means the major oil type 186c M. pentagona var. raggedensis L – no data 187 M. phoenicea A # species number (notional) 188 M. phoidophylla A/G
400 Appendix 1 Oil types by species 401 J J J J J J J – L L E K A A A A A A A A A A A G G G G G G D G/J A/B A/G A, K A, D Oil type microphylla var. var. var. var.
M. sylvana M. sylvana M. systena M. tamariscina M. teretifolia sphaerodendra M. spicigera M. squamea M. squamophloia M. squarrosa M. stenostachya M. stereophloia M. stipitata M. stramentosa M. striata M. strobophylla M. styphelioides M. subalaris M. suberosa M. subfalcata M. subtrigona M. subulata Species M. sculponeata M. seriata M. sericea M. serpentina M. sheathiana M. shiressii M. sieberi M. similis M. societatis M. sophisma M. sparsiflora M. spathulata M. spectabilis M. sphaerodendra M. sphaerodendra 255 256 257 258 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 # 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238a 238b J J J J J – L L L A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A G M M M M J/L J/L J/L A/J A/G A, A/G Oil type F, A/J/K F,
M. pityoides Species M. phratra M. pulchella M. pulchella M. pungens M. pritzelii M. procera M. protrusa M. psammophila M. polandii M. polycephala M. pomphostoma M. preissiana M. platycalyx M. platycalyx M. plumea M. podiocarpa M. scalena M. scalena M. sciotostyla M. sclerophylla M. salicina M. saligna M. sapientes M. scabra M. ringens M. rugulosa M. ryeae M. sabrina M. radula M. radula M. recurva M. rhaphiophylla M. rigidifolia M. pyramidalis M. quadrifaria M. quercina M. quinquenervia M. punicea M. pustulata 189 190 # 203 201 202 199 200 197 198 195 196 193 194 191 192 223 221 222 219 220 217 218 215 216 213 214 211 212 209 210 207 208 205 206 204 224 # Species Oil type # Species Oil type 259 M. teuthidoides A 273 M. undulata A, L 260 M. thapsina J/A 274 M. urceolaris A/G/K 261 M. thymifolia A 275 M. uxorum J 262 M. thymoides M 276 M. venusta J 263 M. thyoides L, J 277 M. villosisepala L 264 M. tinkeri L, J 278a M. viminalis subsp. rhododendron – 265 M. torquata A 278b M. viminalis subsp. viminalis A, L 266 M. tortifolia J, M 279a M. viminea subsp. appressa –
Appendix 1 Oil types by species types by Appendix 1 Oil 267 M. trichophylla A, C 279b M. viminea subsp. demissa – 268 M. trichostachya A, C 279c M. viminea subsp. viminea A/J, J 269 M. triumphalis H 280 M. vinnula A, J 270a M. tuberculata var. arenaria J/L 281 M. violacea A 270b M. tuberculata var. macrophylla L 282 M. virens A 270c M. tuberculata var. tuberculata J, K 283 M. viridiflora A, L, E 271 M. ulicoides J 284a M. williamsii subsp. fletcheri A 272 M. uncinata A, B 284b M. williamsii subsp. synoriensis A 284c M. williamsii subsp. williamsii A Oil compositions used in the table 285 M. wilsonii A Where percentage figures are mentioned, they are to be 286 M. wimmerensis A taken as only approximate values. 287 M. wonganensis A
A 50–70% 1,8-cineole, <10% each of a-pinene, 288 M. xerophila A limonene, a-terpineol 289 M. zeteticorum A B 20–50% terpinen-4-ol 290 M. zonalis L C major amounts of terpinolene D lemon-scented oils E aromatic oils (in the chemical sense) F major amounts of E-nerolidol G large amounts of a-pinene H significant amounts ofb -diketones J other sesquiterpenic oils K significant amounts of linalool L other monoterpenoid oils M virtually no oil present X/Y oil compositions midway between X and Y type oils (Z) isolated occurrences of Z type oils but by no means the major oil type – no data # species number (notional)
402 Appendix 2 Species with potential for planting for a variety of uses in different climatic zones
The following species ofMelaleuca show potential for planting and/or trialling on farms, in saline and other land rehabilitation projects etc. and/or are of value (or poten- tial value) as an essential oils source.
(A) Subtemperate climates
Melaleuca species Shelterbelts, Saline Road Lower Timber (in the Essential oils/ biodiversity soils verges rainfall round or sawn extractivesb corridors, screens, and areas timber)/ land rehabilitation parks brushwood etc. fencinga acuminata X X X X Br acutifolia X X alternifolia X X EO(1) armillaris X X X atroviridis X X X Br EO(3) bracteata X X X X Ti Ex(3) brevifolia X X X citrina X X concreta X X Br EO(3) croxfordiae X X cuticularis X X X decora X X decussata X X dissitiflora X X X EO(1) elliptica X X a Ti = timber; Br = brushwood fencing b Essential oils (EO)/extractives (Ex): (1) = plant source for an established industry; (2) = plant source with a high level of potential based on key characteristics; (3) = plant source requiring substantial research and development (growth/oil yield, oil quality/ markets) to confirm potential Note: In a few cases, a species typically, or only, occurs in higher rainfall areas, and typically is planted mainly in such areas. However, the species may also occur in lower rainfal areas and/or be cultivated sparingly in these, in which case its potential for trial and/or broader use in lower rainfall areas is indicated by ‘also’.
403 (A) Subtemperate climates (continued)
Melaleuca species Shelterbelts, Saline Road Lower Timber (in the Essential oils/ biodiversity soils verges rainfall round or sawn extractivesb corridors, screens, and areas timber)/ land rehabilitation parks brushwood etc. fencinga eleuterostachya X X X ericifolia X X X EO(1) exuvia X X X X EO(3) glomerata X X X X halmaturorum X X X X halophila X EO(3) hamata X X X X Br EO(3) hamulosa X X X Br huegelii X X X hypericifolia X lanceolata X X also X Ti in NSW, Qld lateriflora X X X also X EO(3) leiocarpa X X linariifolia X X X EO(1) linearis X linguiformis X X microphylla X nesophila X X X also X pallescens X X pallida X X
Appendix 2 Species with potential for planting for a variety of uses in different climatic zones climatic uses in different of a variety planting for Appendix 2 Species with potential for paludicola X X parvistaminea X X pauperiflora X X X pentagona X X X phoenicea X X preissiana X X X
a Ti = timber; Br = brushwood fencing b Essential oils (EO)/extractives (Ex): (1) = plant source for an established industry; (2) = plant source with a high level of potential based on key characteristics; (3) = plant source requiring substantial research and development (growth/oil yield, oil quality/ markets) to confirm potential Note: In a few cases, a species typically, or only, occurs in higher rainfall areas, and typically is planted mainly in such areas. However, the species may also occur in lower rainfal areas and/or be cultivated sparingly in these, in which case its potential for trial and/or broader use in lower rainfall areas is indicated by ‘also’.
