Forming Accessories Handbook Concrete Construction Products
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Vermiculite Concrete Introduction Vermiculite Concrete Is a Low Density Non-Structural Construction Product
Vermiculite Concrete Introduction Vermiculite concrete is a low density non-structural construction product. It is insulating (both thermally and acoustically) and intrinsically fire resistant. It is normally made simply by mixing exfoliated vermiculite as the aggregate, with cement and water, plus additives such as plasticisers if required. The ratio of exfoliated vermiculite aggregate to cement and the vermiculite grade can be varied to the properties such as strength and insulation as required for the concrete. The applications for vermiculite concrete are however, all non-structural. Vermiculite concretes can also be produced containing other lightweight aggregates, such as expanded perlite, to give differing physical properties. Normally the type of cement used in these mixes is Ordinary Portland Cement (O.P.C), although a higher initial strength may be obtained using Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (R.H.P.C). For high temperature refractory applications, high alumina (luminate in the USA) cements may be used with great success to manufacture lightweight in-situ cast insulation mixes and back up insulation products. However, these applications are beyond the scope of this specific application note. Applications for Vermiculite Concrete The principal applications for vermiculite concrete are for in-situ site mixed applications such as: • Floor and roof screeds • Void filling insulation mixes around chimneys, back boilers and fire backs • Blocks and slabs • Swimming pool bases [see separate application note for this application] Vermiculite concrete can be easily cut, sawed, nailed or screwed. The lower density vermiculite concrete screeds are usually covered with a denser topping mix of 4:1 or 5:1 sand to cement mix to a minimum depth of 25mm (1 inch); the screed and denser more load distributing topping should ideally be laid monolithically to prevent dis-bonding and shear fracturing between the screed and the topping. -
Recycling of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete in Screed and Stabilized Sand
RECYCLING OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE IN SCREED AND STABILIZED SAND Jef Bergmans1, Peter Nielsen2, Kris Broos3, Ruben Snellings4, Mieke Quaghebeur5 1 Researcher, VITO, [email protected] 2 Senior Researcher, VITO, [email protected] 3 Team Leader, VITO, [email protected] 4 Researcher, VITO, [email protected] 5 Program Manager, VITO, [email protected] ABSTRACT Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight cellular concrete that has been used for more than 80 years. Currently, however, no good recycling options for AAC from construction and demolition waste exist. The amount of AAC waste that can be recycled in the production of new AAC is limited because of quality issues. Furthermore, recycling AAC into traditional concrete or as unbound aggregate causes both technical and environmental problems because of the low compressive strength (2-8 MPa) of AAC and its high amount of leachable sulfate: typically > 10,000 mg/kg dm (L/S = 10). In this paper, recycled AAC waste was evaluated as a replacement of sand in a traditional screed (subfloor) and in cement stabilized sand products. A range of cements (CEM I, CEM II and CEM III), were used in combination with the crushed AAC waste aggregate (0-8 mm). During hydration a reaction of the AAC leachable sulfate and the aluminate contained in the cement resulted in the formation of (insoluble) ettringite. The main conditions influencing the formation of ettringite, and hence the leaching of sulfate, were examined in cement stabilized sand products. A sufficiently high pH was found to be crucial to meet sulfate leaching standards. -
Chapter 8 - Concrete
