A Defense of Nationalism

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ofof FORFOR LOVELOVE AA DEFENSEDEFENSE COUNTRYCOUNTRYofof NATIONALISMNATIONALISM Ramesh Ponnuru & Richard Lowry

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FEBRUARY 20, 2017 | VOLUME LXIX, NO. 3 | www.nationalreview.com Jay Nordlinger on Down Home Ranch ON THE COVER Page 33 p. 27 For Love of BOOKS, ARTS Country & MANNERS Nationalism can be a healthy 43 MYTHICAL PRESIDENT and constructive force. Since Ben Domenech reviews Audacity: nationalistic sentiments also have How Barack Obama Defied His Critics and Created a wide appeal and durability, it would Legacy that Will Prevail, be wiser to cultivate that kind of by Jonathan Chait. nationalism than to attempt to move 45 CLOUDS OVER THE PACIFIC James Holmes reviews The End of beyond it. Ramesh Ponnuru & Richard Lowry the Asian Century: War, Stagnation, and the Risks to the COVER: FREDERICK CHILDE HASSAM'S FLAGS ON FIFTH AVENUE, WINTER 1919, 1918. World’s Most Dynamic Region, (PHOTO BY BUYENLARGE/GETTY IMAGES) by Michael R. Auslin. ARTICLES 46 BEYOND GETTING TOUGH THE GERRYMANDER MYTH by Dan McLaughlin Rachel Lu reviews Locked In: 16 The True Causes of Mass Democrats are wrong about why Republicans control the House. Incarceration—and How to FAIR-WEATHER ORIGINALISTS by Josh Blackman Achieve Real Reform, 20 by John Pfaff. The Left discovers the Constitution. DOCTOR DOOM by Ian Tuttle 52 EXCELLENTLY FOOLISH 23 Joseph Postell reviews When Reason Michael Mann, climate scientist, demands that you submit. Goes on Holiday: Philosophers 25 MR. WONDERFUL GOES TO OTTAWA? by J. J. McCullough in Politics, Kevin O’Leary’s Trump show in Canada. by Neven Sesardic. 27 ACT OF LOVE by Jay Nordlinger 54 FILM: FEAR AND TREMBLING An unusual ranch in Texas. Ross Douthat reviews Silence. 31 VOICE OF AMERICA by Kevin D. Williamson 55 NOTES FROM What accent would you vote for? UNDERGROUND Richard Brookhiser rides the train. FEATURES 33 FOR LOVE OF COUNTRY by Ramesh Ponnuru & Richard Lowry SECTIONS A defense of nationalism. 2 Letters to the Editor GUN CULTURE IN BLACK AND WHITE by David French 36 4 The Week The experience, and danger, of firearms varies by race. 41 Athwart ...... James Lileks The Long View ...... Rob Long A VERY SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP by John O’Sullivan 42 38 53 Poetry ...... Sally Cook America and Britain after Brexit. 56 Happy Warrior ...... Daniel Foster

NATIONAL REVIEW (ISSN: 0028-0038) is published bi-weekly, except for the first issue in January, by N ATIONAL REVIEW, Inc., at 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y., and additional mailing offices. © National Review, Inc., 2017. Address all editorial mail, manuscripts, letters to the editor, etc., to Editorial Dept., N ATIONAL REVIEW, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. Address all subscription mail orders, changes of address, undeliverable copies, etc., to NATIONALREVIEW, Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 433015, Palm Coast, Fla. 32143-3015; phone, 386-246-0118, Monday–Friday, 8:00A.M . to 10:30 P.M. Eastern time. Adjustment requests should be accompanied by a current mailing label or facsimile. Direct classified advertising inquiries to: Classifieds Dept., NATIONALREVIEW, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016 or call 212-679- 7330. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to N ATIONAL REVIEW, Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 433015, Palm Coast, Fla. 32143-3015. Printed in the U.S.A. RATES: $59.00 a year (24 issues). Add $21.50 for Canada and other foreign subscriptions, per year. (All payments in U.S. currency.) The editors cannot be responsible for unsolicited manuscripts or artwork unless return postage or, better, a stamped, self-addressed envelope is enclosed. Opinions expressed in signed articles do not necessarily represent the views of the editors. letters-FINAL_QXP-1127940387.qxp 2/1/2017 3:12 PM Page 2 Letters FEBRUARY 20 ISSUE; PRINTED FEBRUARY 2

EDITORINCHIEF Richard Lowry Senior Editors Richard Brookhiser / Jonah Goldberg / Jay Nordlinger Cyberia Ramesh Ponnuru / David Pryce-Jones Managing Editor Jason Lee Steorts Literary Editor Michael Potemra Vice President, Editorial Operations Christopher McEvoy Luke Thompson’s piece on cybersecurity was quite illuminating (“Our Executive Editor Reihan Salam Roving Correspondent Kevin D. Williamson Failed Cybersecurity Policy,” January 23). His view that cybersecurity is National Correspondent John J. Miller not politically savvy and thus becomes an issue only after a major attack Senior Political Correspondent Jim Geraghty Art Director Luba Kolomytseva perfectly accounts for the post-election alarm over Russia, as news outlets Deputy Managing Editors Nicholas Frankovich / Fred Schwarz push “Russian Hacking” headlines without any substantive reporting. I Production Editor Katie Hosmer Assistant to the Editor Rachel Ogden was ignorant concerning the lax response to previous hacks, which gave Research Associate Alessandra Trouwborst Russia a tacit imprimatur for the DNC releases, and also concerning the Contributing Editors byzantine PPD-41 document. I hope to count on NATIONAL REVIEW in the Shannen Coffin / Ross Douthat / Daniel Foster Roman Genn / Arthur L. Herman / Lawrence Kudlow future to provide this kind of trenchant and informed reporting on the Mark R. Levin / Yuval Levin / Rob Long Mario Loyola / Jim Manzi / Andrew C. McCarthy seemingly nascent (as the networks would have us believe), but actually Kate O’Beirne / Andrew Stuttaford / Robert VerBruggen much older, problem of cybersecurity. NATIONALREVIEWONLINE Editor Charles C. W. Cooke Managing Editor Katherine Connell Deputy Managing Editor Mark Antonio Wright Carl Hamilton National-Affairs Columnist John Fund Upper Gwynedd, Pa. Staff Writer David French Reporter Katherine Timpf Associate Editors Molly Powell / Nick Tell Digital Director Ericka Andersen Technical Services Russell Jenkins Web Editorial Assistant Grant DeArmitt Web Developer Wendy Weihs Pay No Attention Web Producer Scott McKim EDITORS- AT- LARGE Kathryn Jean Lopez / John O’Sullivan Over the past eight years, there have been many powerful narratives written to NATIONALREVIEWINSTITUTE THOMASL. RHODESFELLOW describe the incessant fanfaronade of President Obama, but few have done so Ian Tuttle with the searing accuracy of Michael Knox Beran in his article “After the Fall” BUCKLEYFELLOWSINPOLITICALJOURNALISM (January 23). With a sharp literary scalpel, Mr. Beran cuts with ease, exposing Alexandra DeSanctis / Austin Yack the other side of Obama’s altiloquent facade that so many of his supporters COLLEGIATENETWORKFELLOW Paul Crookston never saw—or were never willing to see; the man behind the curtain to be sure. Contributors Hadley Arkes / James Bowman / Eliot A. Cohen James McCaffrey Dinesh D’Souza / Chester E. Finn Jr. / Neal B. Freeman James Gardner / David Gelernter / George Gilder Yonkers, N.Y. Jeffrey Hart / Kevin A. Hassett / Charles R. Kesler David Klinghoffer / Anthony Lejeune / Michael Novak Alan Reynolds / Tracy Lee Simmons Terry Teachout / Vin Weber

Vice President Jack Fowler Winniversary Chief Financial Officer James X. Kilbridge Accounting Manager Galina Veygman Accountant Lyudmila Bolotinskaya Business Services Alex Batey Matthew Walther’s lovely article Circulation Manager Jason Ng Advertising Director Jim Fowler “Winnie-the-Pooh at 90” (January Advertising Manager Kevin Longstreet Assistant to the Publisher Brooke Rogers 23)—as well as so many like it—is Director of Revenue Erik Netcher the unfortunate reason my saintly PUBLISHERCHAIRMAN Garrett Bewkes John Hillen husband, the NATIONAL REVIEW

FOUNDER subscriber, often has to hunt for the William F. Buckley Jr. latest issue until I’m through. PATRONSANDBENEFACTORS Robert Agostinelli Dale Brott Anne Riemer Mr. and Mrs. Michael Conway Mark and Mary Davis Groton, Mass. Virginia James Christopher M. Lantrip Brian and Deborah Murdock Mr. & Mrs. Richard Spencer Mr. & Mrs. L. Stanton Towne Pe ter J. Travers Letters may be sub mitted by e-mail to [email protected].

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n We do not expect to miss Barack Obama, but we wish he’d give us a chance.

n Ronald Reagan first imposed the “Mexico City policy,” See page 12. which blocks foreign-aid money from going to organizations that perform abortions or advocate their legalization overseas. Every Democratic president elected since then has rescinded the policy, and every Republican following a Democrat has restored it. President Trump became the latest to reinstate the policy. Liberals made two main criticisms of the policy. The first is that it amounted to a “global gag rule” preventing foreign-aid recipi- ents from even talking about abortion: an assertion that neither the text of Trump’s executive order nor past implementation of the Mexico City policy corroborates. The second is that the World Health Organization had f ound that the policy actually increased abortion rates in sub-Saharan Africa by reducing access to contraception. The study relies on a data set full of holes, but even it showed contraceptive use increasing during the period. Contemporary liberals remain strongly committed to abortion, and nearly as strongly committed to making other people pay for it.

n President Trump is using the pen he inherited from Pres i dent Obama to advance an energy-abundance agenda. The is sue trade deal. Trump, said May, gave strong backing to NATO (he involves two pipelines: the Keystone XL pipeline, which was noncommittal on maintaining sanctions against Russia). would run oil from Canadian tar sands to refineries on the Gulf The meeting gave Trump an early foreign-policy achievement, Coast, and the Dakota Access pipeline, which would connect and May leverage in negotiating Britain’s way out of the EU. the Bakken shale with petroleum facilities in Illinois. Keystone After a rough patch—the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, was locked up by bureaucratic opposition for years while the the Alabama claims—the United States and Britain have been Obama administration pretended to think about approving it firm friends. Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union experienced (in the end, it put a halt to the project), while the Dakota project the power of their partnership. Britain’s recent desire to was the subject of a briefer though no less intense effort to pre- become a province of Brussels may seem, in the retrospect of vent its construction, with the Army Corps of Engineers calling history, to be an episode. off the original plan after protests and rioting from environ- mentalists and Indian tribes. President Trump’s actions will n The “women’s march” against Trump, held the day after he put the projects on a fast track, or at least a faster one. What took office, may have been the largest political protest in is clear is that the Left intends to work against the develop- American history. It was highly successful in turning out lib- ment of any and all traditional energy infrastructure as erals in Democratic strongholds around the country, and in though it were malum in se. The Indian-lands gambit that was countering Trump’s pretensions to speak for “the people.” deployed against Dakota also has been used against plans to (Under our constitutional system, no president does.) But the build West Coast coal-export terminals, just as the fearmon- marchers, in boasting about their turnout, are deluding them- gering case against Keystone has been used against the ship- selves into thinking that they represent the people, which is ment of oil by train when no pipeline is available. The Left also untrue. And the opposition to Trump is limiting its reach believes there is no environmentally responsible way to by insisting on rigid litmus tests: Pro-life organizations were develop our domestic energy resources, but experience sug- disinvited from the march. Many of the marchers wore hats to gests otherwise. Some times less is more, but that is not the represent female genitalia, a visual reference to infamous case when it comes to energy. remarks by Trump. You would think it would be easy to claim the moral high ground over Trump in the matter of vulgarity, n Trump and British prime minister Theresa May had a posi- but it turns out to be beyond many of his critics. tive meeting at the White House, even holding hands (they were walking down a ramp, press spokesmen explained). The n Until now, the Constitution’s “emolument clause”—“No ROMAN GENN two pledged to begin discussions for negotiating a post-Brexit Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under [the United

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States] shall, without the Consent of Congress, accept of any softly. Unless he’s only in it for retweets, Trump could learn present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, a lesson from him. from any King, Prince, or foreign State”—never garnered much scrutiny. But watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and n “It is impossible to fully fathom the depravity and horror Ethics in Washington (CREW), with the help of several well- inflicted on innocent people by Nazi terror. . . . In the name of known constitutional-law professors, has brought a lawsuit the perished, I pledge to do everything in my power throughout against Donald Trump, alleging that, “since Trump refused to my Presidency, and my life, to ensure that the forces of evil divest from his businesses, he is now getting cash and favors never again defeat the powers of good.” So said President Trump from foreign governments, through guests and events at his in a statement marking International Holocaust Remembrance hotels, leases in his buildings, and valuable real-estate deals Day. Who could quarrel with that? Yet Trump did not say that abroad,” and that these transactions constitute emolument- the primary demon figures and victims of the Nazis had been clause violations. The case, though, seems unlikely to hold Europe’s Jews. At a time when anti-Semitism, often disguised up. The courts have never clarified whether the president is as anti-Israelism, is embraced at the U.N. and by political subject to the emolument clause—or even what an “emolu- movements of the Left as well as the Right, mainly in Europe ment” is. Additionally, it’s not at all clear that CREW has but also here (see the campus BDS movement), the omission standing to sue; CREW contends that Trump “significantly was unfortunate, as were later attempts to justify it on the injured” it by forcing it to spend time and resources address- ground that Jews were not the Nazis’ only victims. Trump, who ing the question of emoluments, which smacks less of injury promises to be the most pro-Jewish president since, well, the than of blaming Trump for their own obsessiveness. What - last Republican, made a misstep. ever happens with the lawsuit, though, the Trump administration needs to recognize that conflict-of-interest concerns are n In his Ten Days—forget Hundred—President Trump has not going anywhere. argued that he drew bigger crowds to his inauguration than Barack Obama did to his, and that he failed to win the popular n President Trump has pulled the United States out of the vote only because millions of non-citizens voted. One occa- Trans-Pacific Partnership, a pact among such longtime allies sion for boasting about his popularity was an appearance at

The retreat from Trans-Pacific Partnership is regrettable, inasmuch as the accord would have put the U.S. and its humane democratic norms at the center of Pacific affairs.