404 Appendix 2 Species with potential for planting for a variety of uses in different climatic zones (A) Subtemperate climates (continued)
Melaleuca species Shelterbelts, Saline Road Lower Timber (in the Essential oils/ biodiversity soils verges rainfall round or sawn extractivesb corridors, screens, and areas timber)/ land rehabilitation parks brushwood etc. fencinga quadrifaria X X rhaphiophylla X X salicina X X sieberi X X squarrosa X X X stereophloia X X strobophylla X X X X styphelioides X X X Ti teretifolia X X EO(2) thyoides X X X uncinata X X X Br EO(3) viminalis X X X viminea X X X Ti xerophila X X X zeteticorum X X X
(B) Tropical and subtropical climates
Species Shelterbelts, biodiversity Saline Road verges Lower Timbera (in the Essential oils/ corridors, screens, land soils and parks rainfall round or sawn extractivesb rehabilitation etc. areas timber) acacioides X X Ti EO(3) alsophila X X Ti EO(3) alternifolia X X EO(1) arcana X X Ti EO(3) argentea X X Ti EO(3) bracteata X X X X Ti Ex(3) cajuputi X X Ti EO(1) a Ti = timber; Br = brushwood fencing b Essential oils (EO)/extractives (Ex): (1) = plant source for an established industry; (2) = plant source with a high level of potential based on key characteristics; (3) = plant source requiring substantial research and development (growth/oil yield, oil quality/ markets) to confirm potential Note: In a few cases, a species typically, or only, occurs in higher rainfall areas, and typically is planted mainly in such areas. However, the species may also occur in lower rainfal areas and/or be cultivated sparingly in these, in which case its potential for trial and/or broader use in lower rainfall areas is indicated by ‘also’.
405 (B) Tropical and subtropical climates (continued)
Species Shelterbelts, biodiversity Saline Road verges Lower Timbera (in the Essential oils/ corridors, screens, land soils and parks rainfall round or sawn extractivesb rehabilitation etc. areas timber) dealbata X X X Ti decora X X densispicata X X X irbyana X lanceolata X X X Ti leucadendra X X X Ti linariifolia X X X EO(1) nervosa X X X pallescens X X also X quinquenervia X X X Ti EO(1) sericea X X sieberi X X squamophloia X stenostachya X Ti stipitata EO(3) styphelioides X X X Ti tamariscina X X trichostachya X X viminalis X X X viminea X X viridiflora X X Ti EO(2) a Ti = timber b Essential oils (EO)/extractives (Ex): (1) = plant source for an established industry; (2) = plant source with a high level of potential based on key characteristics; (3) = plant source requiring substantial research and development (growth/oil yield, oil quality/ Appendix 2 Species with potential for planting for a variety of uses in different climatic zones climatic uses in different of a variety planting for Appendix 2 Species with potential for markets) to confirm potential Note: In a few cases, a species typically, or only, occurs in higher rainfall areas, and typically is planted mainly in such areas. However, the species may also occur in lower rainfal areas and/or be cultivated sparingly in these, in which case its potential for trial and/or broader use in lower rainfall areas is indicated by ‘also’.
In addition to the ‘Notes’ accompanying the ‘Species accounts’ (Chapter 7) in this publication, the following references were consulted in preparing Appendix 2: Doran and Turnbull (1997); Elliot and Jones (1982, 1993); Marcar and Crawford (2004); Wrigley and Fagg (1993); Holliday (2004).
406 References
Aboriginal Communities of the Northern Territory 1993. Barlow B.A. and Forrester J. 1984. Pollen tube interaction Traditional Aboriginal medicines in the Northern Ter- in Melaleuca. Pp. 154–160 in ‘Pollination ’84’, ed. by ritory of Australia. Conservation Commission of the E.G. Williams and R.B. Knox. School of Botany, Uni- Northern Territory: Darwin. versity of Melbourne: Melbourne. Ahmad F.B.H., Hassan V.U., Zakaria R.B. and Ali J.H. 1997. Baskorowati L. 2006. Controlled pollination methods for Betulinic and ursolic acid from seed of Melaleuca caju- Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel. ACIAR puti (Myrtaceae). Oriental Chemistry 13(3), 231–232. Technical Reports No. 63. Australian Centre for Inter- Anderson E. 1993. Plants of central Queensland—their national Agricultural Research: Canberra. identification and uses. Queensland Department of Baskorowati L., Doran J.C. and Moncur M.W. 2010a. Primary Industries: Brisbane. Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden AVONGRO 2007. Brushwood economics. AVONGRO and Betche) Cheel and implications to the breeding Wheatbelt Tree Cropping Incorporated: Perth. system. Lambert Academic Publishing: Saarbrücken, Baillon H.E. 1876. Melaleuca. Histoire des plantes 6, Germany. 359–360. Baskorowati L., Moncur M.W., Cunningham S.A., Doran Balciunas J.K., Bowman G.J. and Edwards E.D. 1993a. J.C. and Kanowski P.J. 2010b. Reproductive biology of Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 2. Incompatibility Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: I. Noctuoidea and pollen transfer in relation to the breeding system. (Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 20, 13–24. Australian Journal of Botany 58, 384–391. Balciunas J.K. and Burrows D.W. 1993. The rapid suppres- Baskorowati L., Moncur M.W., Doran J.C. and Kanowski sion of the growth of Melaleuca quinquenervia saplings P.J. 2010c. Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifo- in Australia by insects. Journal of Aquatic Plant Man- lia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology. Australian Journal of agement 31, 265–270. Botany 58, 373–383. Balciunas J.K., Burrows D.W. and Edwards E.D. 1993b. Bauer K., Garbe D. and Surburg H. 1997. Common fra- Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark tree grance and flavour materials. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: II. Geometridae Germany. (Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 20, 91–98. Bentham G. 1867, as 1866. Myrtaceae. Pp. 1–289 in ‘Flora Bar A., Fatma M., Zaghloul A.M., Bachawal S.V., Sylvester Australiensis, Volume 3’. Lovell Reeve & Co: London. P.W., Ahmad K.F. and El Sayed K.A. 2008. Antiprolif- Blake N.M., Wightman G. and Williams L. 1998. Iwaidja erative triterpenes from Melaleuca ericifolia. Journal of ethnobotany. Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin 23, Natural Products 71(10), 1787–1790. 1–162. Barlow B.A. 1987a, as 1986. Regelia punicea (N. Byrnes) Blake S.T. 1968. A revision of Melaleuca leucadendron and Barlow, comb. nov. (Myrtaceae) from the Northern Ter- its allies (Myrtaceae). Contributions from the Queens- ritory: phytogeographic implications. Brunonia 9, 89–97. land Herbarium 1, 1–114. Barlow B.A. 1987b, as 1986. Contributions to a revision Blake S.T. and Roff C. 1972. The honey flora of Queens- of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 1–3. Brunonia 9, 163–177. land. Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Barlow B.A. 1988. Patterns of differentiation in tropical Brisbane. species of Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae). Proceedings of the Boland D.J., Brooker M.I.H., Chippendale G.M., Hall N., Ecological Society of Australia 15, 239–247. Hyland B.P.M., Johnson R.D. et al. 2006. Forest trees of Barlow B.A. and Cowley K.J. 1988. Contributions to a Australia, fifth edition. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. revision of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 4–6. Australian Bootle K.R. 1983. Wood in Australia. McGraw-Hill Book Systematic Botany 1, 95–126. Co.: Sydney.