Chapter 8 - Concrete Chapter 8 - Concrete Chapter 8 - Concrete Concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement, water, sand, rock, air and certain admixtures through the chemical reaction called Hydration. Chapter 8 - Concrete Nearly every structure constructed in SD will utilize concrete in one form or another. The chapter will cover concrete from the point it is delivered to the construction site in its plastic state to its use in its final position. Inspection at Plant: This is covered in the Concrete Plants Manual Haul ticket Project Material Date Truck Number Water: Maximum Water: Actual Batch Size Time Start Mix Inspector: Plant Revolution: Initial Inspection at Delivery Your inspection of the concrete begins when the concrete reaches the structure site. Your inspection focuses on items that affect the strength and durability of the concrete. You will be tasked with performing the fresh concrete testing and also to closely monitor the operations of the pour. Inspection at Delivery Time Limits Inspection items Amount of Mixing which ultimately Slump affect strength and durability of concrete Air Content Temperature Concrete Cylinders Unit Weight Time Limits If concrete placement takes too long, it will start to “set up”. The following limits have been specified: Concrete mixed in hauling unit (Redi-mix truck) 50 – 80o F Discharge within 90 min. & screed within 105 min. 80 – 90o F Discharge within 45 min. & screed within 60 min. Concrete not mixed in hauling unit (uncommon for structures) 50 – 80o F - Discharge within 45 min. & screed within 60 min. 80 – 90o F - Discharge within 30 min. & screed within 45 min. -
Technical Notes
Strong-Rod™ Systems SEISMIC AND WIND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS GUIDE 800-999-5099 | www.strongtie.com Seismic and High-Wind Restraint Systems NEES-Soft test validates seismic retrofit solutions for soft-story buildings. Your Full-Solution Partner Simpson Strong-Tie introduces the Strong-Rod™ continuous rod tiedown system for light-frame, multi-story wood construction. Our Strong-Rod Anchor Tiedown System for shearwall overturning restraint and Strong-Rod Uplift Restraint System for roofs address many of the design challenges speciically associated with multi-story buildings that must withstand seismic activity or wind events. Multi-story structures require a variety of special design considerations, and having a reliable, highly knowledgeable design partner is critical to keeping projects on time and within budget. No company knows light- frame wood construction better than Simpson Strong-Tie, and we have everything you need to design your building. Code-listed components and systems that come with unmatched testing and design expertise are your formula for success. Let Simpson Strong-Tie be your partner in designing the safest building possible with materials suited speciically for the application, making installation easier and costs lower. To ind out how we can help you, visit us at www.strongtie.com/srscontact or call 800-999-5099. Company Proile For nearly 60 years, Simpson Strong-Tie has focused on creating structural products that help people build safer and stronger homes and buildings. A leader in structural systems research and technology, Simpson Strong-Tie is one of the largest suppliers of structural building products in the world. The Simpson Strong-Tie commitment to product development, engineering, testing and training is evident in the consistent quality and delivery of its products and services. -
D3.2 Dragados
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653789. Coordinated and Support Project (CSA) Call: H2020-MG-2014_SingleStage_B Topic: MG-8.1b-2014 REthinking Future Infrastructure NETworks REFINET Project Duration: 2015.05.01 – 2017.04.30 Grant Agreement number: 653789 Coordinated and Support Project WP3 D3.2 DRAGADOS Best practices in design, construction and maintenance of transport infrastructures Submission Date: 03.07.2017 Due Date: 30.04.2016 Dissemination Level PU PP RE CO Project Coordinator: Alain ZARLI (CSTB) Tel: +33 493 95 67 36 Fax: +33 493 95 67 33 E mail: [email protected] Project website address: www.refinet.eu REFINET 2 D3.2 – Best practices in design, building and maintenance of transport infrastructures REVISION HISTORY Date Version Author/Contributor1 Revision By2 Comments 11.04.2016 V01 DRAGADOS, M. Segarra / First draft upon request of the REFINET Partners/ P.O. ENCORD members / ECTP members / NTPs members 06.05.2016 V1 DRAGADOS, M. Segarra, Final version of the document. P. Delgado / REFINET Submitted deliverable. Partners/ ENCORD members / ECTP members / NTPs members 03.07.2017 V2 DRAGADOS Miguel SEGARRA Final version submited to EC/INEA with changes linked to publication on CORDIS (EU emblem, disclaimer). Disclaimer The information in this document is provided as is and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and liability. The document reflects only the author's view and the INEA and the European Commission are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. -