as Canada, Japan, and Australia, along with other Pacific- CIA headquarters, in front of the Memorial Wall honoring facing powers, but excluding China. The retreat from TPP is agents who died in the line of duty (117 of them, since we’re regrettable, inasmuch as the accord would have put the U.S. being numerate). There are two possible explanations for such and its humane democratic norms at the center of Pacific behavior. Trump is cunning: He keeps attention on himself, affairs rather than ceding that place to Beijing. But large, mul- and stirs the pot. True, although he drowns less fiery but tilateral trade pacts are out of fashion at the moment, not only nonetheless valid points (illegal voting certainly happens, if with those who see global trade in the same terms Donald not on remotely the scale Trump baselessly asserts). The other Trump does but also among those who see it in the same terms explanation is that Trump cannot help himself—his appetite Bernie Sanders does. The bilateral deals favored by some TPP for praise and fear of shame are unassuageable. So long as critics are not likely to end up being less complex, and relying on boasting works for him, he has no incentive to change. If them would make it much harder to counter the influence of boasting is a need, then he cannot at, age 70, change. Beijing. Trade with Canada and Japan is not the cause of middle- Character is fate. class economic anxiety at home—it is its hostage. Free trade is, for the moment, friendless. n President Obama’s decision to commute Bradley Manning’s espionage sentence betrayed military values. Manning, recall, n Trump’s signature campaign promise was to build a wall— was guilty of one of the largest security breaches in American big and beautiful—on the border with Mexico: a pledge so history, using WikiLeaks to dump hundreds of thousands of explicit and so often repeated that he cannot back down from classified documents into the public domain. These docu- it. But his insistence that Mexico pay for it prompted Mex i - ments exposed, among other things, the identities of people can president Enrique Peña Nieto to cancel a meeting sched- working with the United States, American military tactics, uled for the first month of the Trump administration. Bidding and sensitive diplomatic communications. All of these things high and stepping back later on is a Trump negotiating tactic, endangered the lives of his fellow soldiers. He broke faith described in The Art of the Deal. It has served him well. But with his brothers and sisters in arms. Obama, however, he developed it in dealing with real-estate machers, like him- viewed him as little more than a “leaker” and decided to self. Nations have honor, which is not amenable to slicing release him. One can’t help thinking that Manning’s decision and dicing. Theodore Roosevelt, who certainly wielded a big to change his identity to “Chelsea” and “transition” to female stick in Latin American affairs, also believed in speaking played a part in Obama’s decision. The New York Times

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declared that Obama had “rescued” Manning from the horror mainstreamer, Josh Rogin of the Washington Post, had it ex - of living as a trans woman in a male prison. Whatever the rea- act ly right when he said: “Principled opposition to U.S. inter- son, the commutation was an injustice, and it told the military vention in Syria is one thing. Becoming a tool of a mass that the cost of betrayal can be low indeed. murderer’s propaganda and influence campaign is another.” Useful idiots we will always have with us. n One week before President Trump’s inauguration, Georgia Democratic representative and civil-rights leader John Lewis n Call David Gelernter provoca- announced that he would, for the first time since 1986 (the tive, controversial, contrarian, or year he was elected to Congress), not attend an inauguration. any of a hundred other adjectives. Trump, he claimed, is not a “legitimate president.” But a “Anti-intellectual,” though? It fits Washington Post article of January 21, 2001, revealed that this him like a child’s coat on a grown isn’t the first time Lewis has boycotted a presidential election man’s frame, and so of course because he thought a president-elect was illegitimate: Lewis that’s what the Washington Post ran boycotted George W. Bush’s inaugurations, too. Lewis’s staff with in its brief profile of the prolif- claimed that he simply “forgot” about boycotting our last ic, wide-ranging author—books Republican president, but that seems rather unlikely. After all, and articles about Judaism, human Lewis has attended only one Republican inauguration in his consciousness, artificial intelli- life, that of George H. W. Bush in 1988. Evidently his attitude gence, etc.—and Yale professor of is, “Seen one, seen them all.” computer science. He is a member of the National Council on the Arts. To say that he “has decried the influ - ence of liberal intellectuals on col- n Sally Boynton Brown, executive director of the Idaho lege campuses” is fair enough, but a Democratic party, is really, really sorry that she’s white. few paragraphs later that becomes “his anti-intellectualism,” the “I’m a white woman, I don’t get it. . . . I need schoolin’.” implication being that to oppose liberal intellectuals is to And she is running for chairman of the DNC so she can oppose intellectuals period, because there can’t be any other make amends: “My job is to shut other white people down kind. The reporter counts Gelernter’s climate-change skepti- when they want to interrupt. My job is to shut other white cism as ipso facto anti-intellectual, declining to so much as people down when they want to say, ‘Oh no I’m not prej- touch on his arguments. “Anti-intellectual” turns out to be a udiced, I’m a Democrat, I’m accepting.’ . . . My curse word to fling at the heretics in the liberal cathedral. job is to make sure that they get that they have privilege.” We n In 2014, San Francisco voted to increase the minimum wish her the best of luck in her wage in the city to $15 an hour. In a totally unrelated develop- campaign; today’s Demo crats ment, San Francisco’s new Café X has introduced a new breed could hardly have a better of barista: a robot. As the Wall Street Journal reports, the spokesman. Just one thing, robot barista can make a drink in 22 to 55 seconds, depending though: If elected, she might on the complexity of the concoction, which is a good deal want to tone down her act a quicker than the fellows at our local Starbucks generally man- bit for the 90 percent age. Café X also sells a latte for 40 cents less than Starbucks. of her job that in - The robot’s makers, according to the Journal, “say their tech’s volves asking advantage is consistency,” something of keen interest to busi- Wall Street nesses such as McDonald’s and many other large employers bankers for of minimum-wage workers. Contrary to the populist rhetoric money. of the moment, the great majority of the job losses in U.S. manufacturing over the past several decades have been driven not by trade but by automation—GM wrench-turners have COM n Tulsi Gabbard, the Democratic congresswoman from Ha- been undercut not by inscrutable Orientals but by uncom- . waii, went to Damascus to meet with Bashar Assad, the dicta- plaining and non-unionized robots. That’s the bad news, at tor who has killed hundreds of thousands of his fellow least for baristas and semi-skilled manufacturing workers. Syrians. He has killed more than the old man, Hafez, ever The good news is that American firms are worldwide leaders JEWISHWORLDREVIEW dreamed of. Gabbard traveled along with Dennis Kucinich, in robotics design and development. The great challenge for : the Democratic former congressman from Ohio. They were American workers and policymakers is adapting to technolog- GELERNTER

sponsored by pro-Assad activists in the United States. In other ical reality instead of merely lamenting it. Simply passing ; COM

words, they were sponsored by Assad. Gabbard came back laws mandating higher wages is not a realistic approach in an . mouthing Syrian, and Russian, propaganda, as she long has: age of sophisticated automation. Strange that the Bay Area The Assad–Putin alliance is just; they are fighting the same specializes both in 21st-century technology and 19th-century FRONTPAGEMAG

terrorists who menace the United States. Reaction in America political responses to it. .

tended to be harsh. But the headline in Sputnik International, WWW : the Kremlin news agency, read, “Tulsi Gabbard Speaks the n Brexit was (and is) the right direction for Britain. But what Truth on Syria, Gets Smeared by the Mainstream Media.” One is the best road to get there? Extracting the U.K. from the BROWN

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European Union is, so far as its political structures are con- another decried, without irony, those who “say that that per- cerned, relatively straightforward. Sorting out a new trading son is different than me, and I don’t like you, so let’s battle.” relationship with the EU after more than 40 years of economic Why do actors feel the need to tell us what they think? Kerry integration is more complicated. In a powerful speech to EU Washington may have summed up Hollywood’s self-regard ambassadors, Prime Minister Theresa May proposed a “hard best: “Actors are activists no matter what, because we em - Brexit”: a twelve-point plan that would remove Britain from body the worth and humanity of all people.” Maybe so, but the single market, the legal supremacy of the EU, and in prac- people don’t watch movie-awards shows to hear the stars’ tice its customs union and common tariff barrier, too. In the political views any more than they watch political talk shows forthcoming negotiations with Brussels, she will seek “the to see the pundits’ fashionable outfits. freest possible trade in goods and services between Britain and the EU’s member states” once Britain has left the Union. n Yuliya Stepanova, a Rus sian middle-distance runner, If this strategy proposes a harder road than business wants, at received testosterone injections and took anabolic steroids. least initially, it is also the only road that leads to the recovery They showed up in doping tests, and in 2013 the Inter national of the self-governing democracy that the Brits voted for when Association of Athletics Federations banned her from compe- they voted to leave the EU. It has taken long and dedicated tition for two years and erased her race results going back to resistance to EU supremacy from (largely conservative) 2011. She admits that she knew that the substances she took democratic patriots to get to the EU exit door. Accept ing any- were banned but says that her coach had persuaded her that thing less than Brexit now risks taking the steam out of their “it’s normal, that’s what all athletes do.” She reached out to campaign and sedating public opinion with the idea that a the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to describe the cor- modest reform (e.g., the return of control over fisheries pol- ruption in Russian athlet- icy) is all Britain wants. And what reason exists for doing so ics: Of ficials supply the when Brexit is within grasp, backed by the voters, em braced drugs and arrange for sub- by the governing Conservative party, and led by a popular sequent drug tests to be fal- prime minister who has shown unexpected determination sified, all in exchange for a and eloquence in making the case for it? For Britain, it’s cut of the athlete’s earn- now or never. ings. Russian media por- trayed her as a traitor, and n Adult human stem cells incorporated into pig embryos her account with a system grew into precursors of heart, neural, and other types of spe- that allows WADA to mon- cific tissue, according to researchers at the Salk Institute. itor athletes was hacked. Headlines about pig-human hybrids created in a lab, presum- She and her family moved ably by mad scientists, turn out to be more colorful than the to the United States last drab facts. Of 2,075 altered embryos implanted in sows, only summer. In January, at age 186 survived to 28 days. Their human composition was esti- 30, she competed for the mated to be, on average, less than 0.001 percent. The re - first time since her ordeal search ers stress that they are far from their stated goal, began (except for an injury- which is a laudable one: If stem cells donated by a patient are marred attempt in July), finishing seventh in the 800 meters im planted into an animal and grow into the organ for which at an indoor race in Boston. Her goal is to shave 5.15 sec- he needs a transplant, his body will be more likely to accept onds off her time and break two minutes, which Russian it because the tissue is already his own. In a report for the coaches told her was impossible without doping. Prove them Pon ti fi cal Academy of Life, famously not permissive on wrong, Yuliya. these questions, bioethicists find “an ethical limit in the degree of change that [such therapy] may entail in the iden- n The actress Gwyneth Paltrow has found a second calling in tity of the person who receives it,” meaning no to brain or offering, and profiting from, bizarre tips and merchandise to gonadal transplants; but to heart, kidney, and liver trans- women through her “lifestyle” website, Goop. They range plants, for ex am ple, they give the green light, or rather the from the laughably out-of-touch and useless (a $200 “Moon yellow one: Careful, but proceed. Juice” smoothie to be consumed daily) to the medically harm- ful. The latest product she is hocking falls into the latter cate- n A movement that reveres Ronald Reagan should not per - gory: an egg-shaped jade stone that she encourages wo men to emp torily dismiss the political thoughts of actors. But Rea- insert into their vaginas to increase “hormonal balance and gan, beginning in his days as president of the Screen Actors feminine energy,” among other things. As gynecologists Guild (SAG), always researched his political speeches care- rushed to point out, the most likely result of following such fully and kept them separate from film-industry business. At advice would be bacterial infection. Basic common sense this year’s SAG Awards, though, every winner of Best Goofy would suggest as much; unfortunately, it seems to be in even AP PHOTO / Sidekick in a Formulaic Romantic Comedy seemed to feel shorter supply than Goop’s $66 jade eggs, which are sold out the need to deliver a Twitter-level political treatise while as we go to press. clutching his statuette—even Ashton Kutcher, who wel- comed “everyone in airports that belong in my America.” n After Mary Tyler Moore died, everyone wanted to sing the One actor angrily promised to “punch some people in the song, or quote it: “Who can turn the world on with her smile? GEERT VANDEN WIJNGAERT face” if they hold incorrect views on social policy, while Who can take a nothing day, and suddenly make it all seem

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THE WEEK

worthwhile?” Mary could. She was one of the most ingratiating It is also true that the speech did not dwell on familiar con- stars we have ever seen. Women loved her, and wanted to be her; servative themes such as the need to limit government and men loved her, and wanted to be with her. She was Laura Petrie restore personal responsibility, and in some respects undercut in The Dick Van Dyke Show and, of course, Mary Richards in The them. But to say that there was nothing conservative in it is to Mary Tyler Moore Show (whose theme song is quoted above). miss that nationalism is always an element of a healthy conser- There were other shows too, none as successful. Over the years, vatism, as Ramesh Ponnuru and Rich Lowry argue in our cover we learned about her personal struggles: the alcoholic parents; essay. The fact that movement conservatives have not always her own alcoholism; the untimely death of her son; and a lot kept that point in mind is one of the reasons that Trump, rather more. Through it all, she symbolized charm, grace, and beauty. than a candidate more to their liking, is now president. Also an unassuming grit. Mary Tyler Moore has died at 80. Yet Government policy should indeed be run in the interests of she will be perpetually fresh, throwing that hat up in the air. America: not subordinated to some wispy notion of a “global community,” not driven by the needs of particular businesses, POLITICS not required to comply in a rigid way with abstract ideas (even good ones, like the idea that markets should be free). Im mi - Nationalist-in-Chief gra tion policy, to take a fundamental example, can have a humanitarian element but must be primarily directed by a VEN while Donald Trump was giving his inaugural hard-headed assessment of the national interest. The policy address, the conventional wisdom about it was harden- we have been pursuing for decades has not been. E ing. The speech was combative, gloomy, nationalist— But conservatism is not reducible to nationalism, which and unconservative. needs to be tempered by other conservative insights and in - That verdict deserves to be amended and challenged. Yes, formed by an accurate sense of the national condition. We will the speech was combative in that it put forward a nationalist not, after all, advance the economic interests of the nation by message with which many people strongly disagree. But it embracing collectivism. Advancing them requires relatively was also unifying: Trump said that his nationalism would look open trade, and trade deals—as Trump himself acknowledges to the interests of the whole nation, not just a part of it, as of in his more sober moments. course a real nationalism would by necessity. His speech did not have enough such moments. It is not Yes, it painted a dark picture of the last few decades. But it true that America’s problems have been chiefly caused by our was also hopeful about the promise of America following military allies’ and trade partners’ taking advantage of us, or Trump’s reforms. It was even utopian, which is a worse thing our elites’ being too soft-minded and weak to do anything than being pessimistic. about it. It is not true that D.C. can do much about crime rates, or should even try. Trump was more forthright than his predecessors in identifying radical Islamic terrorism as our enemy, and right too to declare its destruction our goal. But he has never outlined a plausible path to achieve it. Trump’s inaugural ad dress was successful in expressing nationalist values but not in setting forth a plan of action that would actually serve the nation. It will be up to conservatives, some of them in his employ, to ensure that the same is not true of his administration.

