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Tulin-C-Uppsats 080616 Södertörns högskola | Institutionen för genus kultur och historia Kandidatuppsats 15 hp | Ämne Historia | vårterminen 2008 (Programmet för Kultur samhälle och historia) Bilden av en stjärna En jämförelseanalys om hur kända kvinnor framställs i tidskrifterna Bildjournalen 1956-57 och Hänt bild 2007 An analytical comparison of the way in which famous women are displayed in the journals, Bildjournalen 1956-57 and Hänt Bild 2007 Av: Tulin Sali Handledare: Kekke Stadin INNEHÅLL 1. Inledning.………………………………………………………..………………...… 3 1.1.Syfte/Frågeställningar……………….………………....……………………………....… 5 1.2.Forskningsläge……………..………………………………………………..................… 5 1.3.Våra kulturella föreställningar i media……………………………………………...….... 5 2.Teoretiskt perspektiv………..……………………………………………………..... 7 2.1.Genus……………………………………………………….............................................. 7 2.2.Den ideala kvinnan…………………………………………............................................. 8 2.3.Kontrasten till kvinnoidealet………………………………….......................................... 8 3.Källor och Metod.…..……..…………………………................................................ 9 3.1.Källor/källkritik.………………………………………………………………………..... 9 3.2.Metod/urval……………………………………………………………………………... 10 4. Presentation av artister………………….……..……………….............................. 12 5. Bilden av en stjärna……………………………………………............................... 15 5.1.Kvinnligheter..…….…..……………………..………………........................................... 15 Den naturliga och fagra………………………………………….…………………….….. 15 Fresterskan och den manhaftiga………………………………….………………………. 16 Kroppen……………………………………………………………..…………………….. 21 Den respektabla medelklasskvinnan……………………………………………………..... 25 Den vulgära arbeterskan……………………………………………………………….….. 27 5.2.Karriären……………………………………………………............................................. 28 Vägen till artistyrket…………………………………………………………………...…... 28 Kompetens…………………………………………………………………...……………. 30 Den fortsatta karriären…………………………………………………………………...... 33 5.3.Kärleksrelationer………….…………………………………........................................... 35 Destruktiviteten och saknaden efter mannen…………………………………………...….. 35 Den vackra och lyckliga flickvännen och fästmön……………………………………....... 36 Den gifta och lyckliga kvinnan och modern……………………………………………..... 39 Utanför genusordningen………………………………………………………………..…. 42 5.4.Skandaler & Sensationer……………………………………............................................ 45 Skilsmässoskandaler………………………………………………………………………... 46 Otrohetsskandaler………………………………………………………………………….. 46 Sex och promiskuitet………………………………………………………………………. 47 6. Sammanfattandediskussion……….……………………...…………....................... 49 7. Käll- och litteraturförteckning…………………………………….......................... 52 7.1. Källor…………………………………………………………………………………… 52 7.2.Litteratur……………………………………………………..…………………………. 53 7.3.Internet sidor……………………………………………………………………………. 54 2 1 Inledning Innan Charlotte Perelli vann schlagerfestivalen pratades det mycket i media om hennes nervositet inför tävlingen. En dag såg jag stora löpsedlar som basunerade ut att Charlotte Perelli hade drabbats av anorexi. Det sades att hon var för smal för att delta i schlagerfestivalen. Mängder av frågor väcktes i mitt huvud. Varför hade hon blivit så smal? Problem i äktenskapet? Hade hennes italienska svärföräldrar ställt till det? Eller hade hon fått komplex för sitt utseende? Varför är det så vanligt att ungdomar, tonårstjejer, men även äldre människor, intresserar sig för kändisar? Kan det vara så att vi tycker att vi har en nära relation till dem? Enligt Allers hemsida, Hänt bild , ökar intresset för artister, deras mål är att lyckas bättre med att fånga kändisars privata och offentliga liv. 1 Ett exempel är Britney Spears, som benämns ”skandaldrottningen” 2 i dagens veckopress. Läsaren får veta allt - från hennes inre tankar till offentliga misslyckanden. Men hur är det när det gäller skandaler och kända män? Uttryck som skandalkung, skandalherre eller skandalprins verkar inte vara lika vanliga som skandaldrottning, skandalprinsessa eller skandalkvinna. Kanske existerar inte begreppen alls. Hur kommer det sig att det är kvinnan och inte mannen som omfattas av begreppet skandal? Min uppsats kommer att handla om vilken bild media ger av kvinnliga artister 3. Jag kommer att ta reda på hur artisterna framställs, lyfta fram medias syfte och förhållande till konsumenten. Idag är vi omringade av skönhetsideal och kläder. Dessa framställer kvinnan som snygg, smal och sund men ändå kurvig, dvs kvinnlig. Detta ideal, som förmedlas av artister i media, verkar vara något som bör eftersträvas av många. Men hur har egentligen utvecklingen av kändismedier, film och musik sett ut? I början på 1900-talet skedde en modernisering i samhället. Eva Blomberg menar att senare forskning har kommit fram till att moderniseringen inte bara berodde på urbanisering utan främst på konsumtion och populärkultur. Dessutom hävdar författaren att fenomenet var den ”nya kvinnan”. 