Trussed Rafter Technical Guide
TRUSSED RAFTERS have proved to be an efficient, safe and economical method for supporting roofs since their introduction into the UK in 1964. They are manufactured by specialised timber engineering companies, who supply to all sections of the construction industry. Developments have been extensive, and today complex roofscapes are easily formed with computer designed trussed rafters. With the continuing trend toward individualism in domestic house styling, let alone the reflection of this in new inner city estates, the facility to introduce variations to the standard designs is vital. The provision of many character differences by designing and then constructing L returns, doglegs and hips for example, satisfies the inherent need for individuality at affordable prices. Economical roofing solutions for many commercial, industrial and agricultural buildings; hospitals, army barracks and supermarket complexes, are achieved by the expeditious installation of trussed rafters. Experienced roof designers and trussed rafter manu- facturers are therefore in an ideal position to assist the architect or specifier in achieving affordable solutions throughout the building industry. Simply provide a brief sketch or description of that being considered, including alternatives, and we will do the rest. The whole roof is designed and specified using state-of-the-art computer aided technology supplied by Wolf Systems. We can also arrange for one of our specialists to visit and advise you. This technical manual highlights some of the basic structural arrangements and assembly information you may require. In addition, we can offer technical expertise and experience in a comprehensive advisory service to clients, from initial sketch to completed trussed rafters. 1 Technical Data Design Trusses are designed in accordance with the current Code of Practice, which is BS 5268: Part 3, and the relevant Building Regulations. -
Builder's Guide to Trusses
Table of Contents Roof Construction Techniques: Pro’s and Con’s . 2 Trusses: Special Benefits for Architects and Engineers . 4 Special Benefits for Contractors and Builders . 5 Special Benefits for the Owner. 5 How Does A Truss Work? . 6 Typical Framing Systems. 8 Gable Framing Variations . 11 Hip Set Framing Variations . 13 Additional Truss Framing Options Valley Sets . 15 Piggyback Trusses . 17 Typical Truss Configurations . 18 Typical Truss Shapes. 20 Typical Bearing / Heel Conditions Exterior Bearing Conditions. 21 Crushing at the Heel . 22 Trusses Sitting on Concrete Walls . 22 Top Chord Bearing. 23 Mid-Height Bearing . 23 Leg-Thru to the Bearing. 23 Tail Bearing Tray. 24 Interior Bearing Conditions . 24 Typical Heel Conditions. 25 Optional End Cosmetics Level Return. 25 Nailer . 25 Parapet. 26 Mansard . 26 Cantilever. 26 Stub . 26 Bracing Examples . 27 Erection of Trusses . 29 Temporary Bracing . 30 Checklist for Truss Bracing Design Estimates . 32 Floor Systems . 33 Typical Bearing / Heel Conditions for Floor Trusses Top Chord, Bottom Chord, and Mid-Height Bearing. 34 Interior Bearing Conditions . 35 Ribbon Boards, Strongbacks and Fire Cut Ends . 36 Steel Trusses . 37 Ask Charlie V. 38 Charlie’s Advice on Situations to Watch Out for in the Field. 41 Glossary of Terms. 42 Appendix - References. 48 1 Builders, Architects and Home Owners today have many choices about what to use in roof and floor systems Traditional Stick Framing – Carpenters take 2x6, Truss Systems – in two primary forms: 2x8, 2x10 and 2x12 sticks of lumber to the job • Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses – site. They hand cut and fit this lumber together Engineered trusses are designed and into a roof or floor system. -
Deck Framing Connection Guide