IMMIGRATION Vetting the Order

ONALD TRUMP has signed an executive order halting admission of refugees for 120 days and halting travel D from seven majority-Muslim countries—Iraq, Iran, Syria, Yemen, Sudan, Libya, and Somalia—for 90 days while the federal government undertakes a review of admission procedures. He has also imposed an annual cap of 50,000 refu gees. Trump’s executive order is an attempt—albeit, in several ways, an ill-conceived one—to address an obvious problem. It’s a well-documented fact that would-be terrorists are posing as refugees to obtain admission into Europe, and visa screen- ings have failed to identify foreign nationals who later committed terrorist attacks in the United States. As the Islamic State continues its reign of terror across a large swath of the Middle East, it should be a matter of common sense that the Donald Trump at his inaugural ceremony U.S. needs to evaluate and strengthen its vetting. SIPA USA VIA AP

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Rhetoric about “open arms” aside, the U.S. has been modest in its approach to refugees for the past two decades. The George W. Bush administration regularly admitted fewer than 50,000 refugees, and Barack Obama normally admitted similar numbers, despite operating under a slightly higher cap. It was only at the end of his second term, when he dramatically expanded the cap to 110,000, that Obama pursued refugee admissions aggressively. Trump’s order is, to this extent, a re turn to recent norms. Similarly, until ratcheting up the program in 2016, the Obama administration admitted fewer than 2,000 Syrian refugees between 2011 and 2015. Trump has suspended this program indefi- nitely, pending review. There is also recent precedent for Trump’s order. In 2011, the Obama administration essentially halted refugee pro- cessing from Iraq for six months in order to do exactly what the Trump administration is doing now: ensure that terrorists were not exploiting the program to enter the country. No one rushed to JFK International to protest. Also, the seven countries to which the order applies are taken from Obama- era precedents. All of this said, Trump’s order displays the amateurism that President Trump announces the nominat ion of Judge Neil Gorsuch, center, to the dominated his campaign. The White House provided no guid- Supreme Court. ance to the officials nationwide, including key cabinet secre- taries, who would be responsible for executing the order. The he acts on an understanding of the law that differs from that confusion extended to the question of whether the executive original meaning, then he has illegitimately amended it. And order applied to green-card holders, which was left hanging the law is binding on judges no less than it is on other officials. for more than 24 hours. And the White House apparently Originalism has faced resistance in modern times mostly failed to account for the many Iraqi refugees who acted as because liberals would rather not go through the formal pro - aides and translators to Allied forces in the region. (Liberal cess of amending the Constitution in order to edit it to their lik- use of the order’s provision for case-by-case exceptions ing, removing its s tructural limits on governmental power and would be well advised.) putting their preferred policies beyond democratic re view. Most of this chaos could have been avoided if the White Gorsuch’s record gives us cause to believe that he would use House had slowed down, taken time to brief the relevant offi- his vote and his voice to side with the actual Constitution. cials, and ensured that the legal details were airtight. Instead, And with our actual laws, such as the Religious Freedom White House political advisers recklessly pushed the order Restoration Act. Liberals supported that law when it was forward, likely damaging future efforts in this area. enacted in 1993 but have subsequently found it inconvenient. The United States needs to bolster its immigration policies Some judges have ruled that the Obama administration did not across the board, and assessing whether our refugee-admitting really place a burden on Catholic nuns’ exercise of their faith procedures are adequately protecting American citizens is by making them sign a form that enabled their employees to entirely reasonable. But President Trump, in his first major ac - receive insurance coverage that covers contraception. Gor - tion, failed abjectly in the prudential considerations without such, on the other hand, grasped that for the government to which even good policy is often doomed. Refugees are not the protect religious liberty means for it to stay out of the business only thing in need of more vetting. of assessing the soundness of a particular religious belief: If the nuns sincerely say their faith forbids them to sign the form, THE SUPREME COURT it is not for the government to tell them they are wrong. Which is what the law, properly interpreted, holds. A Win for the Constitution Gorsuch has helped lead an overdue reevaluation of the dangerous way unelected government agencies increasingly com- EIL GORSUCH, President Trump’s Supreme Court nom- bine executive, legislative, and judicial functions. In this respect, inee, is a fine choice to replace the late, great Justice too, he is a champion of the real Constitution, which was not N Antonin Scalia. He combines a sterling intellect and a designed for the convenience of the administrative state. fidelity to law. This nomination, even if successful, will not ensure that a That fidelity is what undergirds the “originalism” that Jus - sound understanding of the law or the proper role of judges tice Scalia espoused and that Judge Gorsuch continues to prevails at the Supreme Court: It will merely restore the bal- practice. That term refers to the view that a legal provision— ance of forces that prevailed on the Court when Scalia died. whether a statute or an amendment to the Constitution— But that in itself is no small thing. Gorsuch’s elevation would should be read to have the meaning its words could be allow Scalia’s legacy to continue and give it a chance to grow. understood to bear at the time it became law. An official may Conservatives should give credit to Trump for this selection, apply an old law in new ways as circumstances change. But if and work to get Gorsuch confirmed.

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the 2000 census, Obama insisted on protecting his own racial group, telling the Chicago Defender that, “while everyone agrees that the Hispanic population has grown, they cannot expand by taking African-American seats.” The VRA’s requirement that legislatures engage in racial gerrymandering—sometimes compelling the construction of districts shaped even more oddly than Gerry’s original salamander—makes it illegal in many states to draw House-district lines without regard to outcomes. Of course, Republicans—like Demo - crats, then and now—want to draw district lines to help them win more seats in Congress. But the evidence shows that the advantage conferred on today’s House Republicans by partisan gerrymanders is neither large nor historically unusual, and is outweighed by the natural advantages of geography. First, a bit of history. Elections analyst Sean Trende has noted that, from 1942 TheDemocrats areGerrymander wrong about why Republicans control Myth the House to 1992, “the Democrats had a huge advantage in seats won vs. their popular- BY DAN McLAUGHLIN vote share, averaging 5 percent,” and that “the discrepancy was less than 3 ANY Democrats and liberal- our fifth vice president (under James percent on just five occasions.” Trende progressive pundits are Madison). To anyone over the age of 40 reached this conclusion by comparing M obsessed these days with (including Obama and Holder), a sudden the Democrats’ share of House seats to the idea that they are being Democratic enthusiasm for stopping ger- the Democratic share of the two-party robbed of victories by the structure of the rymanders reeks of hypocrisy and parti- popular vote. Using Trende’s measure- American electoral process. One element san opportunism. Democrats dominated ment in today’s House, a five-percentage- of this complaint is the charge that the the House of Representatives for four point advantage is worth an extra 22 Republican dominance of the House of uninterrupted decades from 1954 to 1994, House seats. Today’s Republi can majori- Representatives is due to partisan gerry- and they did so with the considerable ties regularly enjoy a smaller edge than mandering. Former attorney general Eric help of partisan gerrymanders, abetted by the Democrats averaged over that half Holder has pledged to dedicate himself to entrenched Democratic control of many century of dominance. The Re publican attacking gerrymandering, and former state legislatures. A number of states in advantage was 4.9 points (worth an president Barack Obama has likewise the South, in particular, had continuously extra 21 seats) in 2016, when Repub li - indicated that he will make it a major Democratic-run state legislatures from cans won 55.4 percent of the seats with cause of his post-presidency, the most the end of Reconstruction into the 21st 50.6 percent of the two-party vote. It directly partisan focus of any former pres- century. One of the first big gerrymander- was smaller in the three previous elec- ident in living memory. A November court ing controversies of the current era was a tions: 3.8 points (17 seats) in 2014, 4.4 decision striking down Wisconsin’s state- 2003 effort by Texas Republicans, after points (19 seats) in 2012, and 2.1 points assembly districts, solely on grounds that capturing control of the state legislature (9 seats) when the Republican majority they unduly favor Republicans, represents for the first time in 130 years, to replace a was first elected in 2010, before the lat- a renewed legal assault on the practice, lopsided 1991 Democratic gerrymander. est round of redistricting. despite the Supreme Court’s skepticism Democratic legislators fled the state in an Not so long ago, Democrats were pock- over the past 30 years that the courts have effort to prevent its legislature from revis- eting winnings from their own advantage. any principled and workable way to refer- ing the 1991 map. Democrats had a 3.8-point advantage in ee purely partisan district-drawing fights. Moreover, Obama and Holder are both 2008, giving them 15 more seats than Gerrymandering is no novelty; it’s as ardent fans of interpreting the Voting they’d have won just from their share of old as American democracy itself. The Rights Act to require race-conscious ger- the national two-party popular vote. Those practice is named for Elbridge Gerry, who rymandering to create “majority minori- 15 extra seats were more than twice the signed the Declaration of Independence, ty” districts—i.e., districts in which a seven-vote margin by which the House was a delegate to the Constitutional Con - majority of voters are members of the majority elected in 2008 passed Obama - vention, served in the first Congress, same racial-minority group. In the redis- care, yet few liberal critics of gerryman- ROMAN GENN helped write the Bill of Rights, and was tricting of Illinois’s state legislature after dering seem to think the democratic

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legitimacy of Obamacare is somehow in Seven states have only a single con- question as a result. gressional district. In 2016, Republicans More fundamentally, however, partisan gained one more seat in those states than gerrymandering is not the sole reason their share of the two-party popular vote Republicans have 15 to 20 more House would have suggested: They won five of seats than you’d project just from a pro- the seven seats (71.4 percent) compared portional application of the national popu- with their 52.9 percent of the two-party lar vote. It’s probably not even the most vote—an 18.5-point advantage. That has important reason. While Republicans do nothing to do with redistricting. On the benefit from a number of partisan gerry- whole, opportunities for serious gerrymanders, so do the Democrats, and other mandering require that a state be divided factors are at work, ranging from natural into more than a handful of districts. Yet, population distribution to federal restric- overall, across the 24 states that elect five tions derived from the Voting Rights Act. Elbridge Gerry or fewer House members, Republicans Political scientists Jowei Chen of the won 40 of 65 House seats (61.5 percent) University of Michigan and Jonathan district in 1998; in 2016, running in a dis- with 55.3 percent of the two-party vote, a Rodden of Stanford University’s Hoover trict rated R+3, he won by 35 points. 6.3-point advantage that yielded them an Institution conducted an in-depth study in Gerrymandering has also been falsely extra four seats. That’s a small-state ad - 2013 of legislative-district lines, using accused (by former president Obama, vantage, not gerrymandering. computer simulations of precinct-by- among others) of being the key factor in Even in larger states, as in the Electoral precinct voting patterns to map alterna- the increasing ideological and partisan College, winner-take-all elections tend tive redistricting plans without regard to polarization of Washington. But political not to produce precisely proportional partisanship or race. What they concluded scientists who have tried to measure this results. In California, one of four states was that Republicans have a natural have concluded that polarization has little where district lines are drawn by a nomi- advantage conferred by the “human to do with gerrymandering, noting that the nally nonpartisan commission, Republi - geography” of Democratic voters’ con- increase d polarization of swing-district cans got 35.2 percent of the two-party centrating disproportionately in over- representatives and senators mirrors that vote but won just 26.4 percent of the whelmingly liberal urban districts while of safe-district House members. House seats, a net 8.8-point, five-seat Republican voters are more evenly dis- And while the 241–194 House majority advantage for Democrats. That’s despite tributed in the suburban, exurban, small- elected in 2016 benefited from a 21-seat the fact that Republicans ran no candi- town, and rural districts. advantage (even as House Republicans dates in nine of the state’s 53 districts, Chen and Rodden found that this “unin- had 50.6 percent of the two-party national which inflated the Democrats’ popular- tentional gerrymandering” produced an vote), a look at the numbers suggests that vote advantage (Republicans got 40.4 average Republican bias of five points most of this advantage was owing to fac- percent of the vote in the other 44 districts nationwide, or seven to eight points in tors other than gerrymandering. but still won just 31.8 percent of those 44 such states as Pennsylvania and Georgia. First, the winner-take-all nature of seats). Republicans won over a third of In Florida, their main test case, they used House races, along with the limited num- the vote across Connecticut, Maryland, the 50–50 precinct-by-precinct Bush and ber of districts, means that a party that and Rhode Island, and won just one out of Gore votes and found, based on random wins a majority of the two-party popular 15 House races in those states. computer simulations of a map of 25 dis- vote in a state will almost always take Across the 17 states in which they hold tricts (the number of House districts in the more than its share of the House races in a majority of the House seats, Democrats 2002 redistricting), that Republicans had that state. In Nevada, Democrats won won 61.7 percent of the two-party vote an average of 61 percent of the House 50.5 percent of the two-party vote but but 72.9 percent of the House seats, seats. As Chen and Rodden explained in took three of the four House seats; in New yielding an extra 19 seats. They won early 2014: “In the vast majority of states, Hampshire, Republicans got 48.4 percent more than their proportional share in our nonpartisan simulations produced of the vote and lost both races. The party every one of these states but Vermont. Republican seat shares that were not that won a majority of the two-party vote Democratic gerrymanders in such states much different from the actual numbers won more seats than its share of that vote as Illinois and Maryland were one reason in the last election.” That’s before even would have predicted in 46 states and as for this. Another was simply the dimin- considering the impact of the VRA. many as the vote share would have pre- ishing returns in winner-take-all races Moreover, Chen and Rodden found dicted in Vermont, where the Democratic when a party slips below 45 percent of the trends to be most pronounced in candidate ran unopposed to win the state’s the two-party vote statewide. That hap- states with rapid urbanization—and the only House seat. In Maine, the only state pened to Republicans in twelve states, to 2016 election featured an unusually stark with an evenly divided House delegation, Democrats in 24 states. No amount of urban–rural split. House Republicans Democrats won 52 percent of the vote and creative mapmaking can make many dis- also benefit from the advantages of in - carried one of the state’s two House seats. trict majorities out of 35 percent of the COM . cumbency, in many cases dating from The only states in which the party that statewide vote. before the friendly maps drawn after won the two-party vote failed to win a What about the two states in which the WIKIWAND . 2010. Paul Ryan, for example, was origi- majority of House seats were Wisconsin results bucked the statewide popular vote? WWW nally elected in a Democratic-leaning and Virginia. Republicans in Wisconsin won five of the

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According to PALM SPRINGS, CA (HH)-- patientsHow at the CenterTo: for RestorativeFix YourMedicine, a Fatigue and Get new discovery has completely transformed their lives. More Energy Founder and Director is a Dr. Steven Gundry world-renowned heart surgeon, a best-selling author, and the personal physician to many celebri- ties. But his latest medical breakthrough could be the most important accomplishment of his career.

