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An Investigation Into Changes in Composition and Distribution of the Vegetation of Widdybank Fell, Upper Teesdale, During the Last Twenty Years

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An Investigation Into Changes in Composition and Distribution of the Vegetation of Widdybank Fell, Upper Teesdale, During the Last Twenty Years Durham E-Theses An investigation into changes in composition and distribution of the vegetation of Widdybank Fell, upper Teesdale, during the last twenty years Willis, Stephen How to cite: Willis, Stephen (1995) An investigation into changes in composition and distribution of the vegetation of Widdybank Fell, upper Teesdale, during the last twenty years, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5319/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 AN INVESTIGATION INTO CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VEGETATION OF WIDDYBANK FELL, UPPER TEESDALE, DURING THE LAST TWENTY YEARS. Stephen Willis The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. A dissertation submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster of Science in Ecology by advanced course. University of Durham 1995 2 8 MAR 1996 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Brian Huntley, for his assistance and advice throughout the study. I would similarly like to thank Dr. Bob Baxter for his interest and assistance. I am also indebted to English Nature for lending me aerial photographs of the study site, and particularly Ian Findlay, the warden of Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve, who provided helpful comments and information. Contents Page Abstract 1 Chapter 1 - Aims and Introduction 2 1.1 Introduction to Teesdale and its Flora 2 1.2 Introduction to the Studies 4 1.3 Location 5 1.4 Climate 7 1.5 Geology 7 1.6 Vegetation 8 1.7 Soils 10 1.8 Land-Use 10 1.9 The Origins and History of the Teesdale Flora 11 1.10 The Imp01·tance of Teesdale 13 Chapter 2 - Methods 15 2.1 Match Analysis of the Vegetation Data 15 2.2 Study of the Rept·oductive Success of Gentiana vema 16 2.3 Grazing Effects: Densities 16 2.4 Grazing Effects: Exclosures 17 2.5. The Vegetative Survey 19 2.5.1 Twinspan Analysis 21 2.5.2 Decorana 22 2.6 The Community Distribution Survey 22 2.6.1. The Aerial Photograph Analysis 23 2.6.2. Gt·ound Verification and Refinements 24 Chapter 3 - Results 25 3.1 The Match Results 25 3.1.1 The Original Data Set 25 3.1.2 The Present Data Set 29 3.2 Gentiana Seedhead Counts 30 3.3 Sheep Grazing Densities on Different Plant Communities 31 3.4 The Effects of Enclosures on the Communities of the Limestone Grassland 33 3.4.1 Twinspan Analysis 33 3.4.2 Decorana Plot of the enclosm·e quadrats 36 3.5 Classification of the Vegetative Data 38 3.5.1 Standard Twins pan Run of the Entire Data Set 38 3.5.2 The Modified Twins pan Run of the Original Data Set and Hand Twins pan Classification of the Present Data Set using the Same Criteria 49 3.5.3 Twinspan Analysis of the Quadrats from the Present Study with their associated Nodum and Class Data from the Original Study 49 3.5.3.1 Nodum 4, Nodum with Calluna, of the Festuca-Brometea Class 49 3.5.3.2 Nod urn 21, Nod urn with Carex caryophyllea of the Molinio- Arrhenatheraeae Class 53 3.5.3.3 Nod urn 29, Nod urn with Galium saxatile and Sphagnum papillosum of the Class Nardo-Callunetea 56 3.5.3.4 Nod urn 33, Nod urn with Danthonia ·decumbens of the Class - Calluno-Uiicetalia 59 3.5.3.5 Nodum 23, Nod urn with Erica and Trichophorum and Nodum 28, Nod urn with Empetrum and Sphagnum recurvum of the Class Oxycocco- Sphagnetea 64 3.5.4. Decorana Analysis of the Amalgamated Data Set 72 3.6 The Community Distribution Maps 75 3.6.1 The Top of Fold Sike 75 3.6.2 Near the Base of Red Sike 75 3.6.3 The Sugar Limestone Outcrops 80 3.6.4 The Area Surrounding the Meteorological Station 84 3.7 Meteorological Data 87 Chapter 4 - Discussion and Summary 90 4.1 The Affinity of the Communities Present to other British Vegetation 90 4.2. Gentiana seeding 96 4.3 The Effects of Grazing Densities on the Communities 96 4.4 The Effects of Enclosure on Limestone Grassland 99 4.5 Changes in the Distribution and Composition of Communities on the Fell 104 4.5.1 Festuco-Brometea (including nodum 4) 104 4.5.2 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (including nodum 21) 104 4.5.3 Nat·do-Callunetea (including nodum 29) 105 4.5.4 Calluno-Uiicetalia (including nodum 33) 106 4.5.5 Oxycocco-Sphagnetea (including nodum 23) 109 4.5.6 Sphagnetalia- magellanici (including nodm 28) 110 4.5.7 Totieldietalia and Parvocaricetea 112 4.6 Temperature changes 113 4. 