Deck Framing Connection Guide RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF CODE-COMPLIANT DECKS 800-999-5099 | www.strongtie.com Contents Introduction – Improperly Built Decks Can Be Dangerous. 3 Critical Deck Connections. 4 Existing Decks: Retrofit or Replace. .5 Selecting Connectors and Fasteners: Corrosion Issues. .6 Stainless-Steel Connectors and Fasteners . 7 Ledger Attachment. .8 Lateral Load Connection. .9 Footings. .10 Post Bases. .12 Beam-to-Post Connections. 13 Joists Terminating into Beam/Ledger . .14 Joists Bearing on a Beam. .15 Railing Post-to-Deck Framing . .16 Stair Stringers & Treads. 17 Fastening Deck Boards. .18 A Word About Building Codes This guide recommends connectors and fasteners for deck for details. Check with your local building department to verify construction that may meet the requirements of the 2006 what building codes have been adopted in your area. International Building Code® and the 2006 International Selection of products based upon performance and/or Residential Code®. The information contained here is a suitability for a specific application should be made by a summary of the requirements of these codes as they pertain qualified professional. Simpson Strong-Tie recommends that to the connections highlighted in this guide. The building codes contain other requirements regarding aspects of deck deck designs are approved by the local building department construction that are not addressed here, check the codes before construction begins. International Building Code and International Residential Code are registered trademarks of their respective organizations. LIMITED WARRANTY Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. warrants catalog products to be free from defects in and the condition of the soils involved, damage may nonetheless result to a structure material or manufacturing. -
Engineered Wood Products and Mass Timber Use in Wood Buildings
Engineered Wood Products and Mass Timber Use in Wood Buildings Daniel Hindman, Ph.D., P.E., Virginia Tech Associate Professor in Department of Sustainable Biomaterials at Virginia Tech for 17 years Classes Include Design of Wood Structures, Timber Engineering, Green Introduction Building Systems, Wood Mechanics and BIM for Wood-Based Structures Research Areas Include Development of Cross-Laminated Timber from Alternative Species, Mechanical Properties of Engineered Wood Products, Connection Design of Engineered Wood Products Discussion or inclusion of products in this presentation does not constitute an endorsement Products discussed serve as illustrations only Disclaimer Most products mentioned have several companies that produce similar or equivalent materials You should have a basic understanding of wood material properties You should be familiar with the National Design Specification for Assumptions Wood Construction (NDS) You should be familiar with ASD and LRFD factors (these will not of Audience be discussed but do apply according to the NDS) You should be familiar with the way that design stresses of wood materials are modified (base design values are found in the NDS Supplement, then modified for the particular design situation) Definition of EWPs Discussion of proprietary vs. nonproprietary materials and where to find design values Goals of Use of SCL and I-joists in taller wood construction along with Presentation detailing and connections An introduction to mass timber (Glulam & CLT) and how to design mass timber -
Glulam Handbook Volume 1
GLULAM HANDBOOK VOLUME 1 2013-10-17 GLULAM HANDBOOK Volume 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION GLULAM AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL Strength x Performance x Beauty = Wood3 = Glulam Glulam of course! THE HISTORY OF GLULAM The development of glued laminated timber New possibilities The breakthrough Nordic glulam The factory in Sweden The need for railway station halls The company AB Fribärande Träkonstruktioner Reliable material A growing market for Nordic glulam Highly advanced architecture FACTS ABOUT GLULAM GLULAM AND THE ENVIRONMENT Glulam in the life-cycle CERTIFICATION AND CONTROL CE-marking Factory production control PROPERTIES Timber species Adhesives Appearance quality 2 2 Size and form Strength properties Thermal qualities Moisture content Humidity movement Properties in a fire Durability GLULAM PRODUCTS Appearance and surface finishing Stock range Size tolerances Manufacturing standard Straight glulam members Curved glulam members Transport protection Erection PLANNING STRUCTURAL PREREQUISITES Constructional aspects of glulam structures Bracing of glulam structures Building envelope Moisture protection STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Structural systems – an overview Beam – column system Glulam in multi-storey buildings Continuous beams Trusses Three-pin roof trusses Three-pin arches Three-pin portal frames Cantilevers Composite system CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN Design load for roof structures Size tables Straight roof beams Double pitched beams Three-pin roof truss with steel ties Three-pin arches with steel ties Three-pin portal frames Roof purlins Floor -
