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7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933

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7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 Alexei V. Tchesunov 7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 Diagnosis : Chromadorea. Cuticle ornamented with body (cuticle heterogeneous) or the ornamentation may be transverse rows of punctuations as dots, rods or “ basket made up of rods jointed in a “basket weave ”. Pharyngos- weave ” and often with lateral differentiation. Anterior toma with dorsal tooth usually larger than ventrosublate- sensilla arranged in two or three circles, i.e., an ante- ral ones; teeth hollow or solid; denticles may be present; rior circle of inner labial sensilla (usually papillae, but three nearly equal solid teeth also occur in some genera. may be setiform), an outer circle of outer labial sensilla Male monorchic with anterior testis (synapomorphy); pre- (seti- or papilliform) and a third circle of cephalic setae cloacal supplements cup-shaped (never tubular), may be (pattern six + six + four); the second and third circles absent. Females with two antidromously reflexed ovaries, may form a single circle of ten sensilla (pattern six + ten). the anterior gonad to the right of the intestine, the pos- In the case of pattern six + six + four, the four cephalic terior gonad to the left of the intestine (synapomorphy). setae are longer than the six outer labial sensilla, and in Mostly marine. Five subfamilies. the case of pattern six + ten, the six outer labial sensilla are longer than the four cephalic setae of the same joint circle. Amphideal fovea variable, simple spiral, comma- 7.12.1.1 Subfamily Chromadorinae like, transverse loop or slit, or multispiral; when spiral, Filipjev, 1917 amphideal fovea usually located posterior to the cepha- lic setae, but sometimes lying between the four cephalic Diagnosis (after Decraemer & Smol 2006): Chromadori- setae and are then difficult to observe. Cephalic helmet dae. Cuticle homo- or heterogeneous, usually without not developed as such, but head cuticle may be slightly or with slight lateral differentiation made by larger dots inflated within several genera. Cheilostoma with twelve (only in Chromadorella, the lateral larger dots arranged in cheilorhabdia (folds or rugae); pharyngostoma of varia- longitudinal rows). Outer labial papilliform sensilla and ble size and shape, very often armed with a single bigger four cephalic setae in two separate circles. Amphideal dorsal tooth and two or more smaller ventrosublateral fovea transverse slit-like, difficult to observe under light teeth or denticles. Pharynx largely evenly muscular, microscopy. Buccal cavity armed with three nearly equal cylindrical, posteriorly often widened or terminated with solid teeth (except for Prochromadora with the dorsal muscular bulb with well-cuticularized luminal walls. tooth single or prevails). Pharyngeal tissue not enlarged Female reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic with around the buccal cavity. Simple and distinctly defined antidromously reflexed ovaries. Males monorchic or dior- posterior pharyngeal bulb. Preanal cup-shaped supple- chic. Precloacal supplements cup-shaped, fine tubular or mentary organs usually present. setose. Caudal glands and spinneret present. Marine free- Type genus: Chromadora Bastian, 1865 living, a few species epibiotic, uncommon in freshwater and soil. Six families. 7.12.1.1.1 Genus Atrochromadora Wieser, 1959 (Fig. 7.92 A) 7.12.1 Family Chromadoridae Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Homogeneous р unctated Filipjev, 1917 body cuticle pattern along the body and with lateral diffe- rentiation of larger dots. Amphideal fovea transverse oval, Diagnosis: Chromadorida. Amphideal fovea as simple open loop-shaped. Pharyngostoma with three solid teeth, transverse slit-like, often inconspicuous, or ventrally the dorsal tooth larger than the ventrosublateral teeth. wound spiral, located between the cephalic setae or pos- Males usually with cup-shaped precloacal supplements. terior to them. Cuticular ornamentation as punctuations, Marine. which may be evenly distributed and of equal size (cuticle Number of species: 12 homogeneous), or unevenly distributed, for example, Type species: Atrochromadora parva (de Man, 1893) enlarged in the lateral body regions or different along the Wieser, 1954 ( = Spiliphera parva de Man, 1893) Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 2/15/14 10:06 AM 374 7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 B A H D C E F G I Fig. 7.92 : Examples of Chromadorinae. A, Atrochromadora obscura (from Wieser 1959, Fig. 66, A – C); B, Chromadora yamadai (from Kito 1978, Fig. 2); C, Chromadorella edmondsoni (from Wieser 1959, Fig. 67 A – D); D, Chromadorina astacicola (from Wieser 1968, Abb. 1); E, Prochromadora oerleji (head and anterior body) and P. erythrophthalma (male tail) (from Gerlach 1951, Abb. 21, 22); F, Prochromadorella obtusidens (from de Coninck & Stekhoven 1933, Fig. 56 – 57); G, H, Punctodora exochopora (from Hopper 1963, Fig. 1 – 3, 5, 9); I, Timmia acuticauda (from Gal ’ tsova 1985, Fig. 19). Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 2/15/14 10:06 AM 7.12.1 Family Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1917 375 7.12.1.1.2 Genus Chromadora Bastian, 1865 by a small elevation of the buccal wall or small ventro- (Fig. 7.92 B) sublateral teeth. Precloacal supplements present. Seven marine and one freshwater species. Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Homogeneous punctated body Number of species: 8 cuticle pattern along the body, with lateral differentiation Type species: Prochromadora megodonta Filipjev, 1922 of larger dots. Transverse slit-like amphideal fovea. Pha- ryngostoma with three solid teeth, the dorsal tooth larger than the ventrosublateral teeth. Ocelli may be present. 7.12.1.1.6 Genus Prochromadorella Micoletzky, 1924 Males usually with cup-shaped precloacal supplements. (Fig. 7.92 F) Differs from very close Atrochromadora by only amphid shape, but the differentiation is not always clear. Marine. ( = Trichromadora Kreis, 1929) Number of species: 31 Diagnosis (after Decraemer & Smol 2006): Chromado- Type species: Chromadora nudicapitata Bastian, 1865 rinae. Heterogeneous punctated body cuticle along the body, lateral dots may be enlarged but not arranged in longitudinal rows. Amphideal fovea transversely oval, 7.12.1.1.3 Genus Chromadorella Filipjev, 1918 obscure, located between the four cephalic setae. Buccal (Fig. 7.92 C) cavity with three solid teeth of about equal size or the two ventrosublateral teeth smaller. Ocelli may be present. Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Heterogeneous punctated Males with cup-shaped precloacal supplements. Marine. body cuticle along the body, with lateral differentiation in Number of species: 35 longitudinal rows of larger dots. Amphideal fovea trans- Type species: Prochromadorella neapolitana (de Man, verse oval in shape and slightly bent. Pharyngostoma with 1876) Micoletzky, 1924 ( = Chromadora neapolitana de three solid teeth of about equal size. Posterior pharyngeal Man, 1876) bulb not distinctly set off and with plasmatic interruptions that may appear double in some species. Males with five to twelve (mostly five) cup-shaped precloacal supplements. 7.12.1.1.7 Genus Punctodora Filipjev, 1929, Differs from the similar Neochromadora by only structure (Fig. 7.92 G, H) of the pharyngostomal teeth. Marine. Number of species: 16 Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Cuticle finely striated and finely Type species: Chromadorella filiformis (Bastian, 1865) homogeneously punctated along the body; lateral dots, Filipjev, 1918 ( = Chromadora filiformis Bastian, 1865) some bigger than submedian dots. Amphideal fovea flatte- ned, spiral and situated at the level of dorsal tooth. Stoma with well-developed dorsal tooth and two smaller ventro- 7.12.1.1.4 Genus Chromadorina Filipjev, 1918 sublateral teeth visible at the anterior and posterior border (Fig. 7.92 D) of an indentation, also described as two transverse folds. Ocelli present. Secretory-excretory in head region. Well- Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Homogeneous cuticle with defined posterior pharyngeal bulb. From one to 18 cup- transverse rows of dots but without obvious lateral differen- shaped preanal supplements. Three species are freshwater, tiation. Amphideal fovea when visible, transverse slit-like. one is brackish and another is freshwater and brackish. Pharyngostoma with three nearly equal solid teeth. Ocelli Number of species: 5 may be present. Cup-shaped precloacal supplements present. Type species: Punctodora ratzeburgensis (Linstow, 1876) Marine and brackish species and four freshwater species. Filipjev, 1929 ( = Chromadora ratzeburgensis Linstow, 1876 Number of species: 26 Type species: Chromadorina obtusa Filipjev, 1918 7.12.1.1.8 Genus Timmia Hopper, 1961 (Fig. 7.92 I) 7.12.1.1.5 Genus Prochromadora Filipjev, 1922 ( = Parachromadora Timm, 1952, homonym to Parachro- (Fig. 7.92 E) madora Micoletzky, 1913) Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Homogeneous cuticle with Diagnosis : Chromadorinae. Cuticle with homogeneous transverse rows of dots but without lateral differentiation. punctuation, without lateral differentiation. A single large Amphideal fovea slit-like, when visible. Buccal cavity dorsal tooth opposed by a ventrosublateral pit or at most with three teeth of about equal size. A tubular curved Authenticated | [email protected] Download Date | 2/15/14 10:06 AM 376 7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 supplement immediately preanal in addition to the 7.12.1.2.3 Genus Austranema Inglis, 1969 (Fig. 7.93 C) typical cup-shaped pre-cloacal supplements. Timmia is similar to Chromadorina except for the tubular pre-cloacal Diagnosis : (after Inglis 1969): Euchromadorinae. Cuticle supplement. Marine. complex, marked
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