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Upper Solomon River Subbasin

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Upper Solomon River Subbasin Upper Solomon River Subbasin 2008 Field Analysis Summary Subbasin Water Resource Management Program Division of Water Resources Kansas Department of Agriculture nd 109 SW Ninth Street – 2 Floor Topeka, KS 66612-1283 785-296-6087 Table of Contents I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................3 II. Precipitation ................................................................................................................................5 III. Surface Water.............................................................................................................................6 IV. Groundwater ............................................................................................................................10 V. Water Use ..................................................................................................................................24 VI. Conclusions..............................................................................................................................25 VII. Appendix ................................................................................................................................25 Figures Figure 1: Solomon River Basin divided into subbasins .................................................................. 4 Figure 2: Upper Solomon Subbasin precipitation 1939-2007 ........................................................ 5 Figure 3: 2008 Monthly Average Precipitation .............................................................................. 6 Figure 4: Upper Solomon Subbasin USGS Streamflow Gages ...................................................... 7 Figure 5: Average Annual Streamflow, 1946-2007 ........................................................................ 8 Figure 6: Daily Streamflow for 2007 .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 7: Upper Solomon Subbasin Monitoring Wells ................................................................ 11 Figure 8: Ogallala-High Plains monitoring well levels, Upper North Fork in Thomas County ... 12 Figure 9: Alluvial monitoring well levels, Upper North Fork in Sheridan County ...................... 13 Figure 10: Ogallala-High Plains wells in the Upper North Fork, Sheridan County. .................... 14 Figure 11: Alluvial monitoring well levels, Upper North Fork in Norton and Decatur Counties 15 Figure 12: Ogallala-High Plains monitoring wells in the Upper North Fork, Norton and Decatur Counties. ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 13: Ogallala-High Plains monitoring well levels, Upper North Fork in Graham County . 17 Figure 14: Alluvial monitoring well levels, Upper North Fork in Phillips and Rooks Counties . 18 Figure 15: Ogallala-High Plains monitoring well levels, Upper South Fork in Thomas County . 19 Figure 16: Alluvial monitoring wells in the Upper South Fork Solomon, Sheridan County ....... 20 Figure 17: Ogallala-High Plains monitoring well levels, Upper South Fork in Sheridan County 21 Figure 18: Alluvial monitoring well levels, Upper South Fork in Graham and Rooks Counties . 22 Figure 19: Ogallala-High Plains monitoring well levels, Upper South Fork in Graham County . 23 Figure 20: Upper Solomon Subbasin Points of Diversion ............................................................ 24 Figure 21: Ground and Surface Water use by year ....................................................................... 25 Tables Table 1: Water Rights in the Upper Solomon Subbasin ................................................................24 2 I. Introduction The Solomon River Basin is divided into three sections: Upper Forks, Lower Forks and Mainstem. This field summary will cover the Upper Forks section. The Upper Forks include both a North and South stem of the river. The Upper North Fork begins in Thomas County and continues through Sheridan, Decatur and Norton counties. It flows into Kirwin Reservoir in Phillips County. Bow Creek is a tributary to the North Fork and eventually flows into Kirwin Reservoir also. The Upper South Fork headwaters are in Sherman County. It travels west to east through Thomas, Sheridan, Graham and Rooks Counties where it enters Webster Reservoir. The Upper North Fork, Upper South Fork and Bow Creek headwaters all originate in the Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management District #4 (GMD 4). GMD 4 was formed on March 1, 1976 pursuant to the Groundwater Management District Act. More information about GMD 4 is available at their website, www.gmd4.org. As mentioned above, Webster and Kirwin Reservoirs separate the upper forks from the lower forks. Both were constructed