Design Guide for Timber Roof Trusses
TFEC 4-2020 Design Guide for Timber Roof Trusses August 2020 This document is intended to be used by engineers to provide guidance in designing and evaluating timber roof truss structures. Do not attempt to design a timber roof truss structure without adult supervision from a qualified professional (preferably an experienced timber engineer). The Timber Frame Engineering Council (TFEC) and the Timber Framers Guild (TFG) assume no liability for the use or misuse of this document. TFEC-4 Committee: Jim DeStefano, P.E., AIA, F.SEI chairman Ben Brungraber, Ph.D., P.E. David Connolly, P.E. Jeff Hershberger, E.I. Jaret Lynch, P.E. Leonard Morse-Fortier, Ph.D., P.E. Robin Zirnhelt, P.Eng Illustrations by Ken Flemming and Josh Coleman Copyright © 2020 Timber Frame Engineering Council TFEC 4-2020 Page 2 Table of Contents Background 5 Truss Analysis 7 Ideal Trusses 7 Classical Methods 8 Graphical Methods 10 Squire Whipple 11 Computer Modeling 12 Truss Deflection and Camber 16 Development of Truss Forms 17 King Post Trusses 21 Queen Post Trusses 23 Howe Trusses 25 Pratt Trusses 26 Fink Trusses 27 Scissor Trusses 28 Hammer-Beam Trusses 31 Parallel Chord Trusses 34 Truss Joinery and Connections 36 Howe Truss Example 37 Scissor Truss Example 40 Scissor Truss with Clasping King 42 Block Shear 43 Friction and Joinery 45 Free Body Diagram 49 Steel Side Plates 50 Hardwood Pegs 53 Nuts and Bolts 55 Ogee Washers 57 TFEC 4-2020 Page 3 Split Rings and Shear Plates 58 Tension Joinery 59 Special Considerations 60 Truss Bracing 60 Raised and Dropped Bottom Chords 61 Curved Members 63 Grain Matched Glulams 68 Seasoning Shrinkage Considerations 69 Epilogue – Topped Out 71 TFEC 4-2020 Page 4 Background Man has been building with timber trusses for over 2,000 years. -
Sand-Cement Floor Screeds and Concrete Toppings
sand-cement screeds and concrete toppings for floors 1. introduction 3. specification Screeds and toppings are commonly used as a means of 3.1 Suitability of screeds and toppings providing smooth flat floors in residential, commercial and Screeds are essentially light-duty flooring elements and are industrial buildings. Toppings may also be used to increase the suitable for: structural depth and strength of the base slab. • Wearing surfaces of floors of utility rooms in domestic premises (e.g. store rooms, garages) The aim of this publication is to provide the information • Floors covered with carpets, plastic tiles or linoleum, needed by architects, engineers and contractors for specifying etc and subjected to relatively light traffic such as in offices, and laying floor screeds and toppings of acceptable quality. shops and hospitals Information is provided on monolithic, bonded and unbonded screeds and toppings. Screeds are generally not suitable as wearing surfaces in commercial buildings, schools etc. or in industrial premises. 2. definitions Preferred methods of floor construction for such premises The following definitions are used in this document. are full-thickness trowelled concrete or a topping on a Screed: concrete base. A layer of well compacted material, commonly a mixture of cement and fine aggregate, that is applied to a base at the Screeds and toppings should be specified only where appropriate thickness and that has a surface suitable for placing and finishing the concrete floor to acceptable standards receiving a floor finish. is impracticable. Topping: 3.2 Surface finish A layer of high-strength concrete designed: Screeds a) to provide a dense, abrasion-resistant surface on a The surface of the screed should be finished according to the concrete base, or type of wearing surface or flooring that is to be laid.