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MEM. DEA Seheno Ramasinatrehina

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MEM. DEA Seheno Ramasinatrehina UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’ Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE ECOLOGIQUE DE Mentocrex beankaensis (AVES, RALLIDAE) DANS LA FORET DE BEANKA, REGION MELAKY Présenté par : Mademoiselle Nasolo Seheno RAMASINATREHINA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA Maître de Conférences, HDR Rapporteur : Madame Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Madame Ranalison OLIARINONY Maître de Conférences Monsieur Steven Michael GOODMAN Docteur HDR Soutenu publiquement le : 21 juin 2013 Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Dieu car c’est grâce à sa bénédiction et à sa bienveillance que j’ai pu terminé la présente étude. J’adresse également mes remerciements les plus sincères à toutes les personnes et les organismes qui ont contribué à la réalisation de ce mémoire. La présente étude a été réalisée grâce aux supports matériel, logistique et financier du Projet Vontobel et de l’Association Vahatra à qui j’adresse ma gratitude. Je remercie infiniment mon encadreur Madame Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO, Enseignant-chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, qui a accepté de diriger et de corriger ce mémoire. Elle m’a fait bénéficier de ses nombreux conseils tout au long de ce travail. Elle m’a accordé encore sa confiance en acceptant d’être le rapporteur de ma soutenance. J’adresse également tous mes vifs remerciements à : Monsieur Maroson RAHERIMANDIMBY, Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences, et Monsieur Felix RAKOTONDRAPARANY, Chef de Département de Biologie Animale, pour m’avoir autorisé à faire la soutenance de ce mémoire. Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA, Enseignant-chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, qui n’a cessé de me faire profiter ses précieux conseils et a apporté ses commentaires instructifs dans la version précédente de ce document. Aujourd’hui encore, il a bien voulu présider le jury de ce mémoire. Madame Ranalison OLIARINONY, Enseignant-chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, qui a accepté de faire partie des membres de jury en tant qu’examinateur de ce mémoire. Monsieur Steven Michael GOODMAN, Docteur HDR, membre fondateur de l’Association VAHATRA et staff du « Field Museum of the Natural History », pour ses encadrements pratiques et techniques, ainsi que son soutien moral tout au long de la préparation de ce mémoire. Il m’a fait aussi l’honneur d’accepter de juger ce mémoire. i Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tout le personnel enseignant et administratif de la Faculté des Sciences et celui du Département de Biologie Animale de l’Université d’Antananarivo pour les efforts qu’ils ont investi tout au long de mon cursus académique. J’adresse également mes vifs remerciements à toute l’équipe de Vahatra, dirigée par Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA, Président, et aux étudiants de l’association pour leur entraide et leur précieux soutien. Mes sincères remerciements vont aussi à l’Association « Biodiversity Conservation Madagascar » (BCM) et à toute l’équipe à Beanka dirigé par Monsieur Roger RANDALANA, ainsi qu’aux villageois d’Ambinda pour leur accueil chaleureux et leur aide précieuse pendant le travail sur le terrain. Merci à Bidy et à Kiroke pour leur assistance. Je suis reconnaissante à « California Academy of Sciences » Tsimbazaza (CAS) de m’avoir permis de travailler dans son laboratoire pendant l’identification des microfaunes du sol qui sont les proies potentielles pour l’espèce étudiée. Je remercie également toute l’équipe de Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique Suisse (CJB) qui a travaillé à Beanka, en particulier Monsieur Laurent GAUTIER, Louis NUSBAUMER, Jacquis ANDONAHARY et les étudiants du Projet Vontobel, pour leur aide efficace au cours de l’étude de la végétation. Je remercie beaucoup aussi Claude Fabienne RAKOTONDRAMANANA, Tahiry Soa RAMASINATREHINA et Patrick RANIRISON qui ont accepté de lire et d’apporter leurs commentaires pour améliorer ce mémoire. Merci à ma famille et à mes collègues pour leur assistance quotidienne et pour leur compréhension envers ce travail. Merci infiniment à tous. ii Résumé RESUME La connaissance sur l’histoire naturelle de la nouvelle espèce forestière de râle, Mentocrex beankaensis ou Râle des Tsingy, qui est confinée dans les forêts sèches sur substrat calcaire de l’Ouest malgache est encore vague. Pourtant, ce type de forêt qui ne représente qu’une faible portion de l’écosystème forestier est sous des pressions anthropiques. Une étude sur l’écologie