and are operated by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Kirwin on the north fork was completed in 1955 while Webster on the south fork was finished in 1956. The reservoirs provide flood control and irrigation storage for the area. The upper forks of the Solomon River flow mainly through the High Plains physiographic region. The topography is characterized by flat to gently rolling hills with narrow, shallow valleys. Sand, gravel and porous rock, called mortar bed, cover the region. The Smoky Hills physiographic region begins in Rooks County and continues eastward. The western edge of the Smoky Hills is characterized by steep chalk bluffs that can be found south of the Solomon River. Figure 1 is a map of the entire Solomon basin. 3 Figure 1: Solomon River Basin divided into subbasins 4 II. Precipitation Precipitation in the Upper Solomon subbasin averages 21.26 inches (in.) since 1939. Figure 2 shows the annual variation in precipitation. Both precipitation charts are derived from various National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) stations including Studley in Sheridan County, Densmore in Norton County, Lenora in Norton County, Norton in Norton County, Rexford in Thomas County, Damar in Rooks County, Hill City in Graham County, Hoxie in Sheridan County, Logan in Phillips County and Mingo in Thomas County. The data is downloaded then averaged to create the following charts. The highest precipitation totals occurred in 1993 with 33.31 in. and the lowest in 2002 with 10.97 in. Annual precipitation data for these NCDC stations is currently available through 2007. Figure 2: Upper Solomon Subbasin precipitation 1939-2007 Figure 3 shows precipitation measurements for January, 2008 to December, 2008. With these measurements the subbasin experienced a total of 31.97 in. of precipitation. October had the most precipitation with 7.11 in. and January had the least with 0.24 in. The 2008 average is higher than the long term average of 21.26 in. 5 Figure 3: 2008 Monthly Average Precipitation III. Surface Water The Upper Solomon subbasin has three United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow gages. The Upper North Fork has a gage at Glade. It has been in operation since October 1, 1952. The Stockton gage is on Bow Creek which is a tributary to the North Fork Solomon River. It has been in service since November 20, 1950. The third gage is above Webster Reservoir on the Upper South Fork. It has been in operation the longest beginning January 8, 1945 (Figure 4). The average flows over the period of record at these three gages were 25.02 cfs at Glade, 14.28 cfs at Bow Creek, and 49.04 cfs above Webster. During most of the 1990s, streamflow maintained higher levels at these gages, averaging 38.63 cfs at Glade, 16.84 cfs at Bow Creek and 55.30 cfs above Webster. Significantly reduced flows occurred in the 2000s, averaging 6.67 cfs at Glade, 5.45 cfs at Bow Creek, and 12.53 cfs above Webster (Figure 5). Flows started low during most of the first five months of the year (Figure 6). Several large precipitation events happened throughout the year which gave the subbasin higher sustained flows in 2008 compared to 2007. 6 Figure 4: Upper Solomon Subbasin USGS Streamflow Gages 7 Figure 5: Average Annual Streamflow, 1946-2007 8 Figure 6: Daily Streamflow for 2007 9 IV. Groundwater The upper reaches of the Upper North and South Forks of the Solomon River subbasin are situated over the Ogallala portion of the High Plains Aquifer (Figure 7). The Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) and the Kansas Department of Agriculture’s Division of Water Resources (KDA- DWR) cooperatively measures groundwater levels in the Upper North and South Forks of the Solomon River subbasin annually. There are additional wells monitored through the Subbasin Water Resource Management Program (SWRMP). There are a total of 110 monitoring wells used for these measurements. The monitoring wells were drilled in two aquifer systems, the Ogallala-High Plains and the alluvial aquifers, and are plotted separately on the hydrologic charts (Figure 8 through Figure 19). The wells are monitored on a tri-annual basis in the winter, spring and fall. Only the winter measurements (December, January and February) are used for this analysis because those are considered to be the least affected by groundwater pumping. The following figures chart groundwater levels in all the monitoring wells (legal descriptions are available in the appendix) and also the five-year rolling averages. The y-axis is labeled as depth below land surface (DBLS) measured in feet. Several of the monitoring wells have been measured since the early to mid-1960s. In the 1980s a number of wells were added to the monitoring network
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