407 Briggs J.D. and Leigh J.H. 1995. Rare and threatened Aus- Brophy J.J., Goldsack R.J. and Goldsack G. 1993. The tralian plants. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. essential oils of the indigenous Myrtaceae of Lord Howe Brighton C.A. and Ferguson I.K. 1976. Chromosome Island. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 8, 153–159. counts in the genus Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Kew Bul- Brophy J.J. and Lassak E.V. 1983. The volatile leaf oils of
References letin 31(1), 27–33. Melaleuca armillaris, M. dissitiflora and M. trichos- Broadhurst L., Byrne M., Craven L. and Lepschi B. 2004. tachya. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society Genetic congruence with new species boundaries in the of New South Wales 116, 7–10. Melaleuca uncinata complex (Myrtaceae). Australian Brophy J.J. and Lassak E.V. 1988. The leaf oil ofMelaleuca Journal of Botany 52(6), 729–737. leucadendra. L. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 3, 43–46. Brock J. 1988. Top End native plants. The author: Winnellie, Brophy J.J. and Lassak E.V. 1992. Steam volatile leaf oils Darwin. of some Melaleuca species from Western Australia. Brophy J.J. 1999. Potentially commercial melaleucas. Pp. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 7, 27–31. 247–274 in ‘Tea tree, the genus Melaleuca’, ed. by I.A. Brophy J.J., Lassak E.V. and Boland D.J. 1987. Volatile Southwell and R.F. Lowe. Medicinal and Aromatic leaf oils of the two subspecies of Melaleuca acacioides Plants: Industrial Profiles, Volume 9. Harwood Aca- F.Muell. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society demic Publishers: Amsterdam. of New South Wales 120, 135–139. Brophy J.J. and Clarkson J.R. 1989. The essential oils of Brophy J.J., Lassak E.V. and Boland D.J. 1988. Volatile leaf four chemotypes of Melaleuca citrolens. Journal and oils of six northern Australian broad-leaved melaleucas. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New 122, 11–18. South Wales 112, 29–33. Brophy J.J., Craig D.C., Goldsack R.J., Fookes C.J.R., Leach Brophy J.J., Lassak E.V. and Boland D.J. 1990. Steam D.N. and Waterman P.G. 2006a. Triumphalone, a novel volatile oils of Melaleuca globifera, M. lateriflora, diketone from the volatile oil of the leaves of Melaleuca M. symphyocarpa and M. uncinata. Flavour and Fra- triumphalis, and its conversion into isotriumphalone. grance Journal 5, 43–48. Phytochemistry 67, 2085–2089. Brophy J.J., Lassak E.V. and Toia R.F. 1985. The volatile leaf Brophy J.J. and Doran J.C. 1996. Essential oils of tropi- oils of Callistemon viminalis. Journal and Proceedings cal Asteromyrtus, Callistemon and Melaleuca species. of the Royal Society of New South Wales 118, 101–104. ACIAR Monograph No. 40. Australian Centre for Brown G.K., Udovicic F. and Ladiges P.Y. 2001. Molecular International Agricultural Research: Canberra. phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon Brophy J.J. and Doran J.C. 2004. Geographic variation and related genera (Myrtaceae). Australian Systematic in oil characteristics in Melaleuca ericifolia. Journal of Botany 14, 565–585. Essential Oil Research 16, 4–8. Brown R. 1814. General remarks, geographical and sys- Brophy J.J., Forster P.I., Goldsack R.J., Hibbert D.B. and tematical, on the botany of Terra Australis. Pp. 533–613 Punruckvong A. 1997. Variation in Callistemon vimi- (Appendix III) in ‘A voyage to Terra Australis’, Volume nalis (Myrtaceae): new evidence from volatile oils. 2 by M. Flinders. G. & W. Nicol: London. Australian Systematic Botany 10, 1–13. Brundrett M., Bougher N., Dell B., Grove T. and Malajczuk Brophy J.J., Goldsack R.J., Craven L.A., Ford A.J. and God- N. 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and free R. 2008. The leaf oils of the Melaleuca minutifolia agriculture. ACIAR Monograph No. 32. Australian Cen- F.Muell. group (Myrtaceae). Journal of Essential Oil tre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. Research 20, 163–168. Bulman P., Beale P. and Knight A. 1998. Growing broom- Brophy J.J., Goldsack R.J., Craven L.A. and O’Sullivan W. bush for profit and land protection. Primary Industries 2006b. An investigation of the leaf oils of the Western and Resources South Australia: Murray Bridge. Australian broombush complex (Melaleuca uncinata Bultman J.D., Beal R.H., Huffman J.B. and Parrish K.K. 1983. sens. lat.) (Myrtaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research An investigation of the natural resistance of Melaleuca 18, 591–599. quinquenervia to tropical and terrestrial wood-destroying Brophy J.J., Goldsack R.J., Doran J.C., Craven L.A. and organisms. Forest Products Journal 33, 39–43. Lepschi B.J. 1999. A comparison of the leaf oils of Burrows D.W., Balciunas J.K. and Edwards E.D. 1994. Melaleuca squamophloia with those of its close relatives Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark M. styphelioides and M. bracteata. Journal of Essential Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: III. Gelechioidea Oil Research 11, 327–332. (Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 21, 137–142. Brophy J.J., Goldsack R.J., Forster P.I., Craven L.A. and Butcher P.A. 1994. Genetic diversity in Melaleuca alternifo- Lepschi B.J. 1998. The leaf essential oils of the Austral- lia: implications for breeding to improve production of ian members of the genus Callistemon (Myrtaceae). Australian tea tree oil. PhD thesis. Australian National Journal of Essential Oil Research 10, 595–606. University: Canberra.
