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Plateau Fishing Technology and Activity: Stl'atl'imx, Secwepemc and Nlaka

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Plateau Fishing Technology and Activity: Stl'atl'imx, Secwepemc and Nlaka Page 381, Prince: Stl’atl’imx, Secwepmc & Nlaka’pamux Knowledge PLATEAU FISHING TECHNOLOGY AND FISHING IN THE PLATEAU REGION ACTIVITY: STL’ATL’IMX, SECWEPEMC AND There is general agreement among scholars that NLAKA’PAMUX KNOWLEDGE fishing activities, especially those related to salmon, have been the foundation of Aboriginal economic, cultural, and social lifestyles along the NICHOLETTE PRINCE Fraser, Thompson, and Nicola rivers. All Curator, Plateau Ethnology Interior Salish groups have access to fish and Canadian Museum of Civilization salmon is the most abundant. The principal 100 Laurier St., PO Box 3100, Stn. B salmon harvested along interior rivers are Hull, QC J8X 4H2 Tel (819) 776-8485 Chinook (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and Email: [email protected] Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka). Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were part of the Fraser ABSTRACT River fisheries before the nineteenth century. The image of Aboriginal men perched over Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) travel up turbulent water with fish nets in hand is well to the middle reaches of the Fraser River in the known to many people. Though this picturesque summer. Steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri), scene may be viewed as romantic and daring, it sometimes referred to as trout, is also available is actually a way of life for many people in the in the Fraser River1. According to Pokotylo and Plateau region of British Columbia. The ability Mitchell (1998), the distribution and population to carry out this practice relies not so much on densities of the Plateau people are directly linked bravado and adventure but rather on knowledge to their access to this resource. Archaeological of the people passed down for generations. evidence of “extensive exploitation” of salmon In a museum environment, collection and dates back three thousand years (Lohse and presentation of many facets of various cultures is Sprague 1998:25). Harris (1997) estimated that a primary focus. Documentation of Aboriginal the Fraser Canyon supported large human fishing from the Plateau region of British populations prior to the devastation caused by Columbia has been very weak, however. The introduced diseases. This large population could Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC) has only be maintained with sufficient food only a few artifacts related to fishing. These do resources, in this case salmon that was caught not accurately reflect the importance of fishing and cured along the banks of the river. In to Interior Salish peoples, such as the Stl’atl’imx, aboriginal times, the ability to process and Secwepemc, and Nlaka’pamux. Nor does the preserve fish influenced the amount of fishing collection encompass the variety of tools and that would take place. Once the dry racks were techniques employed by fishermen in this full, one had to wait until the fish were region. sufficiently dry before removing them and filling the racks once again. Fishing activity is better represented in archival photographs held in the CMC, the Royal British Little research has been done on the level of fish Columbia Museum (RBCM), and Provincial consumption other than salmon. However, a Archives of British Columbia. These variety of other fishes is harvested in the Plateau photographs span from circa 1868 (Frederick area. Many of these species are resident year Dally photographs) to the 1950s. round, and so are consumed fresh. These fish include: largescale suckers (Catostomus INTRODUCTION macrocheilus), northern pikeminnow In 1999 I began research on the topic. Initially, I (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), peamouth planned to conduct field research to document (Meilocheilus caurinus), mountain whitefish contemporary fishing practices. However, I was (Prosopium williamsoni), Dolly Varden trout unable to continue field research, so shifted (Salvelinus malma), cutthroat trout focus to summarize ethnographic fishing (Oncorhychus clarki), longnose suckers practices of Secwepemc, Nlaka’pamux, and (Catostomus catostomus), and lake trout Stl’atl’imx people; to analyze fishing tools held in (Salvelinus namaykush). museum collections; and to review various The geography of British Columbia’s Plateau impacts on Plateau fishing practices throughout region is varied, from high mountains to rolling history. Finally, I provide a summary of foothills and vast grasslands, all intersected by comtemp0rary fishing practices as observed large rivers. Aboriginal people of this region through my own field research and by others have developed distinct languages and societies involved in fishing today. 