de cette espèce et de la taille de sa population a été entreprise dans la forêt de Beanka, localisée dans le Centre-ouest de Madagascar entre le 17 novembre et le 22 décembre 2011. Trois méthodes complémentaires, notamment les itinéraires échantillons, le pré-enregistrement et les observations générales ont été utilisées pour collecter les informations sur l’espèce. La méthode de relevé mixte ligne-surface a été adoptée pour étudier la structure de la végétation et des petits plots pour le recensement des proies potentielles pour sa nourriture. Cette étude a montré que l’abondance relative de M. beankaensis recensée dans la forêt de Beanka est de 5 individus/km de transect parcouru et l’espèce semble être commune dans la partie Sud de ce site. M. beankaensis pourrait s’adapter dans des microhabitats relativement homogènes du site. Les proies potentielles sont constituées en majeure partie d’invertébrés aux Ordres des Coleoptera, des Araneae et des Scolopendromorpha. Bien que des nouvelles informations soient obtenues, d'autres études sont encore nécessaires pour compléter les données sur cette espèce, qui seront importantes pour appuyer des projets de conservation et de développement de l'écotourisme dans la région. Mots clés : abondance relative, habitat, régime alimentaire, forêt tsingy , conservation, Mentocrex beankaensis , Beanka, Madagascar. iii Abstract ABSTRACT Information on the natural history of the recently described forest dwelling bird Mentocrex beankaensis or Tsingy Wood Rail, confined to Malagasy western dry forests resting on limestone substrate, is notably lacking. This forest type, representing only a small portion of the forest ecosystems of Madagascar, is under considerable anthropogenic pressure. Studies on the ecology and the relative abundance of this endemic rail were carried out in the Beanka Forest, located in the central west of the island from 17 November to 22 December 2011. Three complementary methods, including line transects, call play-back, and general observations, were used to gather information on the species. A linear sampling method was employed to measure vegetation structure of the local forest habitat and small plots for the quantification of potential invertebrate prey. This study showed that the relative estimated abundance of M. beankaensis in the Beanka forest was 5 individuals/km of transect trails and this rail appears to be common in the southern portion of this site. M. Beankaensis appears to be adapted to largely homogeneous microhabitats at this site. The majority of potential prey was composed of invertebrate in the Orders of Coleoptera, Araneae and Scolopendromorpha. While important new information on this species was obtained, further studies are needed to increase data on this species, which will be important to support conservation and ecotourism development projects in the region. Key words: relative abundance, habitat, diet, tsingy forest, conservation, Mentocrex beankaensis , Beanka, Madagascar. iv SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 I. DESCRIPTION DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE ........................................................................ 4 I. 1. Situation géographique ........................................................................................................ 4 I. 2. Climat ................................................................................................................................. 4 I. 3. Hydrologie ........................................................................................................................... 6 I. 4. Géomorphologie et pédologie ............................................................................................. 7 I. 5. Flore et végétation ............................................................................................................... 7 I. 6. Faune ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.7. Conservation ........................................................................................................................ 8 II. PRESENTATION DE L’ESPECE ETUDIEE ................................................................. 9 II. 1. Classification...................................................................................................................... 9 II. 2. Description morphologique ............................................................................................... 9 II. 3. Distribution géographique ............................................................................................... 11 II. 4. Menace et conservation...................................................................................................
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