408 References 409
. : ------1,
for Astero (Myrta of New Cheel. In 3, 165–202. invasion of of invasion (Myrtaceae) (Myrtaceae)
Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca punicea Melaleuca Melaleuca uncinata Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Adan (Myrtaceae). Callistemon (Myrtaceae). Novon Novon (Myrtaceae). Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) from Australia. Australia. from (Myrtaceae) Melaleuca Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca Callistemon Melaleuca viridiflora Melaleuca Melaleuca , gen. nov. (Myrtaceae). Australian Sys Australian (Myrtaceae). nov. gen. , (Myrtaceae). Australian Systematic Botany Systematic Australian (Myrtaceae). ence, Sydney, 2–6 November 2003’, ed. by C. Green Green C. by ed. 2003’, November 2–6 Sydney, ence, London. IFEAT: (CD-ROM). for protocol efficient M. 2010. An Quoirin L.A. and of micropropagation 46(2), Biology—Plant Developmental Cellular and Vitro 192–197. tematic Botany 12, 675–678. Botany tematic species of Australian 16, 468–475. 19, 444–453. Novon to Caledonia transferred 3 20, 191–194. sér. sonia, infraspecificspeciesof and taxa Sys Australian Tasmania. and occurring Australia in 12, 819–927. Botany tematic complex the broombush of revision 2004. Taxonomic (Myrtaceae, Australia in Western 17, 255–271. Botany Systematic Australian s.l.). on storm-burning Penin York Cape woodlands on grassy and grasslands Ecology 34(2), 196–209. Austral sula, Australia. Essential of Federation International of ‘Proceedings Confer International (IFEAT) Trades Aroma Oils and Melbourne. Wales South New edition. second P6.4.6, Agfact oil. tree Orange. Agriculture: the of range the natural in evolution Reticulate 2008. species tree wetland invasive 506–522. 47(2), Evolution and Phylogenetics Molecular Agriculture and Food 1. No. Products Forest Non-wood Rome. (FAO): Nations the United of Organization species. Phytochem myrtaceous some of constituents istry 22(4), 947–949. of revision a to Contributions 1990. Botany Systematic ceae): 7–10. Australian myrtus 373–385. Petraeomyrtus de Oliveira Y., Pinto F., da Silva A.L.L., Guedes I., Biasi I., Biasi A.L.L., Guedes da Silva F., Pinto Y., de Oliveira Craven L.A. 2006. New combinations in combinations L.A. 2006. New Craven L.A. 2009. Craven 1998. J.W. Dawson L.A. and Craven the of 1999. Enumeration Lepschi B.J. L.A. and Craven M. Byrne L. and Broadhurst L.A., Lepschi B.J., Craven of S. 2009. Impact Shephard S. and G., Garnett Crowley In oilindustry. tea tree Australian R.L. The 2003. Davis Clemson A. 1985. Honey and pollen flora. Inkata Press: Press: Inkata pollen flora. and Honey 1985. A. Clemson 2000. Tea B. Clarke and J. Drinnan J., Murtagh B., Colton M.D. Crisp and R.D. Edwards D.C., Cook L.G., Morris origin. plant of fragrances and 1995. Flavours Coppen J.J.W. Leaf 1983. wax G.B. Spiers and Lassak E.V. Courtney J.L., L.A. Craven and B.A. Barlow Quinn F.C., Cowley K.J., of revision and Reinstatement L.A. 1989. Craven of L.A. 1999. Generic position Craven - - - - L. Mela (Cole (Myrta Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae) L. (Myrtaceae) L. (Myrtaceae) L. (Myrtaceae) L. (Myrtaceae) in L. (Myrtaceae) (Myrtaceae). Plant Plant (Myrtaceae). Oxyops vitiosa sensu lato in Australia. Australia. in lato sensu Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca S.T. Blake). Revue Forestiere Revue Forestiere Blake). S.T. Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca wood from Vietnamese planta Vietnamese wood from (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal Journal Australian (Myrtaceae). M. linariifolia and Puccinia psidii Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca and Center T.D. 2011. Acquired natural enemies of the of enemies natural 2011. Acquired T.D. Center and agent control weed biological 94(1), 1–8. Entomologist Florida Curculionidae). potera: Melaleuca leucadendron Melaleuca Science 13(3), 209–217. Forest of Journal Taiwan tions. ( 33, 297–311. Francaise States of America. Pp. 256–263 in ‘Proceedings of the the of in ‘Proceedings 256–263 America. Pp. of States 17–21 Congress, Control Weed International First Volume Australia’, University, Monash 1992, February, and Parsons Levick, J. Combellack, K.J. J.H. by 1, ed. Science Society Victoria: of Weed Richardson. R.B. Melbourne. tolerance of wetland tree species to combined salinity species combined tree to wetland of tolerance uptake ion of regulation to logging related is water and Phytologist New solutes. organic of production and 169(1), 123–133. United in the southern-eastern lands public on and host range for for range host 41(1), 13–29. Pathology Plant Australasian the Adelaide of Journal Australia. in South (Myrtaceae) 1, 281–319. Botanic Gardens (CD-ROM). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB CAB Kingdom: United Wallingford, (CD-ROM). International. of Department Victorian AG0638. Agnote Industries Melbourne. Primary Industries: in northern and eastern Australia, 2. Austrobaileya 2, 2, 2. Austrobaileya Australia, eastern in northern and 131–146. 2, 3. Austrobaileya Australia, eastern in northern and 254–273. variation in leaf oils of of oils in leaf variation Ecology and 22, 419–430. ceae). Systematics Biochemical 2, 65–76. Austrobaileya 1. Australia, eastern northern and Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca 40, 365–375. Botany of of genomes the chloroplast among and within leuca alternifolia 194, 69–81. Evolution and Systematics genetic diversity and nature of the breeding system in in system the breeding of nature and diversity genetic Christensen R.M., Pratt P.D., Costello S.L., Rayamajhi M.B. M.B. Costello Rayamajhi S.L., P.D., R.M., Christensen Pratt Cherrier J.F. 1981. Le niaoulia en Nouvelle-Caledonie Le1981. Nouvelle-Caledonie en niaoulia CherrierJ.F. Chen H.T. and Su Y.C. 1998. Kraft pulping potentials of of potentials pulping 1998. Kraft Y.C. Su and Chen H.T. Center T.D. 1992. Biological control of weeds in waterways in waterways weeds of control 1992. Biological T.D. Center Carter J.L., Colmer T.D. and Veneklaas E.J. 2006. Variable Variable 2006. E.J. Veneklaas and Colmer T.D. CarterJ.L., Carrick J. and Chorney K. 1979. A review of K. 1979. A review Chorney of and Carrick J. Carnegie A.J. and Lidbetter J.R. 2012. Rapidly expanding expanding 2012. Rapidly J.R. Lidbetter