1 The health of all salmon stocks other than the Sockeye is now considered precarious or nearing extinction. Putting Fishers’ Knowledge to Work: Conference Proceedings, Page 382 but share some cultural traits. Perhaps the most drying spots in their territory. In Aboriginal evident of these is their reliance on fishing. times, spring salmon began running in April, Interior Salish groups included in this research followed by a second spring salmon run in late are the Stl’atl’imx, Secwepemc, and Nlaka’pamux summer, then a series of sockeye salmon runs (their traditional territories are shown in Figure starting in June. Due to the decline of many fish 1). stocks today, the majority of Stl’atl’imx fishing is now centred on the sockeye runs of July and August at the Bridge River /Six Mile site near the town of Lillooet. Teit (1906) noted that the Stl’atl’imx used a variety of fishing gear: The Upper Lillooet gathered at different places along the Fraser River between Lillooet and the Fountain, where they caught large quantities of salmon with bag- nets. The spears used were similar to those of the Thompson Indians. Single and double pronged spears were used from the shore, and three-pronged ones from canoes or rafts. Very long-handled spears and gaff-hooks were used for catching fish in muddy pools or large eddies. Barbed hooks of antler with short handles, as well as spears with detachable points, were used for pulling out fish at weirs or dams. Metal hooks were used at the present day. Fish- traps were of two kinds, as among the Shuswap and Thompson Indians. They were set at gates or openings of weirs, in creeks near the outlets of lakes, or near mouths of creeks flowing into lakes. .. Fish were also caught with lines and baited hooks. The latter were made of bone, wood, and thorns of the hawberry-tree (Crataegus rivularius Nutt.). Copper hooks were also used, which were similar in shape to the double bone hooks of the Figure 1. Maps of the traditional territories of the Thompson Indians (227-228). Stl’atl’imx, Secwepemc, and Nlaka’pamux Interior Once caught, salmon was wind or smoke dried Salish groups of British Columbia. and kept over the winter. Some fish was rendered into fish oil, a practice that does not appear to be common today. The American Stl’atl’imx Museum of Natural History has a number of The Stl’atl’imx are also called Lillooet and can be Stl’atl’imx artifacts related to fish oil rendering divided on the basis of dialect and geography which are not found in other collections. Teit into Upper and Lower divisions (Kennedy and collected these near the turn of the twentieth Bouchard, 1998). The term Stl’atl’imx century. The process for rendering salmon oil is designates them as speaking the same language. mentioned by Kennedy and Bouchard (1992; The Upper Stl’atl’imx share more of the Plateau 1998) but it is not evident whether or not fish oil cultural traits while people living in the Mount is still produced today. I did not see fish oil Currie region tend to be tied closer to the production in 1999 nor did I hear people talk of Halkomelem peoples of the lower Fraser River. it. A comprehensive study of Stl’atl’imx fishing is Stl’atl’imx people are renowned for their wind found in Hayden (1992), which compiles dried salmon. Today, as in the past, they wind research on Stl’atl’imx resource use, both dry salmon in August when grasshoppers are historical and contemporary. The Stl’atl’imx singing. It is said that when grasshoppers make have some of the best salmon fishing and wind a particular clicking sound, it resembles the Page 383, Prince: Stl’atl’imx, Secwepmc & Nlaka’pamux Knowledge sound of a knife cutting through a salmon’s The continuing importance of fishing to backbone, announcing that conditions are Secwepemc is evident in the cultural and perfect for wind drying. educational material they produce today. Fishing activities are featured in the Secwepemc Secwepemc Heritage Centre in Kamloops. This exhibit The Secwepemc people are also known as the includes a salmon trap, a mineep (toggle spear), Shuswap and the two names are used a dip net, two leisters (one made with bone and interchangeably. There are seven divisions of wood, the other from a pitch fork), and fishhooks Secwepemc people within seventeen bands. as examples of Secwepemc fishing technology. Their territory is in the southern interior of The Heritage Centre has produced a video British Columbia, around the Thompson and entitled “how to make a pitch fork leister” which Fraser rivers. Traditional villages and current is used in schools. The Secwepemc Cultural Indian reserves are located along the rivers. Education Society (SCES) has produced a There are two physiographic areas within number of textbooks that include information on Secwepemc territory, known as the Fraser and fishing. The Teachers Guide, for example, states Thompson plateaus. The Fraser plateau is as one of its learning objectives of the summer characterized by rolling lowlands along the module, “Students will recognize the ingenuity of Fraser River between the Coast and Rocky Shuswap fishing technology” (Mulligan Mountains (Ignace 1998). The Thompson 1988:37). plateau includes narrow plateaus and highlands of Cascade and Coast mountains. The Nlaka’pamux Secwepemc territory is rich in salmon spawning Nlaka’pamux people have been known by other beds.
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