Evaluation of Speciation Technology
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Nuclear Science Evaluation of Speciation Technology Workshop Proceedings Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan 26-28 October 1999 NUCLEAR•ENERGY•AGENCY Nuclear Science Evaluation of Speciation Technology Workshop Proceedings Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan 26-28 October 1999 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: − to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; − to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and − to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14 December 2000). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention). NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1st February 1958 under the name of the OEEC European Nuclear Energy Agency. It received its present designation on 20th April 1972, when Japan became its first non-European full Member. NEA membership today consists of 27 OECD Member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities also takes part in the work of the Agency. The mission of the NEA is: − to assist its Member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, as well as − to provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues, as input to government decisions on nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD policy analyses in areas such as energy and sustainable development. Specific areas of competence of the NEA include safety and regulation of nuclear activities, radioactive waste management, radiological protection, nuclear science, economic and technical analyses of the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear law and liability, and public information. The NEA Data Bank provides nuclear data and computer program services for participating countries. In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field. © OECD 2001 Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CCF), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, Tel. (33-1) 44 07 47 70, Fax (33-1) 46 34 67 19, for every country except the United States. In the United States permission should be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, (508)750-8400, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, or CCC Online: http://www.copyright.com/. All other applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this book should be made to OECD Publications, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. FOREWORD It has been widely recognised among researchers that speciation data are essential for proper and reliable modelling of radionuclide behaviour in nuclear reprocessing systems, in developing improved, more specific separation agents and in the migration of radionuclides in the near and far field areas of nuclear waste repository systems. For this reason, the NEA Nuclear Science Committee decided to hold a workshop with the aim of preparing a report on various speciation methods. The Workshop on Evaluation of Speciation Technology was successfully held at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), from 26-28 October 1999, with 80 participants from 10 countries. Eleven invited papers and 27 posters were presented on recent progress and application in each of the following five main topics: • Methods for trace concentration speciation (<10-6 M). • Methods for macro concentration speciation (>10-6 M). • Methods for empirical formula and molecular structure determination. • Methods for redox speciation. • Predictive approach to speciation. On the second and third days of the workshop, subgroups according to the categories mentioned above were set up to evaluate speciation technology. The aims of these subgroups were to examine speciation data that are needed, the advantages and limitations of the different methods that can be applied to obtain this data and suggestions for future R&D to improve present methods or to develop new methods of speciation. The report prepared through each subgroup discussion would serve to guide researchers in choosing the most useful technique. It was recommended that a web site should be established by OECD/NEA to make information on speciation technology easily available (see Annex). These proceedings contain the abstracts and full papers presented at the workshop and the subgroup reports prepared by the participants. The editors, Professor Gregory R. Choppin, Professor Jean Fuger and Dr. Zenko Yoshida, and other anonymous referees reviewed the full papers. The editors wish to acknowledge and thank these reviewers. 3 OPENING ADDRESS – Satoshi Sakurai, OECD/NEA It is a great pleasure for me to welcome you to this workshop on behalf of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency is an international organisation based in Paris, France, with the basic mission to contribute to the viability of the nuclear power option. The Agency pursues this mission, for example by bringing together expertise in Member countries in co-operative projects, by disseminating important information, by developing consensus opinions and by arranging meetings and workshops such as this one. The NEA work programme addresses all the key issues in the nuclear energy area, such as nuclear safety, radioactive waste management, radiation protection, legal aspects, economics and nuclear science. In addition, the NEA Data Bank provides a direct cost-free service on nuclear data and computer programs to scientists in Member countries. For those of you who would like to know more about the NEA, I have brought with me a number of leaflets both concerning the NEA and its Data Bank. The information is also available on the NEA’s web page, www.nea.fr. A large part of the NEA’s scientific programme is devoted to reactor and fuel cycle physics. However, in recent years, this programme has also been extended to cover nuclear fuel cycle chemistry issues. One preoccupation in the nuclear fuel cycle is the separation of radioactive elements from various materials. For this reason, the NEA established a small group of experts to review the different techniques and chemical processes used in the separation of actinides. The group, with the leadership of Dr. Wymer, produced a state-of-the-art report entitled Actinide Separation Chemistry in Nuclear Waste Streams and Materials. The report was published in 1997, and a limited number of copies are still available. As a follow up to this state-of-the-art report, the NEA arranged the Workshop on Long-lived Radionuclide Chemistry in Nuclear Waste Treatment. This was organised by the CEA, France, in June 1997 at Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France. The objective of this workshop was to provide up-to-date information on the chemistry of radionuclides and to provide guidance on future activities that could be undertaken in the framework of the NEA. The outcome was a recommendation that the NEA organise two workshops, one on the Evaluation of Speciation Technology (the current workshop), and the other on Speciation, Techniques and Facilities for Characterisation of Radioactive Materials at Synchrotron Light Source, which was held in October 1998 at Grenoble, France. The proceedings of the workshop was recently published and I have here one copy that will be made available for consultation. The second meeting is planned to be held, again at Grenoble, in September 2000. Concerning the organisation of the present workshop, I would first of all like to thank Professors Choppin and Fuger for the important role they have played in the arrangement of this meeting, both as initiator and also as an active member of the organising