and Carnegie A.J. Cameron L. 2003. Broombush. Department of Primary of Department L. 2003. Broombush. Cameron CABI 2000. Forestry compendium global module global module compendium 2000. Forestry CABI Byrnes N.B. 1986. A revision of of 1986. A revision N.B. Byrnes Byrnes, N.B. 1985. A revision of of 1985. A revision N.B. Byrnes, Byrnes N.B. 1984. A revision of of 1984. A revision N.B. Byrnes Butcher P.A., Doran J.C. and Slee M.U. 1994. Intraspecific Intraspecific 1994. M.U. Slee and J.C. Doran P.A., Butcher Butcher P.A., Byrne M. and Moran G.F. 1995. Variation 1995. Variation G.F. Moran M. and Byrne P.A., Butcher Butcher P.A., Bell J.C. and Moran G.F. 1992. Patterns of of Patterns 1992. G.F. Moran and Bell J.C. P.A., Butcher Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Elliot W.R. and Jones D.L. 1993. Melaleuca. Pp. 315–376 in 2004. Salinity tolerance of plants for agriculture ‘Encyclopaedia of Australian plants suitable for cultiva- and revegetation. At
References Doran J.C. 1990. Nursery practice. Pp. 89–106 in ‘Trees Aboutabi E.A. 2001. Flavonoids of Melaleuca quinquen- for rural Australia’, ed by K.W. Cremer. Inkata Press: ervia. Pharmazie 56(1), 94–95. Melbourne. Evans J. and Turnbull J.W. 2004. Plantation forestry in the Doran J.C. 1997. Seed, nursery practice and establishment. tropics: the role, silviculture, and use of planted forests Pp. 59–87 in ‘Australian trees and shrubs: species for for industrial, social, environmental, and agroforestry land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropics’, ed. purposes, third edition. Oxford University Press: by J.C. Doran and J.W. Turnbull. ACIAR Monograph Oxford. No. 24. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Fenton R., Roper R.E. and Watt G.R. 1977. Lowland tropi- Research: Canberra. cal hardwoods: an annotated bibliography of selected Doran J.C. 1999a. Cajuput oil. Pp. 221–233 in ‘Tea tree: the species with plantation potential. External Aid Division, genus Melaleuca’, ed. by I.A. Southwell and R.F. Lowe. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Wellington, New Zealand. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Industrial Profiles, Geary T.F. 1988. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake. Volume 9. Harwood Academic Publishers: Amsterdam. Pp. 567–568 in ‘Useful trees of tropical North America’, Doran J.C. 1999b. Melaleuca cajuputi Powell. Pp. 126–131 ed. by R.M. Burns and M. Mosquera. North American in ‘Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 19: essential Forestry Commission Publication No. 3. North Ameri- oil plants’, ed. by L.P.A Oyen and Nguyen Xuan Dung. can Forestry Commission: Washington, DC. Backhuys Publishers: Leiden, The Netherlands. Geiger R.K. (ed.) 1981. Proceedings of Melaleuca sympo- Doran J.C., Baker G.R., Williams E.R. and Southwell I.A. sium, Fort Myers, FL, September 23–24, 1980. Division 2002. Improving Australian tea tree through selection of Forestry, Florida Department of Agriculture and and breeding (1996–2001). RIRDC Publication No. Consumer Services: Tallahassee. 07/017. Rural Industries Research and Development Gough D.K., Bell R.E., Ryan P.A. and Bragg C.T. 1989. Corporation: Canberra. Drying and burning properties of the wood of some Doran J.C., Baker G.R., Williams E.R. and Southwell I.A. Australian tree species. Pp. 177–186 in ‘Trees for the 2006. Genetic gains in oil yields after nine years of tropics’, ed. by D.J. Boland. ACIAR Monograph No. breeding Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae). Austral- 10. Australian Centre for International Agricultural ian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1521–1527. Research: Canberra. Doran J.C., Drinnan J.E., Macdonell P.F. and Aken K.M. Gwaze D.P. 1989. Growth and survival of Australian tree 2007. Screening selected myrtaceous tree species for species in field trials in Zimbabwe. Pp. 129–138 in ‘Trees production of essential oils in northern Queensland. Aus- for the tropics’, ed. by D.J. Boland. ACIAR Monograph tralian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 755–761. No. 10. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Doran J.C. and Turnbull J.W. 1997. Australian trees and Research: Canberra. shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting Habila J.D., Ndukwe G.I., Amupitan J.O., Nok A.J., Mikhail in the tropics. ACIAR Monograph No. 24. Australian S.A. and Ladan Z. 2010. 3β-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28- Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. oic acid: structural elucidation, Candidosis and mould Dray F.A. Jr, Bennett B.C. and Center T.D. 2006. Invasion inhibition evaluation. Journal of Medicinal Plants history of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake in Research 4(18), 1933–1947. Florida. Castanea 71(3), 210–225. Hawkeswood T.J. 1980. Jewel beetles as pollinators of Edwards R.D., Craven L.A., Crisp M.D. and Cook L.G. Melaleuca pauperiflora F.Muell. (Myrtaceae) between 2010. Melaleuca revisited: cpDNA and morphologi- Eucla (W.A.) and Koonalda (S.A.). Western Australian cal data confirm that Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae) is not Naturalist 14, 238–239. monophyletic. Taxon 59, 744–754. Hearne D.A. 1975. Trees for Darwin and northern Aus- Eldridge K., Davidson J., Harwood C. and van Wyk G. tralia. Australian Government Publishing Service: 1993. Eucalypt domestication and breeding. Clarendon Canberra. Press: Oxford. Hellyer R.O. and Lassak E.V. 1968. The steam volatile con- Elliot H.J., Ohmart C.P. and Wylie F.R. 1998. Insect pests stituents of Melaleuca viridiflora.Australian Journal of of Australian forests: ecology and management. Inkata Chemistry 21, 2585–2587. Press: Melbourne. Hendrati R.L., Baskorowati L. and Kartikawati N. 2002. Elliot W.R. and Jones D.L. 1982. Callistemon. Pp. 410–428 Reproductive biology of Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. in ‘Encyclopaedia of Australian plants suitable for cul- cajuputi. Pp. 139–143 in ‘Proceedings international tivation’, Volume 2. Lothian: Melbourne. seminar—advances in genetic improvement of tropical
410 References 411
- - - - - Mela Mela diverse, diverse, . Journal Journal . . Melaleuca Melaleuca Beaufortia Eucalyptus . Herbarium . Herbarium nom. cons nom. . Systema naturae ed. 12, 2, 12, 2, ed. naturae . Systema 191, 1041–1053.