7 General Discussion 114 4.8 Implications for Future Management 115 4.9 Summary 117 Bibliography Appendix I - Key and legend to the maps of Figures 3.17, 3.19, 3.21 and 3.23. II - The Domin scale of species cover/abundance. III - Raw data collected during the enclosure study. IV - Raw data collected during the study of the fell communities. V - Methods and problems associated with the G.I.S. analysis. VI -The original Zurich-Montpellier classification of Jones (1973) VII- Twinspan indicator species and cut levels utilised in the classification of the pt·esent data set by hand. List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Map of the area of Upper Teesdale 6 Figure 3.1- Dendrogram of the Twinspan classification of the various enclosure quadrats 34 Figure 3.2 - Decorana plot of the first two axes of variation for the enclosure data-set 37 Figure 3.3 - Twinspan analysis of the amalgamated data from both the original and the present surveys, using default parameters 39 Figure 3.4 - Twinspan analysis of the original data-set, using modified Twinspan parameters, and also the end group classification of the present data- set after running these through the same procedure by hand 44 Figure 3.5 -Twinspan classification of nodum 4 quadrats from both the original and the present survey 49 Figure 3.6- Twinspan classification of all of the Festuco-Brometea communities 51 Figure 3. 7 - Twinspan classification of nodum 21 quadrats from both the original and the present survey 53 Figure 3.8 - Twinspan classification of all of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea communities 54 Figure 3.9 - Twinspan classification of nodum 29 quadrats from both the original and the present survey 57 Figure 3.10- Twinspan classification of all of the Nardo-Callunetea communities 59 Figure 3.11 - Twinspan classification of nodum 33 quadrats from both the original · and the present survey 60 Figure 3.12- Twinspan classification of all of the Calluno-Ulicetalia communities 61 Figure 3.13 - Twinspan classification of nodum 23 quadrats from both the original and the present survey · 64 Figure 3.14- Twinspan classification of nodum 28 quadrats from both the original and the present survey 65 Figure 3.15 - Twinspan classification of all of the Oxycocco-Sphagnetea and Sphagnetalia -magellanici communities 66 Figure 3.16 - Decorana plot of the first two axes of variation for amalgamated data-set including all of the quadrat data from both the original and the present study 73 Figure 3.17 - Map of the distribution of communites in an area at the top of Fold Sike as defined by Bradshaw and Jones (1973) 76 Figure 3.18 - Map of the current distribution of communites in an area at the top of Fold Sike 77 Figure 3.19 - Map of the distribution of communites in an area near the base of Red Sike as defined by Bradshaw and Jones (1973) 78 Figure 3.20 - Map of the current distribution of communites in an area near the base of Red Sike 79 Figure 3.21 - Map of the distribution of communites in an area of sugar limestone outcrops defined by Bradshaw and Jones (1973) 82 Figure 3.22 - Map of the current distribution of communites in an area of sugar limestone outcrops 83 Figure 3.23 - Map of the distribution of communites in an area surrounding the meteorological station as defined by Bradshaw and Jones (1973) 85 Figure 3.24 - Map of the current distribution of communites in an area surrounding the meteorological station 86 ·usage of the area, the Cow Green Reservoir and the various management activities carried out on the habitats present. The findings of the survey are also discussed brietly with regards to the unique Teesdale assemblage of plant species and communities and implications for future manageJ:Pent are discussed. Figure 3.25 - Graph of mean monthly minimum temperature averaged over the months October to December for the period 1968-1994 87 Figure 3.26 - Graph of mean monthly minimum temperature averaged over the months April to June for the period 1968-1994 88 List of Tables Table 1.1- Vegetative noda on Widdybank Fell as described by Jones (1973) 9 Table 3.1 - NVC community matches to the noda described by Jones (1973) 27 Table 3.2 - NVC community matches to the end groups of a standard Twinspan analysis of the releves collected by Jones (1973) 28 Table 3.3 - NVC community matches to the mapping units studied during the presentsurvey 30 Table 3.4- Percentage of Gentiana verna plants with seedheads in various habitats 31 Table 3.5 - Sheep grazing densities during the mid-summer period on some
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