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“When you’re feeling low energy, that’s your body Watch the presentation here at screaming ” He told the crowd of reporters HELP! www.GetEnergy18.com and medical professionals. Dr. Gundry’s radical solution was inspired by a Within just a few hours, this video had gotten breakthrough with a “hopeless” patient who had thousands of hits, and is now considered to been massively overweight, chronically fatigued have gone viral. One viewer commented: “If this and suffering from severely clogged arteries. works, it’s exactly what I’ve been praying for my whole life. I’ve never seen anything like this solu- The secret to his breakthrough? tion before…the truth about my diet was shock- “There are key Dr. ing and eye-opening.” ‘micronutrients’ missing from your diet,” Gundry told the room. “If you can replenish them in very high dosages, the health results are aston- Of course, Dr. Gundry’s announcement was met ishing.” with some hesitation. We spoke to some who GU\WRFUHDWHWKHZRUOG¶V¿UVWDWKRPHWUHDWPHQW attended the press conference, who advised that This unorthodox philosophy is what led Dr. Gun- people keep their expectations realistic.

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active,” he revealed yesterday. See his presentation here at www.GetEnergy18.com 3col_QXP-1127940387.qxp 1/31/2017 11:53 PM Page 20

state’s eight House seats (62.5 percent) left flat-footed by Trump’s unexpected with just 47.9 percent of the statewide victory. On a dime, they turned to an vote. How? They let House Democrats run unlikely source to preserve their pro- unopposed in two of those eight districts, Fair-Weather gressive values: the text and history of one of which (Ron Kind’s D+5 third dis- the Constitution. trict) Trump actually won by five points. Originalists Frustrated that President Trump nev er In the other six, Republicans won 58.5 The Left discovers the Constitution released his tax returns and refuses to percent of the two-party vote and carried divest his business interests, newly five districts. Had they run candidates in BY JOSH BLACKMAN minted textualists seized on one of the those two districts, a reasonable estimate most obscure provisions of the Con sti - would have them winning more than 52 LL of a sudden, progressives tu tion. Article I, Section 9, Clause 8, percent of the two-party vote statewide, have discovered the separation known as the emolument clause, pro- comparable to Republican majorities of A of powers. After eight years vides that “no Person holding any Of fice the two-party vote in the Senate and pres- spent ridiculing tea partiers of Profit or Trust under [the United idential contests, which were 51.7 percent who bitterly cling to the Constitution, States] shall, without the Consent of the and 50.4 percent, respectively. Even if liberals now embrace its structural pro- Congress, accept of any present, Emol u - House seats were awarded proportionally tections as their last, best hope to stop ment, Office, or Title, of any kind what- in Wisconsin, Democrats would have President Trump. Today’s Left is just the ever, from any King, Prince, or foreign won only one additional seat. And pro- most recent social movement that has State.” At a minimum, the provision portional districts would be hard to draw: appealed to the Framers after failing at means that certain federal officers cannot Hillary Clinton carried just twelve of the ballot box. And while I always wel- receive certain types of payment from Wisconsin’s 72 counties, mostly in the come new students of originalism, I can foreign governments. Madison, Milwaukee, and Eau Claire offer only two cheers for our fair-weather Up until 2016, discussions of the areas; there were only two places in the constitutionalists. Their conversion, alas, emolument clause were limited to law state where she carried adjacent counties. is born of political expediency, not any reviews. Scholars debated about what an In Virginia, Republicans won seven of sense of constitutional consistency. emolument is and whether the prohibi- eleven seats (63.6 percent) with 49.8 per- From 2009 through early 2017, Pres - tion applies to the commander-in-chief. cent of the statewide two-party House i dent Obama’s supporters blithely For example, President Wash ing ton ac - vote. The map was likely a larger factor in enabled him as he trampled the Consti - cepted a key to the Bastille from the Virginia than in Wisconsin, but once again tu tion’s parchment barriers to imple- Marquis de Lafayette without seeking Republicans would probably have won a ment progressive policies: granting Congress’s permission, but when Presi - majority of the two-party vote just by run- lawful presence to millions of aliens, dent Jackson received a gold med al from ning a candidate in every district. Demo - suspending enforcement of marijuana Simón Bolívar, he surrendered it to crat Gerry Connolly ran unopposed in a laws, rewriting onerous provisions of Congress. Whether our first president district where Trump got 29 percent of the Obama care, entering into international violated the emolument clause was an two-party vote. Republicans won seven of “agree ments” without Senate ratifica- interesting theoretical question, but prac- ten contested seats with 53.4 percent of the tion, and the list goes on. At each junc- tically it was irrelevant—until it became two-party vote, and would have cleared ture, charges of lawbreaking on the right useful to progressive causes. A few days 51 percent statewide if they’d won just were met with crickets on the left. Their after the recent inauguration, Citizens for the Trump voters in Connolly’s district. defense: The president has the discretion Responsibility and Ethics in Washington Democrats in Virginia are also highly con- to act; courts should not serve as forums (CREW) filed a federal lawsuit against centrated in a few urban areas; despite for political disputes; gridlock in Con - the president. The group alleged that rev- winning the state, Hillary Clinton carried gress justifies the president’s actions. enue collected by President Trump’s just 30 percent of its 133 counties, and no All the while, I warned that the prece- business interests from foreign govern- adjacent counties outside the Virginia dents set by the 44th president would ments (e.g. ho tel bills) constituted an Beach, Richmond, and D.C.-suburbs areas. pave the way for even bolder actions by unconstitutional emolument. Political professionals put great effort the 45th president. Despite the current outrage about pay- into favorable gerrymanders, just as they Obama acolytes, who should have ments from foreign governments, not a do with many aspects of campaigning foreseen this risk, were complacent, per- single constitutional scholar has ever that matter at the margins. But the mar- haps because it was simply unthinkable batted an eyelash when sitting presidents gins matter only when the race is very that a Republican could regain the White profited from foreign governments. close. If Democrats want to retake the House. What’s the downside to giving (Indeed, of the four law professors who House, their best bet is a combination of boundless authority to an executive you joined CREW’s lawsuit, only one’s the factors that benefited them in 2006: a like? Alas, on Election Day, the Left was scholarship had actually discussed the national Democratic wave and the re - Emoluments Clause before 2016.) Presi - cruitment of more House candidates Mr. Blackman is a constitutional-law professor at the dent Obama’s books, for example, have appealing to voters outside the big blue South Texas College of Law in Houston, an adjunct generated nearly $17 million in royal- cities. Complaining about a practice that scholar at the Cato Institute, and the author of ties. It is safe to assume that at least one dates back to the Founding Fathers won’t Unraveled: Obamacare, Religious Liberty, copy has been purchased by a foreign make either of those things happen. and Executive Power. government. Where were the demands

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83 percent of those costs.” In other words, states stood to lose on average 10 percent of their budgets for failing to comply with Obamacare. Back in 2012, California and a dozen other states urged the Supreme Court to rule that this policy was perfectly lawful. “Although withdrawing from” Med i caid “may be difficult and politically unpopu- lar,” they wrote, “it remains an option.” Fortunately for Cal i for nia—the Califor - nia of today, at least—seven justices dis- agreed with their position. The ACA’s “financial ‘inducement,’” explained Chief Justice Roberts, “is much more than ‘relatively mild encouragement’— it is a gun to the head.” Because “pressure turn[ed] into compulsion,” the Court concluded, the ACA’s Medicaid- expansion provision was unconstitutional. Today, blue states proudly wrap themselves in the Obamacare decision they once opposed. President Donald Trump signs an executive order on immigration, January 25, 2017. However, a passing familiarity with federal policy over the last several dec - for the president to release his global that Republicans were dragging all man- ades will show that virtually no programs royalty statements so we could deter- ner of political disputes into federal that withhold money from noncompliant mine whether Vladimir Putin or the Na- courts, a modicum of consistency would states are unconstitutional. Congress tional Library of China bought Dreams ensure that debates over Presi dent Trump’s routinely dangles aid to encourage states from My Fa ther? foreign emoluments are best left to the to comply with federal programs. For It doesn’t matter that book royalties ballot box. example, South Dakota challenged a are counted in pennies; the Consti tution Then there is the matter of federalism. law that would withhold 5 percent of does not set a threshold amount for an Before Hillary Clinton had even conced- federal highway funds if the state unconstitutional emolument. Nor does ed, elected officials in blue states, out of refused to raise its drinking age to 21. In Article I distinguish between payments desperation, appealed to an unlikely 1987, the Supreme Court upheld this made through a publishing company and patron saint: James Mad i son. California law, finding that “Congress has offered those made through a real-estate trust. boasted that it seeks to become the new relatively mild encouragement to the Do such payments constitute emolu- Texas and rely on the principles of feder- States to enact higher minimum drinking ments from foreign states? Who knows? alism to resist incursions from the Trump ages than they would otherwise choose.” Not even the most ardent tea-partier administration. In due time, California The amount at issue was minuscule, opponents seized upon this obscure will assert that it is unconstitutional for roughly $4 million—“less than half of clause, let alone filed a legal challenge. the Trump administration to withhold one percent of South Da ko ta’s budget at The issue has never been litigated. federal funds from sanctuary cities. the time.” As a matter of policy, I think Pres i dent Once, and only once, has the Su preme President Trump’s recent executive Trump should divest his business inter- Court held that clawing back federal order on immigration threatens to with- ests. But this is inherently a political funding from states for their refusal to hold from sanctuary jurisdictions all question—one that can be resolved only adopt a policy change violates the princi- “Federal grants, except as deemed nec- by Congress. Indeed, the Con sti tution ples of federalism. Under the Affordable essary for law enforcement purposes.” specifically states that the president may Care Act (ACA), if a state refused to New York City’s comptroller general receive foreign emoluments with “the expand its Medicaid rolls, the federal indicated that the city could lose roughly Consent of the Congress.” Here the government threatened to withhold all of $9 million in grants. The Big Apple has a Framers offered a hint to the judiciary: its Medicaid funding. For example, the total budget of nearly $90 billion, so the Stay away. Under the Su preme Court’s Obama administration warned Arizona withheld funds would constitute perhaps precedents, if there is a “textually demon- that it stood to lose nearly $8 billion of 0.01 percent of the city’s budget. This AP PHOTO / strable constitutional commitment of the federal funding, which was nearly a falls far short of the 10 percent at issue in issue to a coordinate political depart- quarter of its state budget. The Supreme the Obamacare case, an amount that pro- ment,” judges should leave its resolution Court observed that, across the board, gressive states insisted in their brief was to the elected branches. The emolu- “Medicaid spending accounts for over not coercive. ments clause provides just such a com- 20 percent of the average State’s total Still, if California and New York PABLO MARTINEZ MONSIVAIS mitment. After eight years of charges budget, with federal funds covering 50 to seek to urge the Supreme Court to

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expand its federalist principles and planet faces imminent destruction as a make it harder for the federal govern- result of anthropogenic climate change, ment to coerce states to act, I would be rescue from which is being held up by all too happy to join their fight. Putting Doctor greedy midwestern oilmen, the politi- more teeth into spending jurisprudence cal operatives in their pocket, and ob- will work to the benefit of the cause of MichaelDoom Mann, climate scientist, noxious Republican uncles swallowed limited government, as other federal up in ignorance. programs, which threaten to withhold demands that you submit There is an extensive literature in comparably small amounts—including this new millenarianism, the latest many environmental regimes—would BY IAN TUTTLE contribution to which is Michael E. be subject to invalidation. Mann and Tom Toles’s The Madhouse Another favorite target of liberals is, N early January, Slate columnist Effect: How Climate Change Denial Is or at least was, Printz v. United States. Eric Holthaus tweeted: “I’m start- Threatening Our Planet, Destroying This 1997 case held that Congress could I ing my 11th year working on cli- Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy. not commandeer state law-enforcement mate change, including the last 4 in Mann, as NATIONAL REVIEW readers officials to perform firearms back- daily journalism. Today I went to see a may know, is the creator of the much- ground checks. A gaggle of blue states counselor about it.” Holthaus announced ballyhooed “hockey stick” climate filed a brief in Printz supporting the that he was in “despair” over climate- graph, which purports to show an un - constitutionality of the Clinton admin- change inaction: “There are days where precedented, precipitous warming of istration’s conscriptive gun-control law. I literally can’t work. I’ll read a story the climate beginning in 1920; he is The provision, they wrote, was “no dif- & shut down for rest of the day. Not also currently suing NATIONAL REVIEW ferent in kind from the type of joint much helps besides exercise & time.” for having the audacity to question his state-federal law enforcement efforts His job, he says, is “chronicling plane- findings. Tom Toles is a cartoonist for that occur routinely in many contexts” tary suicide.” the Washington Post, whose contribu- and “represent[ed] a minimal and tem- Holthaus’s tweets, and the massive tion to the book is several dozen smug, porary request for ministerial assistance online group-therapy session that fol- self-congratulatory drawings mocking from the States.” lowed, would be amusing were they Republicans as avaricious, oblivious, Further, the brief explained, because not so pitiful. Here is the emotional and/or simply stupid. the mandate affected only individual toll of buying into one of our most Readers familiar with climate- law-enforcement officers, and not saleableE beliefs at present: 1/27/17that the 10:52 changeAM Page zealotry 1 will find recognizable “states as states,” it did not “coerce state compliance.” Rather, the law “merely request[ed] that executive officers— law enforcement officials—undertake King Solomon’s an activity that is similar to many per- formed in the normal course of their Secret Treasure: duties.” After his retirement, Justice John Paul Stevens suggested a constitu- FOUND ing Solomon’s vast empire included tional amendment to override the Printz Khoards of gold, but as it turns out, decision. Now, however, many of those his mines hid a prize more beautiful same states are objecting bitterly to the and exotic than any precious metal: new president’s attempts to require state chrysocolla. 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sound bites here: “The warming of the exercise caution. Environmental fore- national mobilization, and to leading a planet caused by our profligate burning casts have been wildly wrong going global effort to mobilize nations to of fossil fuels poses perhaps the great- back half a century. In 1970, Life maga- address this threat on a scale not seen est challenge that human civilization zine reported growing evidence that “by since World War II.” Indeed, Mann and has yet faced. . . . If we continue with 1985 air pollution will have reduced the others have made no effort to hide that the course we are on, our destiny may amount of sunlight reaching Earth by they see climate-change skeptics as, to indeed be to leave behind an unlivable one half.” That same year, ecologist a greater or lesser degree, traitors, and planet of destroyed ecosystems and Kenneth Watt told an audience at in the book Mann expresses no qualms continuous, unpredictable chaos.” One Swarthmore College that, “if present with the decision of a dozen-plus state short chapter gives an overview of the trends continue, the world will be about attorneys general to harass think tanks “overwhelming” scientific evidence for four degrees colder for the global mean and publications that have published anthropogenic climate change, another temperature in 1990, but eleven degrees essays skeptical of the climate-change chapter elaborates the threat—“Be it colder in the year 2000. This is about consensus. Increasingly, the impulse to national security, food, water, land, the twice what it would take to put us into jail people who disagree with them is a economy, or health . . . the specter of an ice age.” NASA scientist James hallmark of contemporary climate- climate change is upon us”—and then Hansen, an early advocate for climate- change activism. Mann gets to his real purpose: scolding change action whom Mann cites This attitude was portended by the anyone who thinks differently from approvingly, testified before the Sen- use of “denialism” to describe reason- Michael Mann. ate Environment and Public Works able skepticism. Commandeering the That there are varying degrees of Committee in 1986 that, “in 20 years, language of Holocaust denial was a skepticism toward the large set of the global warming should reach about great coup, given the obvious differ- questions that constitute the climate- 1 degree Celsius, which would be the ences between the two phenomena, not change debate, or that different people warmest the Earth has been in the last the least of which is that the Holocaust partake of different motives, seems not 100,000 years.” (It increased by about happened in the past, and there is to have occurred to Mann. Skeptics are 0.38 degrees Celsius.) incontrovertible evidence to confirm it, That there are varying degrees of skepticism toward the large set of questions that constitute the climate-change debate seems not to have occurred to Michael Mann.