Melaleuca leucadendron Melaleuca Myrtus leucadendra , and related genera of the of genera related , and Melaleuca Powell). Timber Technology Bulletin No. Bulletin No. Technology Timber Powell). . Journal of Chemical Ecology of 36, 652–661. . Journal . New Phytologist . New Callistemon , Amboinense 9. Amboinense 1: 14, 105, plantarum 509; Mantissa freshwater and uplands on impact 1994. Hurricane D. BioScience 44, 238–246. forest. swamp a tool for the spatial analysis of biological and related related and biological of analysis the spatial for a tool 33, 643–647. Ecography diversity. Guinea New 24. Papua Sr. Note Research cal Forestry Boroka. Forests: of Department Myrtaceae. the family species of Australian Western 19, 12–16. Journal Fragrance and Flavour usage. and identification guide to a complete plants: Sydney. Holland: Reed New Publishing: CSIRO weeds. Australian of handbook Melbourne. the heartwood from of 62(7), 1003–1005. Products Natural of Aboriginal of Institute Australian Eylandt. Groote on Canberra. Studies: leuca cajuputi (FRIM): Kuala Malaysia Institute Research 23. Forest Lumpur. and uses of timbers. South-east Asia, northern Australia northern Australia Asia, South-east timbers. uses of and Melbourne. Press: Inkata 1. Volume the Pacific, and in terpene chemotypes of cal interpretation alternifolia RIRDC oils. tea tree improving Genetic for tools and Research Industries 10/189. Rural No. Publication Canberra. Corporation: Development Australia. Wales, South New of trees aquatic in rhizae 3, 31–38. Mycorrhiza quantitative of molecular 2011. The basis W.J. Foley and in secondary metabolites in foliar variation globulus of 1999. Phylogeny F. Udovicic N. and Treloar leuca ITS-1 spacer based 5S and (Myrtaceae) suballiance on Cladistics15, 151–172. nrDNA. of regions Linnaeus C. 1754. Linnaeus C. 1767. Jansen and J. A., Snyder Loope L., Duever M., Herndon Lamb D. 1975. Kunjingini plantations 1965–1975. Tropi plantations 1975. Kunjingini D. Lamb some of oil volatile 2004. Steam J.J. Brophy and Lassak E.V. medicinal 2011. Australian T. McCarthy Lassak E.V. and 1997. CSIRO P. Lazarides M., Cowley Hohnen K. and new triterpenes Four 1999. M.-H. Chang Leeand C.-K. plants aboriginal uses people: of and 1981. Plants D. Levitt ( gelam of M.S. 2001. Timber Midon Lim S.C. and Keating W.G. and Bolza E. 1982. Characteristics, properties properties Bolza Characteristics, 1982. E. and W.G. Keating 2010a. A biochemi W.J. Foley and Y. A., Hassan Keszei 2010b. W. Foley C. and H., Külheim A., Webb Keszei mycor of importance 1993. Occurrence A.G. and Khan G.F. Moran I.R., S., Laffan S.H., Wallis C., Yeoh Külheim D.A., N., Orlovich G.I., Middleton McFadden Ladiges P.Y., Bio 2010. D.F. Rosauer and E. Lubarsky S.W., Laffan ------). R. Br. Research
cajuputi subsp. (Myrtaceae) spe (Myrtaceae) Callistemon . Phytochemistry . Phytochemistry (The level of self- level (The Cheel (Myrtaceae). (Myrtaceae). Cheel 2, 141–147. [In Indo 2, 141–147. [In Melaleuca wood and bark utilization utilization bark wood and -galloyl glucoside and other other and -galloyl glucoside (Cav.) S.T. Blake. Biochemical Blake. S.T. (Cav.) O , terpinen-4-ol type, 4730. ISO: type, ISO: 4730. , terpinen-4-ol Tingkat inkompatibilitasTingkat bersilang Melaleuca cajuputi cajuputi Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca ericifolia Melaleuca Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca symposium, Fort Myers, FL, September September FL, Myers, Fort symposium, Melaleuca species in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Vietnam. of Delta Mekong species the in Melaleuca Melaleuca sendiri pada tanaman kayu putih putih kayu tanaman pada sendiri of incompatibility Jurnal PenelitianHutan Tanaman summary] English with nesian, MSc thesis. University of Sydney: Sydney. [Copy in in [Copy Sydney: Sydney. of MSc University thesis. Canberra.] library, CSIRO their for suggestions with plants Australian of ments Melbourne. Lothian: control. Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca Ecology and 30, 457–470. Systematics Oil2004. of Geneva. Seliem M.A., Linscheid U. and Nawwar M.A.M. 2007. 2007. M.A.M. Nawwar and SeliemU. Linscheid M.A., 5- eugenol an Ericifolin: from phenolics 68(10), 1464–1470. of oil in the leaf 2002. Chemical variation J.J. Brophy research—a progress report. Pp. 37–68 in ‘Proceedings ‘Proceedings in 37–68 Pp. report. progress research—a of Forestry, of Division R.K. Geiger. by ed. 1980’, 23–24, Consumer and Agriculture of Department Florida Services: Tallahassee. second edition. Reed New Holland: Sydney. Holland: Reed New edition. second in the essential variation 2000. Natural P.R. Baverstock of content oil Ecology and 28, 367–382. Systematics Biochemical of the Queensland Forest Research Institute – Inter Institute Research Forest the Queensland of Organizations Research Forest of Union national Queensland, Caloundra, Conference, (QFRI–IUFRO) Queensland 1996. 27 October – 1 November Australia, Gympie. Institute: Research Forestry wood C.E. 1996. Variation in growth and survival and of in growth wood C.E. 1996. Variation Melaleuca tropi sustainable for improvement ‘Tree in 31–36 Pp. D.G. Matheson, A.C. Dieters, M.J. by ed. calforestry’, Proceedings S.M. Walker. Harwood C.E. and Nikles, Jogjakarta, Indonesia. Jogjakarta, the leaf of examination An 2012. M. Nour and P. lion the endemic of oils essential Oil Essential Caledonia. Journal New of cies 21, 273–278. tree species’, ed. by A. Rimbawanto and M. Susanto. M. Susanto. and A. Rimbawanto by ed. species’, tree Improvement: Tree and Biotechnology Forest for Centre Kartikawati N.K. 2005. Kartikawati Jones D.L. and Elliot W.R. 1986. Pests, diseases ail and 1986. Pests, Elliot W.R. and D.L. Jones James S.H. 1958. Apomixis in the genus in the genus S.H. 1958. Apomixis James ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Standardization) for Organization ISO (International Ireland B.F., Hibbert D.B., Goldsack R.J., Doran J.C. and and J.C. Doran R.J., Goldsack D.B., Hibbert B.F., Ireland Hussein S.A.M., Hashim A.N.M., El-Sharawy R.T., R.T., A.N.M., El-Sharawy S.A.M., Hashim Hussein Huffman J.B. 1981. J.B. Huffman Holliday I. 2004. Melaleucas: a field and garden guide, guide, garden and a field I. 2004. Melaleucas: Holliday and Lee L.S., Henry R.J. LeaD., L.E., Leach D.N., Homer Hoang Chuong, Doran J.C., Pinyopusarerk K. and Har K. and Pinyopusarerk J.C., Doran Chuong, Hoang Hnawia E., Brophy J.J., Craven L.A., Lebouvier N., Caba L.A., Lebouvier N., Craven J.J., E., Brophy Hnawia Lowry J.B. 1973. A new constituent of biogenetic, phar- psidii sensu lato across tribes of the family Myrtaceae macological and historical interest from M. cajeputi oil. present in Australia. PLoS One 7(4), e35434. At