4 Hon fick en plats i offentligheten genom den framväxande stjärnkulturen, och teknologin. Hon syntes överallt, på biografer, på TV-skärmen, i litteratur 1Allers förlag , Datum 080609 http://www.mediefakta.se/Sites/Kvinnopanelen/Default____34192.aspx?DataID=34272 2 Nationalencyklopedin sökord ”skandal” Datum: 080613 http://www.ne.se.till.biblextern.sh.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=0317494&i_word=skandal . ”Skandal” är en känd person som gjort uppseendeväckande ting. Detta är händelser som oftast förknippas med avvikande beteenden, ”Skandaldrottning” en person som begår skandal konstant, alltså väcker ideligen uppmärksamhet, (egen tolkning). 3 Nationalencyklopedin sökord ”artist”, Datum: 080613 http://www.ne.se.till.biblextern.sh.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=0107662&i_word=artist . ”Artist” är en person som är skicklig inom en viss gren, tex, konst och teater. Själv använder jag begreppet istället för kändis. Artist kan även sammankopplas med en skicklig person inom musik och film. 4 Blomberg Eva, Vill ni se en stjärna? Kön kropp och kläder i Filmjournalen 1919-1953 Nordic Academic Press, Lund, 2006, s 10-11 3 och veckopress.5 Köparna var unga, stjärnorna förebilder för det moderna i form av klädsel, levnadssätt och framgång. Filmen expanderade främst via Hollywoodstjärnorna till västvärlden på 1930-talet.6 På 1950-talet stod stora populära stjärnor 7 som bl a Marilyn Monroe, Greta Garbo, Grace Kelly, och Anita Ekberg i ljuset av Hollywood. Det var Hollywoods guldålder och utvecklingen gick snabbt framåt. 8 Under samma tid var den svenska filmexpansionen på topp.9 På 1960-70-talet började dock filmindustrin svalna. Samtidigt började rock- och pop- musiken att göra sig gällande. Artister och grupper som Beatles, Doors och Jimmie Hendrix tog plats på scenen.10 Knark började bli allt vanligare och tiden kallades för ”flower-power” och Gröna vågen. Björn Horgby hävdar att ungdomen ville frigöra sig.11 De var emot den kollektiva underordningen och 12 friheten, samhörigheten och kärleken var det mest betydande. 13 Musiken var dess forum. Musikens betydelse har ökat och har gett upphov till en blandad ungdomskultur som i hög grad påverkar samhället. Den vanligaste musiken bland tonåringar är bl a Rn`B, Hip Hop och hårdrock. Parallellt har filmstjärnekulturen i Hollywood blivit glesare. När stjärnor på 1940- 50 talet medverkade i ca 3-4 filmer per år, medverkar idag en världsstjärna i en film per år, enligt Bengt Forslund.14 Idag utgör populärkulturen en blandning av filmstjärnor och popartister. Dessutom har en ny ungdomskultur vuxit fram skriver Johan Fornäs. 15 En ytterligare modernisering har skett, och Blomberg menar att konsumtionen av tv, magasin och underhållning blivit större bland unga.16 Kändismedier säljs överallt. På 1950-talet fanns i stort sett bara Film - och Bildjournalen, idag finns magasin som Hänt bild, Se och hör , Frida och Veckans Nu. 5 Blomberg, s 10-11 6 Blomberg, s 10 7 Nationalencyklopedin sökord ”stjärna”, Datum: 080613 http://www.ne.se.till.biblextern.sh.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=0342671&i_word=stj%4rna .”Stjär na” är en framgångsrik person inom ett visst yrke, tex, musik och film. 8 Gow Gordon, Hollywood in the fifties, The International Film guide serises, New york, London, 1971, s 7 9 Blomberg, s 20 10 Horgby Björn, Rock och uppror, Carlssons bokförlag, Stockholm, 2007, s 13-15, 37 11 Horgby, s 13 12 Horgby, s 54, 57 13 Horgby, s 57 14 Forslund Bengt, Filmstjärnor, en bok om svenska skådespelerskor i världen, Copyright, Alfabeta bokförlag, 1995, s 99 15 Fornäs Johan, Speglingar, i Hannerz Ulf, antologin Medier och Kulturer , Carlsson Bokförlag, Stockholm, 1990, s 154-155 16 Blomberg, s 9 4 1.1 Syfte och frågeställningar Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att utifrån ett genusperspektiv undersöka och jämföra över tid hur kvinnliga artister konstrueras i tidskrifterna Bildjournalen och Hänt Bild 1956-1957 och 2007. Därutöver gör jag en jämförelseanalys av den bild media ger av svenska respektive amerikanska artister. Mina frågeställningar är följande; vad är det för typ av information om artister som tas upp? Vilka sidor av kvinnor skildras och hur presenteras dessa i förhållande till kändisliv och privatliv? Hur skildras artisterna i förhållande till sina män? Finns det likheter i hur man framställer artister i media mellan 1956-57 och 2007? Och i så fall, vilka är de mest frekventa? Finns det skillnader i hur bilden av artister förmedlas mellan 1956-57 och 2007? Och hur kan detta förklaras? Finns någon skillnad i hur de svenska respektive amerikanska artisterna förmedlas? I så fall, vilken är denna
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