“deniers,” and “deniers” are obviously None of these scientists was acting in while the predicted devastation of cli- on the payroll of fossil-fuel companies bad faith. The problems they were mate change—projections based on a or their shadowy network of support- addressing were simply complex, and fantastically complex series of interac- ers. (The Koch brothers, who are the opportunity for error large. Mann, tions: quite literally, interactions among apparently funding the entire Repub - though, has no time for such conces- every part of the environment in which lican party, should be paying Mann as sions. Environmental science is a story human beings live—is almost entirely well, given the space they’re occupy- of heroic prophecy followed by narrow in the future, where things are by their ing in his head.) Scientists, by contrast, ecological escape: Rachel Carson and very nature uncertain. That this distinc- are just humble servants of the truth, DDT in the 1960s, Paul Ehrlich and the tion needs pointing out suggests just and anyone who suggests that there “population bomb” in the 1970s, and so how sub-rational much of the climate- might be perverse incentives operating on. There can be no doubt that he sees change debate has become. in the scientific community simply himself taking up their mantle. Of course, not even Mann can avoid does not know how scientific scholar- Seeing oneself as a visionary re - the requisite mays and mights. But con- ship works. There is “a roughly 97 to pelling a global threat does not lead to trary to what one might think, this is 99 percent agreement among scientists politics as much as to fanaticism. “The not a small concession; this is the that climate change is real and caused cost of replacing Earth is infinite,” says whole debate. Mann writes, at one by humans.” Mann, citing our lack of an alternative point: “In the case of climate change, That familiar statistic, trotted out reg- habitation. “So just about any mone- the situation couldn’t be more dire.” ularly by the Obama White House to tized estimate of the cost of damages Except it could. Discussing the disinte- bolster its climate agenda, is based on a from climate change is going to under- gration of the West Antarctic Ice convenient sampling of the relevant lit- value the true cost.” That sort of rea- Sheet—a “tipping point” that he be - erature. In fact, there is a vigorous, vocal soning can justify a great deal, and lieves we have crossed, irreversibly— mi nority of dissenters from the climate- surely it comes as little surprise that Mann notes: “This process could take a change consensus within the scientific climate-change alarmists have taken to millennium to unfold, but we can’t rule community, the vast majority of whom treating climate change as the equiva- out the possibility that it may happen have nothing to do with ExxonMobil. lent of a war. The platform of the faster than that. Maybe two centuries. And it’s not as if there are no reasons to Democratic party “commit[s] to a Maybe one.”

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Put another way: The worst-case sce- doomsday scenarios they outline: If nario here is a gradual process that takes every signatory met its obligations, the place over 100 years. In terms of crisis Paris climate agreement—described by preparation, that—let alone a millenni- Fatih Birol, director of the Inter na - Mr. Wonderful um—is a lot of time. The Obama admin- tional Energy Agency, as “our last istration, not likely to undersell the hope”—would reduce warming by at Goes to potential impact of climate change, esti- most 0.2 degrees Celsius. That’s no mated that a rise in average global tem- reason not to act, but it suggests that Ottawa? peratures of 3 to 4 degrees Celsius by some humility is in order when consid- Kevin O’Leary’s Trump 2100 would cost, at most, 4 percent of ering the human contribution to Mother show in Canada that year’s global GDP. As Man hattan Nature’s moods. Institute scholar Oren Cass demon- Far be it from me to advise Mann and BY J. J. McCULLOUGH strates in a recent National Affairs essay, company, who have capitalized nicely “How to Worry about Climate Change,” on their End Times industry, but con- EVIN O’LEARY’S worship of projected economic growth over the servatives might be more open to a money makes Donald Trump same period suggests that that cost could measured approach—one that avoids K look like Jesus Christ flipping be fairly easily accommodated. The same labeling good-faith skeptics Nazis, for tables in the temple. He loves it, is true, too, of more-concrete potential- example. What kind of “conservatism” covets it, never has enough of it. ities. If U.S. Geological Survey and does not include an attentive steward- “I want to go to bed richer than when I National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad - ship of the environment? T. S. Eliot woke up,” he told the Hamilton Spectator, ministration data are correct and Miami warned that “a good deal of our mater- summarizing his life philosophy. “It’s is 20 percent flooded in “100 to 300 ial progress is a progress for which suc- that simple.” years,” it’s still 100 to 300 years away. ceeding generations may have to pay O’Leary, who currently leads the A lot can be done to prepare in the interim. dearly” and urged that we recognize polls to be the next leader of Canada’s And, again, these are debatable worst- the “distinction between the use of nat- Conservative party, and thereby has a case projections. ural resources and their exploitation.” shot at being the country’s next prime But climate-change alarmism re - Russell Kirk contended that “piety,” minister, is best known on this continent quires making comparisons such as the concern arguably at the center of his as the wiseass heel on a duo of dream- Mann’s about the West Antarctic Ice thinking, “includes respect for the nat- making reality shows: Dragon’s Den in Sheet, which confuse time scales: ural balance in the world.” Edmund Canada, Shark Tank in the States. Jelly- While climate change may be happen- Burke emphasized that “one of the first kneed contestants tiptoe to a dais of five ing in “geological time,” economic and and most leading principles on which imperious millionaires and beg them to technological advancement isn’t. The the commonwealth and the laws are invest in ideas that range from wickedly last 100 years is the difference between consecrated” is that the “temporary brilliant to so embarrassing they induce a world with the Model T Ford and one possessors” of life should not “act as if physical pain. with the International Space Station, or they were the entire masters[,] . . . It’s the job of Kevin, the cruelest beast between regular polio epidemics and should not think it among their rights to in the lineup, to make sure audiences can the advent of nanotechnology. In just cut off the entail or commit waste on tell the difference. His put-downs are leg- the last 30 years, the worldwide rate of the inheritance by destroying at their endary, sometimes witty (“You have a extreme poverty (defined by the World pleasure the whole original fabric of future—in bad theater!”), sometimes less Bank as living on $1.90 a day) has been their society, hazarding to leave to so (“You’re an a**hole, f*** you!”). halved, and there is today more than those who come after them a ruin Tagged with a host of sarcastic nick- enough food to supply the entire world instead of an habitation.” This disci- names (“Uncle Kevin,” “Mr. Wonder - (famine, where it arises, is largely a pline of care is a crucial element of ful”), he’s parlayed his brand as a cuddly consequence of political, not agricul- conservative thought. jerk into various spin-offs, including tural, failure). One doesn’t have to go But the apocalypse is no time for several bestsellers and an exceedingly in for the large-scale geo-engineering allies, apparently. From his blurb on superficial current-events chat show, schemes that Mann ridicules—setting the book’s cover, Bill Nye “the which pits the self-styled über-capitalist up trillions of mirrors in low orbit to Science Guy”—a friend of Mann’s, against a mushy liberal who gapes in - reflect incoming sunlight, or shooting thanked warmly in the acknowledg- credulously at O’Leary’s various off-the- reflective particulates into the atmos- ments—sneers at would-be readers: “If dome proposals—such as making labor phere—to believe that humans have the you are a climate change denier, unions “illegal.” O’Leary is, in theory, capacity to innovate remedies for cli- doubter, techno-fixer, or luke-warmer, an actual businessman in his spare time, mate change’s alleged threats. read this book. Mann and Toles have head of something called the O’Leary But no such considerations are to be written some words and drawn some Financial Group, which offers small- found in The Madhouse Effect or else- pictures for you, so maybe you’ll get it business loans and, uh, wine. But what- where among the climate-change- this time.” But all that one gets, in ever actual competence he possesses as a panicked, nor any acknowledgment that fact, is the strong sense that if any- even their proposed antidotes would thing is overheated, it’s the climate- Mr. McCullough is a political commentator and have almost no measurable effect on the change debate. cartoonist from Vancouver.

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confident that Canada embodies the world’s highest ideals of common sense. The sort of Canadian who asserts that his country is the envy of the planet because of its laws on health care and guns; a nation of people expecting free hotel rooms in Europe and warm hugs in the Middle East. O’Leary’s take on Islamic radicalism, for instance, is that Canada is safe for - ever because, really, who could possibly hate a Canadian? “I actually believe the last nationality ISIS wants to put a bullet through is a Canadian,” O’Leary told an interviewer last year, adding that Cana - dians need to appreciate their glowing global reputation as an “asset value” and avoid any military engagements that could compromise it. This is, to put it gently, naïve. Canada sacrificed 158 soldiers in the battle against the Taliban in Afghanistan, and the country has been repeatedly targeted by Islamic radicals, including one who did, in fact, put a bullet through a Cana - Kevin O’Leary dian—Corporal Nathan Cirillo, who was shot and killed in 2014 while guard- titan of industry seems a distant after- nothing of a foreign policy teetering on ing Ottawa’s National War Memorial. thought to his ability, as he once put it, to explicit pacifism. Not even the farthest-left politician in “play one on TV.” That said, brazen bluff-calling on the Ottawa would deny any of this, yet views On January 18, Mr. Wonderful an - official party orthodoxy obviously worked such as O’Leary’s remain the sort of nounced his candidacy for the Canadian quite well for another gold-plated reality- opinion one hears a certain kind of Ca - premiership, spouting one of his catch TV blowhard. For all the confident pos- nadian express quite loudly and often. phrases: “I’m in!” He speaks of the turing from his opponents and the press The War on Terror, they say, is basically Liberal incumbent, Justin Trudeau, about how O’Leary’s Trump 2.0 shtick America’s problem; terrorists, if objec- with the same unbridled contempt pre- ignores important realities of Canadian tionable, are those who react to worse viously reserved for pitchmen of unim- “political culture,” Uncle Kevin the things America did first. pressive children’s toys and exercise investor is making what appears an That O’Leary is a nominal conservative equipment, calling the young PM “an increasingly safe bet: Western voters are brimming with eclectic liberal opinions incompetent who doesn’t know what more interested in electing a canny avatar reveals less about the man’s ideological he’s doing,” surrounded by “a chess- of anger and suppressed national ambi- complexities than about his talents at board of mediocrities.” tion than in electing strict adherents to an regurgitating the popular clichés of “You can’t grow a weed in Canada ideological dogma. Canada’s patriotic middle class. The skill today, the soil is so poisoned by the poli- The global fad of populist nationalism was doubtless honed during his many cies Trudeau’s put in place,” he told is less about specific policy prescriptions years outside the country. The old adage radio host Andrew Lawton, referring to than about loudly repeating a certain sort that there is nothing more Scottish than a the Liberal government’s propensity for of folk wisdom the elite considers dis- Scot outside Scotland applies threefold to new spending, regulations, and taxes, tasteful or discredited, while mining dor- Canadian expats in America. Given their including a nation-wide carbon tax. “I mant reserves of national anxiety and day-to-day anonymity, exaggerated loy- will eradicate every one of his policies in pride. The precise expressions and trig- alty to the notion of Canada’s progressive the first 100 days.” gers of these emotions vary from nation superiority becomes a favored means of Yet as a man who must first win the to nation, meaning that while O’Leary self-identification. nomination of a “big tent” Conservative talks little of immigration or borders, he It goes a long way toward explaining party prone to factionalism, O’Leary has nevertheless remains as much a national the unlikely appeal of O’Leary’s shal- shown scant talent for fostering unity. populist as Trump, Nigel Farage, or low materialism as well. In Canada (as

NBCU PHOTO BANKOn VIA GETTY IMAGES social issues, he unflinchingly de - Marine Le Pen. in America), there has been a several- / scribes himself as “very liberal,” offer- His patriotic appeal is of a flavor rec- decades’ drumbeat insisting that the only CNBC / ing unqualified support for abortion, pot, ognizable to any American who has viable style of center-right politics is euthanasia, and what he once obliviously endured a long bus ride beside a chatty campaigning exclusively on fiscal issues PAUL MORIGI referred to as “transvestite rights,” to say Torontonian: braggy, bossy, and infinitely while eschewing anything that sniffs of