References Wallace’s Line: a case study of Melaleuca cajuputi Morton J.F. 1966. The cajeput tree—a boon and an afflic- (Myrtaceae). The author: Berkeley. tion. Economic Botany 20, 31–39. McJannet D. 2008. Water table and transpiration dynamics Mueller F. 1864. Callistemon salignus. Fragmenta phyto in a seasonally inundated Melaleuca quiquenervia for- graphiae Australiae 4, 54–55. est, north Queensland. Hydrological Processes 22(16), Mulder V. 1992. Honey and wax production in submerged 3079–3090. Melaleuca forests in Vietnam. Bos Nieuwsletter No. 26, McKelvie L., Bills J. and Peat A. 1994. Jojoba, blue mal- 11(2), 15–29. lee and broombush: market assessment and outlook. Naidu B.P. 2003. Production of betaine from Australian ABARE Research Report 94.9. Australian Bureau of Melaleuca spp. for use in agriculture to reduce plant Agricultural and Resource Economics: Canberra. stress. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture McNeill J., Barrie F.R., Buck W.R., Demoulin V., Greuter 43, 1163–1170. W., Hawkworth D.L. et al. 2012. International Code of Naidu B.P. and Cameron D.F. 1999. Reducing plant stress Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne using Australian melaleuca: a report for the Rural Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botani- Industries Research and Development Corporation. cal Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum RIRDC Publication No. 99/148. Rural Industries Vegetabile 154. Koeltz: Königstein. Accessible at
412 References 413
- - – to bee Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca seeds in Australia and Florida, Florida, and seeds in Australia wetlands and sustainable development development sustainable and wetlands Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): an analysis using historical aerial historical using analysis an (Myrtaceae): Melaleuca Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. Research: Agricultural International for Centre Australian implications. taxonomic its and Myrtaceae 27, 547–573. Botany of Journal 2009. 829–846 in ‘The Pp. Vietnam. Delta, in the Mekong photographs and molecular techniques. Australian Australian techniques. molecular and photographs 60, 9–19. Botany of Journal 66, 99–105. Journal Agricultural land assessment and variation L.S. 1999. Microsatellite Slee ( in tea tree structure genetic of Ecology 8, 633–643. Molecular Myrtaceae). E.M. by introduction an with and annotated, translated, herbal: Beekman). a description Ambonese being The and land- shrubs, herbs, trees, noteworthy the most of the and in Amboina found which are water-plants various their shape, to according islands surrounding several with use together : and cultivation, names, part the figures with the most : for animals insects and trouble much with pertaining them : all to gathered described and in twelve years many over diligence and Haven, New Press: University 1–6. Yale books, Volumes Connecticut. species Australian tree in trials in southeast of flowering the tropics’, for 49–68 in ‘Trees Pp. Australia. Queensland, 10. Australian No. Monograph ACIAR Boland. D.J. by ed. canopy-held canopy-held 40, 87–91. Management Plant Aquatic of US. Journal guide identification an the south-east: of 2011. Weeds Richardson: R.G. F.J. edition. and second Australia, for Victoria. Meredith, of safety and effectiveness 2007. The Corporation) 07/143. No. RIRDC oil. Publication tree tea Australian RIRDC: Canberra. in southern farmland cleared on products fencing for Agriculture, of Department Program, Land Care WA. Forestry: and Canberra.Fisheries of 79–80 in ‘Proceedings Pp. keeping. 1980’, 23–24, September FL, Myers, Fort Symposium, Florida Forestry, of Division R.K. Geiger. by ed. Services: Consumer and Agriculture of Department Tallahassee. plant woody wetland in the clonal, structure ericifolia Rye B.L. 1979. Chromosome number variation in the in the variation number 1979. Chromosome B.L. Rye N.P. Branch and Ni Van E., Duong Maltby R.J., Safford Roff C. 1966. Honey flora of north Queens of Queensland. flora Honey C. 1966. Roff and Henry R.J. P.R., Baverstock R.W., Rosseto M., Slade here in 1741, published (originally 2011 G.E. Rumphius and Bell coppicing and R.E. 1989. Growth, P.A. Ryan Richardson F.J., Richardson R.G. and Shepherd R.C.H. R.G. Shepherd and Richardson F.J., Richardson Development and Research RIRDC Industries (Rural broombush: Growing date. no T. Emmott C. and Robinson of 1981. Relationship F.A. Robinson Population 2012. Boon and E.A. P.I. James R.W., Robinson
- ) - - - to ) oil Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca in Florida. (Myrtaceae). (Myrtaceae). Puccinia psidii Oxyops vitiosa , a potential biologi , a potential Melaleuca quinquen Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Boreioglycaspis Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca Puccinia psidii . Weed Science 44, 603–608. . Weed , a potential biological control agent. agent. control biological , a potential Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca cut-stump regrowth in Florida. Biologi in Florida. regrowth cut-stump invaded wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Wetlands wetlands. invaded leaf oils taken from plantations in Java, in Java, plantations taken from oils leaf plantations. Agroforestry Systems 83(2), 83(2), Systems Agroforestry plantations. trees to attack by the rust fungus the rust fungus by attack to trees ervia Disease 94(8), 1165.2 Plant in Florida. the of Racelis attributes A. 2002. Biological and P.D. 2010a. Insects and a pathogen suppress suppress pathogen a and Insects 2010a. quinquenervia 53(1), 1–8. cal Control by response Differential 2010b. Biological Control 22(1), 38–45. Control Biological facilitates