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Christian judgmentalism. Biblical mor- that selected Donald Trump. Voters are alizing freaks out secular suburbia, this not self-identified Conservatives but a thinking goes. Pocketbook issues—those tiny pool of Canadians who pay $15 a are what moves voters. year for formal “party membership,” a ActAn unusual of ranch Love in Texas O’Leary is basically a reductio ad subculture that most estimate at less than absurdum answer to this demand. Sup- one half of 1 percent of the national pop- BY JAY NORDLINGER posed “very liberal” views on social pol- ulation. Things are further complicated icy aside, listen to any interview with the by the party’s insistence on using a voting Elgin, Texas man in which such issues arise, and system that is not only preposterously IKE everyone else, people with you’ll hear the bored responses of a federalist—every one of the parliament’s Down syndrome need someplace miser profoundly indifferent to any line 338 districts is given 100 electoral votes, L to be. But their options are sharply of conversation that cannot be reduced regardless of population (or number of limited. Down Home Ranch is to dollars and cents. A chat with Mr. party members)—but mathematically an unusual and wonderful place to be. Wonderful on the merits of doctor- impenetrable, with an “instant runoff” The ranch is near Elgin, Texas, which is assisted suicide is far less likely to con- ballot that forces voters to rank candi- about 25 miles from Austin. “Elgin” is tain a compassionate analysis of human dates in order of preference, then applies pronounced with a hard “g,” by the way— suffering than the words “I don’t care.” a convoluted formula to determine the like the marbles in the British Museum, This may not be the worst general- “consensus” pick. not the watch-making town in Illinois. election strategy. After only a year in That consensus will surely be phony. Elgin is known as the Sausage Capital of power, the Trudeau administration doesn’t With the departure of Prime Minister Texas. Motto: “Warm hearts and hot guts.” bother even pretending that its high- Stephen Harper, the man who founded the spending policies will yield positive eco- modern Conservative party of Canada nomic outcomes, with its own finance and held it together for over a dozen department projecting sub–2 percent years with his austere paternalism, growth until 2029 and enormous budget cliquishness has consumed the Tories. deficits until 2055. The prime minister’s Even before O’Leary, the leadership race constant posturing on trendy social caus- already featured numerous competing es—affecting the persona, as one Reason populists, including former cabinet writer put it, of the world’s “woke boy - ministers Kellie Leitch, who is cam- friend”—becomes uniquely grating in paigning on European-style immigrant- this context because it emphasizes the skepticism, and Maxime Bernier, whose multitude of more pressing financial appeal is closer to Paulite libertarianism, crises he’s ignoring. as well as backbencher Brad Trost, a The question is whether Canada’s doctrinaire social conservative. Con servatives can be persuaded to make Sticking such polarizing figures, plus their 2019 candidate a man whose sense an additional ten candidates of widely of right and wrong revolves exclusively varying degrees of credibility, into a bal- around the almighty loonie (the Canadian loting process no one really understands dollar). In his 2012 book, Cold Hard makes futile any effort at soothsaying. Truth, O’Leary offered perhaps the clear- Yet one assumes that O’Leary’s solid est window into his moral universe, name recognition, genuine celebrity, and claiming that when he expresses his charismatic personality will count for f amously harsh judgment of others, he’s something in such a crowded field. “just channeling money”—a substance Donald Trump’s candidacy was based whose assessment of worth is the only on a specific gamble: that the Republican one worth heeding. Even in a Tory party establishment and America’s larger uni- that’s been drifting steadily postmodern, verse of journalists, consultants, and Jerry and Judy Horton with their daughter Kelly this Mr. Burns approach to morality re - donors did not know their country’s elec- mains far from unanimous. (An O’Leary torate nearly as well as they thought. His quip that “you have to be willing to sac- victory was, and remains, an opportunity At the entrance of Down Home rifice everything to be successful, in - to reconsider a great many assumptions Ranch, there is a marquee, which today cluding your personal life, your family about what voters really want from their announces that tomatoes are for sale. life, maybe more” is unsettlingly close to leaders, and why. The Texas Lone Star dots either side of a 1997 line from The Simpsons’s Burns Canada is a country in even greater the entrance. “They’re all over the place,” describing family, religion, and friend- thrall to a narrow elite’s narrative of what says Jerry Horton. “We’re shame lessly ship as “the three demons you must slay if works and what doesn’t. As with most patriotic—both Texas- patriotic and you want to succeed in business.”) politicians of his kind, O’Leary’s auda- U.S.-patriotic.” Canada’s prime-ministerial candidates cious rise, success, and even defeat will He and his wife Judy are the founders of are chosen in a vastly more closed and reveal a bevy of useful truths to those Down Home Ranch. They incorporated it undemocratic fashion than the process who prefer to avoid learning. in 1989, when their daughter Kelly was

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five. She was born with Down syndrome. Kelly came along in 1984, as you’ve retirement home, she sent $25 a month. And their question was: What would her heard. “She was a delightful baby and “It was the widow’s mite,” says Jerry. life be like, once she became an adult? child,” says Judy, “and we were all batty “And that was how we got started: a nickel What would she do, where would she about her. But she turned our lives upside here, a dime there.” live? Who would her friends be? down.” Judy embarked on intense re- The Hortons moved to the property in At some point, Kelly announced, search. She read everything she could September 1991. They lived in a little “When I grow up, I want to move to New about Down syndrome. Also, she and mobile home under a canopy of Spanish York City and eat spicy food.” Her father Jerry went hither and yon, looking at oaks. The land was raw and undevelop - had no idea where she got this idea. Maybe facilities for the disabled. They saw the ed—not exactly a valley of heart’s de - a movie? He said to her, “If you want to good, the bad, and the ugly. light. It was a land of cactus, mesquite, move to New York City and eat spicy Best, from the Hortons’ point of view, and fire ants. But, step by step, the couple food, you chose the right mom and dad, were the village communities: places built their ranch. because we will make that happen. I don’t where disabled people lived and worked Someone donated a greenhouse—actu- know how, but we’ll make it happen.” together, alongside others (the “abled,” ally, five of them. And other buildings The Hortons have always wanted Kelly so to speak). Usually, these places were rose. Barns, lodges, houses. The houses to have choices in life, the way other inspired by families with a personal are named after Biblical figures: Sarah, people do. As it happens, Kelly has not stake in them. Isaiah, Martha, Barnabas, and so on. There moved to New York City. She lives at The Hortons had a personal stake: are horses, cattle, and chickens. Plus, an Down Home Ranch. And there is plenty Kelly. They decided they would create old donkey named Blossom. She dates of spicy food. Her mother describes her Down Home Ranch. The name is a play from the very beginning of the ranch. as “a real Texas woman.” on words, of course: The ranch was in - Most important, there are people. She, too, is a real Texas woman. She tended to benefit people with Down syn- Down Home Ranch has 39 residents, or grew up in Abilene (not to be confused drome, primarily. ranchers, as they are called. About half of them have Down syndrome; the other half have autism, brain injury, or some ‘I knew an old cowboy priest, who was other disability. There are 30 full-time staff, and 25 part-time. Also, there are always going on about Divine Providence. many, many volunteers. I have concluded that he was right.’ You have to be at least 18 years old to live here. There is no upper limit. The with Eisenhower’s town in Kansas). Judy When they hit on their idea, or mission, oldest rancher is 66. I know this because Horton is as serene and lovely a woman Jerry was about 50, and Judy a few years she tells me so. “Hi, I’m Terry,” she says. as you’ll ever meet. But she has dealt younger. He was working at the Uni - “I’m the oldest rancher. I’m 66.” with some blows in life. When she was versity of Texas; she was working at the This is a working ranch, and the ranch- eight, her father killed himself. state teachers’ association. And they ers indeed work. They’re paid, too: mini- Jerry Horton is not a native Texan: He ditched it all to start the ranch. “We sank mum wage or higher. The ranch sells beef, grew up in San Jose, Calif. Today, San the ships and burned the bridges,” Judy eggs, tomatoes, and other food. It also Jose is the capital of Silicon Valley, but likes to say. “There was no going back.” sells flowers: poinsettias for Christmas, then it was the capital of the Valley of They didn’t know much about ranch- for example, and lilies for Easter. There Heart’s Delight. Orchards flourished. And ing, or farming, or raising money. An are gift items too, such as jewelry and so did Jerry. But he had a challenge. acquaintance of theirs, hearing about the decorative pillows. Hands are kept busy; When he was four and a half, he con- project, was at a loss for words. Jerry said, lives are made useful. tracted polio. His right leg was useless. “We’re crazy as loons.” The acquaintance In addition to work, the ranchers have He was put in quarantine. Through a win- replied, “You said it, I didn’t.” any number of recreational activities: dow, he looked at his parents. He vividly Jerry went out looking for land, finding theater, swimming, movies, you name remembers when a nurse yanked down the property near Elgin. It was 215 acres. it. They go to the opera in Austin. They the curtain. It was cruel. (Later, the ranch expanded to 410.) He celebrate one another’s birthdays, enthu- Jerry’s father had a friend in the and Judy learned how to raise money. siastically. Some have a boyfriend or Shriners. Thanks to this contact, Jerry “All they can do is tell you no,” says Jerry. girl friend. They live life. was admitted to the Shriners Hospital for “Or hell no.” They live “not only a good life but a Crippled Children, which was in San Friends of theirs were members at St. great life!” says Down Home literature. Francisco. After much travail, he could David’s Episcopal, one of the more pros- “What does that mean?” I ask the walk again. perous churches in Austin. “They gave us Hortons. Judy answers, “Well, they Fast way forward. Jerry did graduate their directory,” Jerry remembers, “and have standards of living and opportuni- work at the University of Colorado– we did something unconscionable: We ties that approach what their non- Boulder, and so did Judy. They met and put every name and address we could into handicapped siblings have. They do married. She had three daughters from a our little Macintosh and started writing things like go on vacation.” previous marriage. She and Jerry raised appeal letters.” In fact, the place is buzzing today, them together. In 1977, the family moved One lady, a widow, sent $25. She did it because they leave on a cruise tomor- to Austin. every month. Even when she moved to a row—all of them. They will drive to

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Galveston and then have a Caribbean American political spectrum grew up cruise. This is paid for by a big summer about twelve miles apart, were born within fundraiser—Swim Fest, to be specific. five years of each other, have a great Jerry explains to me how the ranch at Voice of many similar political ideas (populism/ large is funded: About 60 percent comes nationalism/socialism in slightly differ- from fees for residential services. Some WhatAmerica accent would you vote for? ent blends), and speak roughly the same of that is government money, some of it is horrifyingly mutilated version of Will private. (Some families can pay, and Shakespeare’s ex-language. some families can’t.) About 20 percent BY KEVIN D. WILLIAMSON They both sound like they should be comes from business enterprises (the sale selling bed linens at an S. Klein depart- of food, etc.). Then, 20 percent comes Y colleague Reihan Salam, ment store. from donations. who either in spite of or You may not remember S. Klein. I The Hortons, now in their seventies, M because of his Arabic name don’t—its last location closed in 1978. It have stepped away from the day-to-day is as deep-dipped a modern once was enough of a fixture in New operation of the ranch. But they are hard Brooklyn man as you might hope to York life to merit a mention in Guys and at work, building an endowment. Judy meet, describes Donald J. Trump’s Dolls (“At Wanamaker’s and Saks and marvels at what has happened over these Queens-accented voice as “comforting.” Klein’s / A lesson I’ve been taught: / You last three decades—all the twists and Rick Brookhiser has called the presiden- can’t get alterations / On a dress you turns. “I knew an old cowboy priest, tial accent “funky.” To my West Texas haven’t bought”) and in All in the Family who was always going on about Divine ear, it sounds a great deal like the hateful (Edith Bunker shopped there) and I Love Providence. I have concluded that he and grating voice of Senator Bernie Lucy. But where it will live on in immor- was right.” Sanders, who in theory represents Ver - tality is in the field of sociolinguistics, Before I leave, Jerry wants me to know mont but in fact represents Brooklyn, specifically in William Labov’s article something: “We’re not saints. We are not especially the nuttier parts. “The Social Stratification of (r) in New comfortable with praise.” (I always hear Trump and Sanders not only talk alike York City Department Stores,” which is this, by the way, when I interview people when it comes to things such as interna- to sociolinguistics roughly what Bernard like the Hortons. I could set my watch to tional trade (bad!), Wall Street (bad!), Kettlewell’s work on peppered moths in it.) “We set ourselves to being good par- and immigration (a plot against the work- the sooty midcentury English country- ents, and Down Home Ranch is one of ing class, and . . . bad!), but they also sim- side is to evolutionary biology. The short the consequences of that.” ply talk alike, with similar accents and version: Labov knew that the pronuncia- The Hortons may not be saints, but patterns of speech. If either man’s life had tion or non-pronunciation of “r” in cer- the ranch is a saintly act. An act of imag- taken a slightly different turn, it would be tain words or phrases (in this example, ination, energy, and love. It has blessed easy to imagine them sitting together on “fourth floor”) was a class marker, an Kelly, yes, but all these others as well. the F train out to Trump’s ancestral home indicator of whether one was speaking Jerry remembers the early days. “We’d in Queens or the B train to Sanders’s cor- what we used to call “proper English.” be out here, living in the mobile home. ner of Brooklyn, or maybe at the Oyster He theorized that the clerks at Klein’s, the We’d have worked all week. It would Bar, and commiserating over the sorry least expensive of the three department be Sunday afternoon, and we would be state of affairs in these United States: stores in his study, would speak the most bone-tired. Judy would be cooking sup- working-class or low-status version of “Unacceptable!” per; I would be writing yet another appeal English, the clerks at Macy’s would “SAD!” letter or something. And here comes this “Rigged!” speak something in the middle, and the car, driving real slow.” “RIGGED!” clerks at Saks would speak the most He continues, “The last thing you “proper” or high-status English. Not only want to be is convivial. You just want to No doubt the aesthetic distinction did New York’s department stores reflect be done with your week. But you know between the sound of Brooklyn and the the social stratification of the city, there that in the backseat of that car is going sound of Queens is a very big deal if you was even statistically significant stratifi- to be some young man or young wo - are from Brooklyn or Queens, and resi- cation within the stores: “Floor walkers,” man, probably with Down syndrome. dents of both boroughs—along with the i.e., the staff who worked most directly The family is out there. They’ve crossed good people of Nassau and Suffolk with prospective customers, spoke a the country looking for some hope for counties—will bristle if you refer to the more proper English than did counter the future. And you learn very early on whole mess as “Long Island,” which it clerks, who in turn spoke a more proper that they may be rich or they may be poor is. Close your eyes and listen to their English than did stockroom workers. The or whatever—but you need to be there voices, and it is obvious that Trump and clerks working in high-priced goods such for them.” Sanders have a great deal more in com- as jewelry spoke higher-class English It would be weird to say that people mon with each other than either one does than did those hustling towels and fitted with Down syndrome are lucky. That with anybody picking onions in Lodi or sheets. It is interesting stuff: “It appears anyone with such a disability is. But you teaching second grade in Phenix City. It that a person’s own occupation is more could do worse—a lot worse—than to is a weird testament to the narcissism of closely correlated with his linguistic be - have discovered Jerry and Judy Horton small differences that two men currently havior—for those working actively— and this ranch. regarded as the far-flung poles of the than any other single social characteristic.”

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Those Verbal Advantage ads you used to Tyson was circulating false claims about which is pretty much what African- hear on talk radio (“People judge you by George W. Bush’s making odd and ugly American political leaders not named the words you use!”) turn out to be Christian pronouncements as part of the Barack Obama do. absolutely true, but consonants matter as rationale for the War on Terror, it was easy Mrs. Clinton’s strategy of saying liter- much as vocabulary per se. for him to stick by that lie and for others ally anything voters wanted to hear in If you’re wondering how a billionaire to indulge him in it: Bush sounded like exactly the way they wanted to hear it New York real-estate heir sold himself as that kind of guy. The media enjoyed said was modeled on her husband’s an anti-establishment populist, listen to portraying Bush as a Christian funda- roughly similar strategy in 1992, but she Trump speak. mentalist, as the leader of a would-be had a problem: She’s not very good at it. Language does funny things to our per- Evangelical Taliban, even though this had Bill Clinton could be a phony redneck, ception of other people’s social status, not the faintest basis in reality. Just as it a phony intellectual, a phony Baptist intelligence, and trustworthiness. There would have been a great deal more diffi- preacher—but Mrs. Clinton mostly have been endless (and endlessly amus- cult to tar Jeff Sessions of Alabama as a sounded like an authentic vice principal, ing) studies on this: Give an English racist if he spoke like Daniel Patrick but the awful kind of vice principal who high-school dropout and a Kentuckian Moynihan, painting George W. Bush as sometimes swallows her unfathomable with a Ph.D. the same script to read, and an Elmer Gantry would have been impos- existential rage for a minute and tries to American audiences will consistently rate sible if he had had William Weld’s accent be cool and speak to the kids in their the Englishman as more intelligent, more instead of his own. own language. Trump may sound like an highly educated, more persuasive. Indeed, To people used to the honking accents oleaginous operator from Queens who is lazy Hollywood producers capitalize on of a Trump or a Sanders, Bush comes off just about to ask “What do I have to do this sort of thing all the time: If you like a foot-washer and snake-handler. In to get you into this Buick?” but he has want to communicate intelligence and truth, Bush is rooted in the same religious the advantage of sounding like that all refinement, you give someone Lawrence tradition as Hillary Rodham Clinton: the time, which gives him a perverse Olivier’s accent, never mind if the charac- Methodist. But he doesn’t speak with the patina of authenticity. ter is a Nazi or Fu Manchu or a space alien. same accent as Mrs. Clinton. One of the lessons of Trump’s 2016 If you want to characterize someone as Neither does she. victory may very well end up being that, uncultivated, oafish, and stupid, you give Mrs. Clinton is famous for her ever- the excellence of Rick Perry notwith- him a southern accent. Watch The Secret evolving accent, an example of what lin- standing, Republicans shouldn’t nomi- Life of Pets, a movie as New Yorky as any- guists call “code-shifting.” Code-shifting nate another presidential candidate from thing Woody Allen ever contemplated, is a normal part of how we use language: Texas—or even from the South—for a complete with Fifth Avenue awning gags If you are, for example, an African- good long while. Michigan, South Florida, and jokes about moving to Brooklyn, American man from the South Bronx who California, Maine—any place where the and ask yourself why the skinny animal- works at Lazard, you probably talk a bit locals don’t sound like they might offer to control officer with the mustache and the differently at work than you do at a fam- pray for you if you send them money. mullet has an Arkansas-hillbilly accent. ily reunion. Donald Trump probably That’s part of the value of Trump-speak: (The fat one has a Staten Island accent.) wouldn’t have used the phrase “grab ’em They can call Trump a Hitler, but they Are New York City’s municipal services by the p***y” in a different setting, and can’t call him a hayseed, and if we have chock-full of crackers from the Ozarks? southerners generally hit the “g” a lot reached the point where all presidential My recollection of New York is that this harder when, say, making a speech before politics is Kulturkampf, then that matters is not the case. a joint session of Congress than when on and will matter even more in the future. I One of the things I learned working as a fishin’ trip. You can go on YouTube and think Alec Baldwin’s Trump imperson- a theater critic in New York is that practi- listen to Barack Obama’s more easygoing ation is pretty funny, but I do not think it cally no one can do regional southern and soft speech in his youth evolving into probably sounds as funny in Ohio union accents. Likewise, moviegoers winced at that clipped, precise, rigid teleprompter- halls or in the downwardly mobile parts Nicolas Cage (“Step a-whey from the ese of his presidency. But Mrs. Clinton, of Pennsylvania. bunnayah!”) and Emma Stone’s Scarlett being a Clinton, brought an extraordinary When it comes to accents, there’s a O’Hara rendering of the speech of Jack - level of phoniness to her code-shifting: very fine balance to be negotiated. You son, Miss. But the weirdest and least plau- “I’fe always bin a prayin’ woe-man,” “I may not want to sound like Rick Perry of sible accent I can recall belongs to George doan’ feel noe-wayyz tahred,” etc. Given Paint Creek, Texas, but you don’t want to W. Bush, who grew up 130 miles south of the current state of Democratic affairs, I go too far in the other direction, either: me but speaks with an accent that fits fully expect her to run for president in When I mentioned to an older acquain- Midland, Texas, about as well as John 2020 doing her best Louis Farrakhan tance in West Texas that I was going to Wayne’s fit the role of Genghis Khan—or impersonation, which is itself an imper- work for NATIONAL REVIEW, he asked: “Jen-jiss” Khan, if you’re John Kerry sonation: Though he hails from the “Is that the one with that ol’ boy from doing his Brahmin best. The thing about Bronx, he often begins his speeches with New York who talks like a queer?” I do Bush’s weird accent, though: It gave peo- a kind of funny, sing-song affect some- not think he meant Irving Kristol. ple license to hate him. Bush was never a where between Mohandas Gandhi and If you want to understand the voice particularly Jesus-y politician, but he had Nelson Mandela (the strategy there is of American populism, consider pay- the sort of accent that that kind of politi- obvious) before modulating into the ing some attention to the voices of cian tends to have. When Neil deGrasse ecclesiastical mode of Southern Thunder, the populists.

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For Love of Country A defense of nationalism

BY RAMESH PONNURU & RICHARD LOWRY

ARK,” “divisive,” and “dangerous” were a few of about the rise of an American strongman were dusted off after the the negative descriptors that critics attached to election), and he said much the same thing. He wrote that the aca- ‘D President Trump’s inaugural address, and those demic Left’s “focus on marginalized groups will, in the long run, were just the ones that start with “d.” (A few threw help to make our country much more decent, more tolerant and in “dystopian” for good measure.) The critics took him this way more civilized.” He then added, “But there is a problem with this in part because he depicted the last few decades of American life left: it is unpatriotic. In the name of ‘the politics of difference,’ it as a hellscape from which he would shortly deliver us: “This refuses to rejoice in the country it inhabits. It repudiates the idea of American carnage stops right here and stops right now.” But the a national identity, and the emotion of national pride.” critics also had this reaction because the address had a theme— In associating these attitudes with the “academic” Left, Rorty nationalism—that has itself long been assumed in many quarters might have understated their prevalence. In 2016, a BBC poll to be dark, divisive, and dangerous. found that 43 percent of Americans agreed with the statement “I That assumption has never been justified and should now be see myself more as a global citizen than a citizen of my country.” discarded. Nationalism can be a healthy and constructive force. Nationalism has a bad odor even among some conservatives. Since nationalistic sentiments also have wide appeal and durabil- Perhaps this should not be surprising, since nationalism is in ten- ity, it would be wiser to cultivate that kind of nationalism than to sion with two powerful strains of conservatism. Economic con- attempt to move beyond it. servatism, particularly as influenced by libertarianism, can come Fear of nationalism became very widespread, especially in to see borders as barriers to free markets. Businessmen with inter- Europe, after the world wars, and it remains a core premise ests abroad, an important part of the conservative coalition, can behind the sputtering drive toward further European integration. acclimate to that way of thinking even if they have no philosoph- A few months ago, European Union president Jean-Claude ical inclinations. Religious conservatism often emphasizes the Juncker recalled François Mitterrand’s admonition, “Le nation- God-given dignity of all people, which transcends national bor- alisme, c’est la guerre,” adding, “This is still true, so we have to ders. Thus former president George W. Bush’s declaration, in the fight against nationalism.” Juncker also called borders “the worst context of immigration policy, that “family values do not stop at invention ever made by politicians.” Any attempt to loosen the the Rio Grande river.” bonds of European unity is held to mark the beginning of a And American conservatives of many kinds, like liberals and descent back into European carnage. libertarians, have been influenced by the notion that America is an For conservatives to say that a similar attitude took root on the “idea” or a “proposition nation.” The expression of this view is itself GETTY IMAGES / American left may come across as a slander of political opponents. often a manifestation of patriotism, because it is self-flattering: The late Richard Rorty was, however, a member in good standing “Our country, unlike all the world’s ethno-states, is founded on FLASHPOP of the American Left (and still is even posthumously; his warnings high-minded ideals.”

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All of these intellectual currents have fed the view that nation- Indeed, the vast majority of expressions of American patrio- alism is atavistic and sinister, a corruption of conservatism if it has tism—the flag, the national anthem, statues, shrines and coinage anything to do with it at all. And the plasticity of the term “nation- honoring national heroes, military parades, ceremonies for those alism” has contributed to its bad reputation in all corners of the fallen in the nation’s wars—are replicated in every other country political world. Take George Orwell’s influential essay against of the world. This is all the stuff of nationalism, both abroad and nationalism. He adopted a capacious definition of the term, one here at home. that included Stalinism and excluded a normal devotion to one’s It is worth noting, as well, that none of these expressions of own country. What he meant by nationalism—self-identification love of country and anger at its opposite reflects ethnocentrism, with a group or cause, hostility to any criticism of it, and a limit- either. Discussions of nationalism frequently pose the alternatives less desire for it to have additional power and prestige—was of an obsession with blood and soil (nationalism!) and an exclu- something like what Edmund Burke had in mind when he spoke sive focus on political ideals (patriotism!). The actual practice of of “armed doctrine.” Orwell’s definition remains idiosyncratic, American patriots has avoided both. but hostility to nationalism typically rests on similar conceptual For conservatives, the sensible and moderate form that nation- muddles. Anti-nationalists blame the world wars on nationalism alism has taken in America should have particular appeal. even though those wars involved multinational empires (in the Conserva tism is grounded in a respect for what is local, particular, case of the first) and transnational ideologies (in the case of the and traditional. And most nations are historical accretions, as the second). They strain to devise labored distinctions between a conservative philosopher Roger Scruton, who has written power- good patriotism and a bad nationalism. fully in defense of nationalism, notes: There’s no doubt that there are aggressive and noxious forms of nationalism. John Fonte of the Hudson Institute makes a use- A nation-state is a form of customary order, the byproduct of ful distinction between authoritarian and democratic national- human neighborliness, shaped by an “invisible hand” from the ism. Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdogan are examples of countless agreements between people who speak the same lan- the former (although Putin leads a multinational empire with guage and live side by side. It results from compromises estab- designs for more territorial acquisitions). Democratic national- lished after many conflicts, and expresses the slowly forming ism is a category that encompasses Lincoln, Churchill, de agreement among neighbors both to grant each other space and to protect that space as common territory. Gaulle, Reagan, and Thatcher, all of whom were champions of national sovereignty and solidarity. The emphasis on “neighborliness” is appropriate. People aren’t just atomistic individuals bouncing around in a free mar- HE outlines of a benign nationalism are not hard to discern. ket; they are members of communities with attachments to faith, It includes loyalty to one’s country: a sense of belonging, family, and civic associations that give their lives meaning. The allegiance, and gratitude to it. And this sense attaches to nation is a community writ large, and it is natural for people to Tthe country’s people and culture, not just to its political institutions love it—to revere its civic rituals, history, landscape, music, art, and laws. Such nationalism includes solidarity with one’s country- literature, heroes, and war dead. men, whose welfare comes before, alb eit not to the complete “Cosmopolitanism gives us one country, and it is good,” G. K. exclusion of, that of foreigners. When this nationalism finds polit- Chesterton wrote. “Nationalism gives us a hundred countries, ical expression, it supports a federal government that is jealous of and every one of them is the best. Cosmopolitanism offers a pos- its sovereignty, forthright and unapologetic about advancing its itive, patriotism a chorus of superlatives. Patriotism begins the people’s interests, and mindful of the need for national cohesion. praise of the world at the nearest thing, instead of beginning it at Any worthwhile nationalism has these components, but beyond the most distant.” He continued, in a charming touch, “Wherever them the content of a country’s nationalism depends on its partic- there is a strangely-shaped mountain upon some lonely island, ular character. American nationalism has an ideological compo- wherever there is a nameless kind of fruit growing in some nent, so much of one as to render it exceptional (as in “American obscure forest, patriotism insures that this shall not go into dark- exceptionalism”). This is the truth underlying the simplification ness without being remembered in a song.” that America is an idea rather than a nation. In reality, it is a nation No one, no matter how cosmopolitan, is truly a citizen of the with an idea. The first Federalist paper presents America as an world. The “international community” doesn’t give out citizen- example to the world, and even John Quincy Adams’s famous ship, or even green cards. We are citizens of particular nations remark about how America “goes not abroad, in search of mon- where we live and are enmeshed in relationships of reciprocal sters to destroy,” was immediately followed by: “She is the well- obligation. No nation opens itself to all people of the world wisher to the freedom and independence of all.” The aspiration willy-nilly; every nation privileges people born within it (and that all people enjoy freedom is built into our political DNA. those foreigners it decides to welcome). Every nation worth its Important as these ideas are, American nationalism is not merely salt takes special care to protect its own citizens and soldiers. No about them. This fact can be seen easily enough from our patriotic nation is going to care more than France if a French citizen is fanfare. A flyover or July Fourth fireworks display is not creedal. taken hostage somewhere in the Middle East. Neither is a Memorial Day parade, or laying a wreath at the Tomb The nation also makes democracy possible. Without the of the Unknown Soldier. John Philip Sousa marches aren’t state- nation, and people bound together by a common home, lan- ments of ideals. Surely, the revulsion that most people feel when guage, and sense of shared identity and interests, there is no real protesters burn an American flag is based on the belief not that the polity. There is a reason that the European Union, a collection of protesters are symbolically destroying an idea, but rather that they disparate nations with disparate interests and traditions, has a are disrespecting the nation to which they owe respect and fealty. democracy deficit and always will.