density tree 2009. Decline in exotic T.K. Van experience the from diversity: plant increased quinquenervia 17(5), 455–467. Management 1996b. Susceptibility of of Susceptibility 1996b. Botryosphaeria ribis Disease 80, 145–150. Plant of range 2001. Host of agent cal control and F.J. Richardson: Meredith, Victoria. Meredith, Richardson: F.J. and melaleuca ( of Predisposition agent control biological the potential by invasion to Botryosphaeria ribis Botanical Bulletin 24, 1–191. ( niaouli industrial Main of Journal Madagascar. from productions chemotype 20(3), 261–266. Essential Oil Research control agent for for agent control Society America 87, of the Entomological of Annals 867–873. M. et al. C., Tipakalippa L., Tipuamantymirri Burak Territory Northern animals. and plants 2001. Tiwi cal properties and chemical compositions of of compositions chemical and cal properties leucadendron Science 57(5), 446–451. Wood of Journal Indonesia. weevil the Australian of distribution biological a potential Curculionidae), (Coleoptera: 257–266. agent control biological in California, USA. Florida Psyllidae) (Hemiptera: 94(3), 721–722. Entomologist benefits of essential oil production from from production oil essential of benefits alternifolia Rayamajhi M.B., Van T.K., Center T.D., Goolsby J.A., Pratt Pratt J.A., Goolsby T.D., Center T.K., Van M.B., Rayamajhi Rayamajhi M.B., Pratt P.D., Center T.D. and Wheeler G.S. Wheeler and T.D. Center P.D., Pratt M.B., Rayamajhi Rayamajhi M.B., Pratt P.D., Center T.D. and Van T.K. T.K. Van and T.D. Center P.D., Pratt M.B., Rayamajhi Rayamajhi M.B., Pratt P.D., Center T.D., Tipping P.W. and and P.W. Tipping T.D., Center P.D., Pratt M.B., Rayamajhi Rayachhetry M.B., Van T.K., Center T.D. and Elliott M.L. Elliott and T.D. Center T.K., Rayachhetry Van M.B., Rayachhetry M.B., Blakeslee G.M. and Charudattan R. Charudattan Rayachhetryand G.M. Blakeslee M.B., Rayachhetry M.B., Blakeslee G.M. and Center T.D. 1996a. T.D. Center Rayachhetry G.M. and Blakeslee M.B., Randall R.P. 2002. A global compendium of weeds. R.G. weeds. of 2002. A global compendium Randall R.P. Ramanoelina P.A.R., Bianchini J.P. and Gaydou E.M. 2008. 2008. E.M. Gaydou and J.P. Bianchini P.A.R., Ramanoelina Puruntatameri J., Puruntatameri R., Puruntatameri A., A., R., Puruntatameri Puruntatameri J., Puruntatameri Purcell M.F. and Balciunas J.K. 1994. Life history and history 1994. Life and J.K. Balciunas and M.F. Purcell Pujiarti R., Ohtani Y. and Ichiura H. 2011. Physiochemi Ichiura and Y. R.,Pujiarti Ohtani Pratt P.D. and Arakelian G. 2011. First report of the the of report 2011. First G. Arakelian and P.D. Pratt wetlands handbook, first edition’, ed. by E. Maltby and Sweedman L. 2006. Australian seeds: a photographic guide. T. Barker. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford. Pp. 67–172 in ‘Australian seeds: a guide to their collec- Sell C. 2010. Chemistry of essential oils. Pp. 121–150 in tion, identification and biology’, ed. by L. Sweedman and ‘Handbook of essential oils—science, technology and D. Merritt. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
References applications’, ed. by K.H.C. Baser and G. Buchbauer. Tanaka K., Masumori M., Yamanoshita T. and Tange T. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida. 2011. Morphological and anatomical changes of Mela- Serbesoff-King K. 2003.Melaleuca in Florida: a literature leuca cajuputi under submergence. Trees—Structure review on taxonomy, distribution, biology, ecology, and Function 25(4), 695–704. economic importance and control measures. Journal The Paperbark Co. 2013. Our products. The Paperbark of Aquatic Plant Management 41, 98–112. Co.: Harvey, Western Australia. At
414 References 415
, - - honeys Melaleuca Melaleuca Melaleuca Helianthus and . P. 140 in ‘Proceedings of the of 140 in ‘Proceedings . P. Banksia , . Phytochemistry 69(18), 3062–3069. . Phytochemistry Lophostemon , Melaleuca cajuputi Melaleuca Development of an economic selection index for Aus selection for index economic an of Development 82, 51–60. Systems Agroforestry tralian tea tree. cultivation, use in landscaping and propagation, concise concise propagation, and use in landscaping cultivation, Sydney. Holland: Reed New edition. oil of and Oils, Fragrances of Congress 11th International 1989’, 12–16th November Delhi, India, New Flavours, N. Sen K.L. S.C. Bhattacharyya, and by 1, ed. Volume Delhi. New Publishing: & IBH Sethi. Oxford in Australian 2004. Flavonoids K. Raymont Guioa Food floral authentication. for their potential and 37(2), 166–174. International Research glucu 2008. Flavonol T. Yoshida and Y. S., Amakura from ellagitannins C-glucosidic and ronides squarrosa G. 1995. R.Wightman and Marika B., Marika B., use from plant Aboriginal ethnobotany: Rirratjingu Territory Northern Australia. Arnhem Land, Yirrkala, Botanical Bulletin 21, 1–112. Zhang G.J., Ivkovic M., Prastyono and Doran J.C. 2011. 2011. J.C. Doran and M., Prastyono Ivkovic G.J., Zhang Wrigley J.W. and Fagg M. 2007. Australian native plants: plants: native Australian M. 2007. Fagg and J.W. Wrigley 1989. Essential D. Joulain and C.M. Abdullah K.B., Yaacob N. and Datta B., R., D’Arcy Singanusong Y., L., Jiang Yao Taniguchi T., K., Hatano H., Miyashita M., Ito Yoshimura Marika D., L., Marika Yunupingu-Marika B., Yunupingu
- - - Melaleuca Melaleuca Leptospermum materials from south Florida. Florida. south from materials Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) is regulated through transcript transcript through regulated is (Myrtaceae) some Myrtaceae. Phytochemistry 55(8), 965–970. Phytochemistry Myrtaceae. some all species the other in and tea trees, and Robertson: Sydney. and Angus alliance. 2005. Jawoyn plants and animals: Aboriginal flora and and flora Aboriginal animals: and plants Jawoyn 2005. the and Park National Nitmiluk from knowledge fauna Territory Northern northern Australia. area, Katherine Botanical Bulletin 29, 1–234. of waxes leaf the from 2000. C-methyl-flavonoids J.F. second edition. CRC Press: Boca Press: Raton. CRC edition. second Rosenberg oils. essential and tannin resins, 2: gums, Sydney. Publishing: M. et al. Katherine (deceased), J., Galmurr P. Jatbula alternifolia PLoS One in the MEP pathway. genes of abundance