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ATIONALIST sentiments are natural and can’t be beaten out Domestically, since the 1960s and 1970s, what the late social of people if you try. It would be a strange and etiolated scientist Samuel Huntington called a “denationalized” elite in this conservatism that lacked any foundation in them. And at country has waged war on the nation and its common culture. Nits best, post–World War II conservatism has been highly protec- Conservatives have fought back on issues such as bilingual edu- tive of the prerogatives of the nation. cation, the downgrading of traditional U.S. history in curricula, Conservatives have been suspicious of the United Nations and racial preferences, the elevation of subnational groups, and mass any “global test” that might constrain the sovereign power of the immigration—anything that has been part of the multiculturalist United States to act in international affairs. Nothing so engenders onslaught on national solidarity. conservative opposition to an international agreement as any hint The appeal to national pride has also been important to conser- that it might impinge on American sovereignty. This suspicion has vative politics, and has tended to be most pronounced precisely been the source of the fierce resistance, for instance, to the Law of when conservatism has been politically successful, as during the the Sea Treaty. In reaction to the possibility that the International Reagan years. It remains a sentiment that differentiates Left and Criminal Court might gain jurisdiction over American citizens, the Right. Research into public opinion typically finds that patriotic George W. Bush administration—under the leadership of John sentiments—e.g., “I often feel proud to be an American”—are Bolton—secured bilateral agreements with 104 countries that they more widespread among conservatives than liberals. In sum, would not extradite U.S. citizens to the court. there’s a reason that Irving Kristol said the three pillars of conser- The premise of conservative foreign policy has always been the vatism are religion, nationalism, and economic growth. national interest, or as the Sharon Statement put it, “American for- But the spread of post-nationalist attitudes on the right com- eign policy must be judged by this criterion: does it serve the just bined with events and trends—such as the end of the Cold War, the interests of the United States?” This view is compatible with a expansion of global trade, a wave of immigration, and the profes- commitment to human rights, as during the Cold War and George sionalization of the military—to render mainstream American W. Bush’s war on terror (although Bush at times veered into a conservatism less able to make this kind of appeal and less interest- thoroughgoing Wilsonian universalism at odds with the conserv- ed in doing so. Conservatism became less nationalist in a kind of ative tradition). The driving rationale of conservative foreign pol- response to declining national cohesion. (We should note, by the icy, though, has always been protecting our citizens and way, that our friend and colleague John O’Sullivan has been per- advancing the country’s interests. Fundamentally, we buttress the suasive and prescient in pushing back against the trends, writing in liberal world order not because it is good for the world (it is) but these pages and elsewhere about the importance of nationalism.) because it is good for us. We cooperate with other countries to This same decline in cohesion made many Americans yearn for advance joint interests, not to serve a “world community.” a politics that provided a sense of solidarity. This was particularly The instant New York Times and USA Today bestseller

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the case for many white voters without college degrees, who have seen their relative social and economic standing decline and their patriotism devalued. Traditional conservatives did not appeal to Gun Culture in them. Donald Trump’s call to make their country great again did.

HAT to make of President Trump’s nationalism in par- Black and White ticular? The most generous understanding of what he represents—and it can be well hidden beneath his The experience, and danger, of firearms Wbluster and bullying—is an enriched understanding of what it varies by race means to be American. During the campaign, Trump policy director Stephen Miller introduced him at events with speeches that were notably communitarian in emphasis. For Trump, we are BY DAVID FRENCH more than just consumers, the way libertarians tend to view us. We are also workers, and can’t be abstracted from the economic N December 17, 2015, a young Tennessee boy and social health of our communities. CEOs aren’t just profit named Zaevion Dobson died a hero. Zaevion lived maximizers, as economic theory says; they are citizens with O in Knoxville, Tenn., in one of its worst neighbor- obligations to their countrymen. Trump’s view of immigration is hoods. He was 15 years old, a high-school football of a piece with this nationalism—we have the sovereign right to player, and universally hailed as a good kid, son, brother, friend, decide who comes here and who doesn’t, and policy should be and teammate. crafted to serve the interests of U.S. citizens. The last night of his life, he was hanging out with friends in If Trump has pointed the GOP back to a more secure and realistic his neighborhood when shots rang out. Three men had started grounding in nationalism, his version is lacking in important firing into a crowd in apparent retaliation for an earlier gang- respects. The country’s founding ideals, history, and institutions related shooting. Zaevion acted instantly, grabbing two girls and barely enter into his worldview. Too often he seems to want to make shielding them with his body. The fatal bullet struck him instead America great without appreciating what makes it exceptional. of them, and he died on the scene—apparently never regaining He’s not a limited-government conservative, nor does he appear consciousness after his heroic act. to be a religious man. His obsessions with making Mexico pay for Zaevion was one of thousands of young black men who die the border wall and with taking Iraq’s oil strongly smell of nation- from gun violence, but his heroic story rightly touched a nerve. alist predation. Trump makes gestures toward an inclusive nation- The Knoxville police officer who announced his death broke alism, but they can get lost in the combative haze created by his down in tears. In Tennessee, his story spread like wildfire on truculent persona and aren’t as convincing as they would be if his social media, and soon the national networks picked it up. nationalism were softened and elevated by traditional invocations Grown men are rarely as selfless as Zaevion. Greater love hath of our civic creed. To the extent that Trump’s nationalism does not no man than to lay down his life for his friends, and the story of include Americans of all races and religions, it betrays the goal of Zaevion’s Biblical sacrifice resonated at the highest levels. true national unity. His views on trade, meanwhile, rightly take President Obama paid tribute to him, and ESPN rightly gave the national interest as the goal of economic policy but then sys- him its Arthur Ashe courage award. Michael B. Jordan narrated a tematically misidentify the means to advance it. powerful short documentary about Zaevion’s life and death, and The elements of American nationalism that Trump scants are mod- Zaevion soon became a symbol of the movement to stop gun vio- erating influences on it. They push in the direction of decentralization lence in America’s inner cities, and—yes—to impose gun control. and localism rather than an all-powerful central government. They appropriately situate loyalty to the nation within a set of concentric circles of concern starting with the family and ending with the globe. T is often said that where you stand depends on where you sit. As with many things related to Trump, though, he offers an In other words, your political opinions aren’t formed simply important lesson at the same time that he is a flawed vessel. out of a rational, dispassionate ether from which you distill the Conservatives should reject the atomism inherent in libertarian- Ipros and cons and philosophical implications of various policy pro- ism and the Wilsonian millenarianism that characterized the posals. Instead, political ideas often come from lived experience, George W. Bush administration at the zenith of its ambitions. We from your family, friends, and neighborhood. As much as we like should instead favor a broad-minded nationalism that takes to think we’re immune to the bias of our experience, we’re not. account of the nation’s idealism and rationally calculates its eco- To test this hypothesis, let’s ask the following question: Are nomic and foreign-policy interests. you afraid of gun violence? If you’re white, the answer is almost Nationalism should be tempered by a modesty about the power of certainly an immediate “No.” As a general rule, when white peo- government, lest an aggrandizing state wedded to a swollen nation- ple die to guns, it’s by their own hand. According to a 2015 alism run out of control; by religion, which keeps the nation from Brookings Institution study, 77 percent of white gun deaths are becoming the first allegiance; and by a respect for other nations that from suicide. Only 19 percent are homicides. Even when you undergirds a cooperative international order. Nation alism is a lot like combine homicides and suicides, the white-male death rate from self-interest. A political philosophy that denies its claims is utopian at guns is approximately 16 per 100,000. For white women, the best and tyrannical at worst, but it has to be enlightened. The first step rate is less than five per 100,000. to conservatives’ advancing such an enlightened nationalism is to If you’re black, on the other hand, it is entirely rational to acknowledge how important it is to our worldview to begin with. immediately answer that yes, you are afraid of gun violence. If a

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white man dies from gunfire, the odds are that he pulled the trig- Free Beacon report based on a Department of Justice inspector- ger himself. If a black man dies from gunfire, the odds are that general audit noted the low prosecution rate: “Between 2008 and someone else pulled the trigger, usually another black man. 2015, the FBI denied 556,496 gun purchases following back- A staggering 82 percent of African-American gun deaths are ground checks. During that time period, the report shows that homicides. Only 14 percent are suicides. The overall gun-death only 254 false statements were even considered for prosecution, rate for black males is roughly double what it is for white males, amounting to a 0.04 percent prosecution rate.” and for black males between the ages of 20 and 29, the rate is To compound the problem of non-enforcement, it’s clear that approximately 89 per 100,000. As the Brookings study points criminals get most of their guns through illegal means. For out, this nearly matches Honduras’s overall murder rate, and example, a 2015 gun study by Duke and University of Chicago Honduras is the murder capital of the world. Or, as Brookings researchers found that Chicago criminals “obtain most of their scholars Richard Reeves and Sarah Holmes put it: “In 2013, guns from their social network of personal connections.” In firearm deaths accounted for over 11 percent of all years of poten- addition: “Rarely is the proximate source either direct purchase tial life lost among the black population, but less than 6 percent of from a gun store, or theft. Only about 60 percent of guns in the all years of potential life lost among the white population.” possession of respondents were obtained by purchase or trade. Now let’s add an unexpected twist: Gun deaths are lowest in Other common arrangements include sharing guns and holding the population that owns the most guns. Fully 41 percent of white guns for others.” households report owning a gun, compared with only 19 percent In other words, criminals aren’t walking into gun shops or gun of black households. Among white Americans, there are more shows but rather are seeking weapons from people they know guns, but there’s less crime. Among black Americans, there are and trust—people who know full well that they’re giving or sell- fewer guns, but there’s more crime. ing a gun to someone who can’t legally own it. Does the gun-control lobby really think that adding just one more statute will deter crime and prevent one gang member from giving his gun to another?

So is it any wonder that, say, a suburban white southerner is But remember the principle articulated earlier: Where you completely mystified by the notion that the world would be ren- stand depends on where you sit. In a black community already dered safer if the law were changed to make it harder for him or dealing with the profound social costs and political conse- his family to purchase a gun? After all, gun homicide is utterly quences of mass incarceration, a demand from afar that prosecu- alien to his experience, and people are generally not afraid of tors start rounding up, say, a gang member’s girlfriend or uncle suicide in the same way that they are afraid of murder. is likely to trigger deep resistance. Relations between the police The gun in such homes is almost always a positive addition to and the community are already strained, in part because of the family life. It helps protect from intruders, it allows hunters to Black Lives Matter movement. Add in a mandate for more law hunt, it’s a valuable tool for teaching kids responsibility and enforcement, and the answer to “Why not enforce existing autonomy, and—let’s be honest—it’s fun to shoot. Thus, it’s no laws?” is simple: It’s easier said than done. wonder that 62 percent of white Americans “view guns as doing But that brings us to a fundamental flaw of the gun-control more to protect people” than endanger their safety and that 61 movement. African Americans already have lower gun-ownership percent believe it’s “more important to prioritize gun rights over rates. They are already afflicted with mass incarceration to such gun control,” according to a 2014 Pew survey. an extent that existing gun laws are left largely unenforced. So For black Americans the numbers are substantially different. when progressive gun controllers march with community While a small majority—54 percent—believe that guns do more activists, the answer that gun controllers bring to the table is . . . to protect than endanger, only 34 percent believe it’s more impor- more gun laws with more criminal penalties? If mass incarcera- tant to protect gun rights. tion is a problem, won’t progressive gun control exacerbate it? Conservatives who look at the problem of gun violence in Moreover, if existing law isn’t a deterrent, is there any evidence black communities often have a quick response. “Rather than try- that additional measures, such as imposing background-check ing new gun control, why not try enforcing existing laws first?” requirements on private sales, will deter a criminal’s “social net- After all, there is ample evidence that federal officials can be work” from handing him a gun? After all, it’s already illegal to give extraordinarily lax when it comes to gun crimes, especially in the criminal a gun, and it’s already illegal to put the illegally owned cities where the death toll is highest. As recently as 2012, the dis- gun to its intended criminal use. Does the gun-control lobby really tricts encompassing Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York ranked think that adding just one more statute will deter crime and pre- last in federal gun-crime enforcement per capita. vent one gang member from giving his gun to another? The National Rifle Association estimated that federal gun prosecutions under Obama declined 40 percent from the Bush administration’s 2004 peak. But even this peak wasn’t high, with O how should conservative defenders of gun rights only about 2 percent of gun crimes prosecuted in the years 2000 approach black Americans? There are no simple answers, to 2002. As it is, a person can lie with impunity on gun-purchase but any answer must be grounded in a degree of sympa- forms without meaningful fear of prosecution. A Washington Sthy and understanding. At the same time, one can’t shrink from

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the difficult truths. While the vast majority of African Americans are law-abiding, a number of black communities have a real problem with criminality, not with gun ownership. And crimi- A Very Special nality requires a legal, cultural, and spiritual response. Given the unrest in cities from Ferguson to Charlotte, and given the alarming spike in murder rates over the last two years, it’s easy to forget that we already have a blueprint for crime Relationship reduction. National crime rates, including crime rates in the black community, are still well below what they were in the worst years America and Britain after Brexit of the crack epidemic, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It’s a mistake to attribute all the crime reduction to better policing or harsher sentencing practices. Yes, black leaders ral- BY JOHN O’SULLIVAN lied to support tough anti-crime measures. Yes, cities such as New York pioneered new policing techniques that made a pro- NLY minutes after Britain’s prime minister, Theresa found difference in the city’s worst communities. But that May, had delivered her speech to the Republican ignores black communities’ acts of love and concern—the O retreat in Philadelphia, hawk-eyed U.K. hacks and person-by-person outreach to struggling and at-risk youths, bloggers noticed a minor statistical embarrassment: which saved countless lives. Number of times May mentioned the “special relationship” In the early 1990s, I was part of an inner-city mentoring min- in her address: eight. istry not unlike the more famous Big Brothers Big Sisters pro- Number of times the White House calendar had misspelled grams that one sees nationwide. I did what I could, but it was her Christian name (as “Teresa”): three. immediately apparent to me that our well-intentioned efforts It was no big deal, of course; besides, the Brits were in no paled in comparison with the work of the black churches and vol- position to claim hurt feelings on such grounds. When the G7 unteers from within the community. In two years, I saw the tide summit was held in London in 1984, the official British roster turning with my own eyes. Cops helped. Getting some of the of dignitaries had listed the Italian prime minister not under his worst offenders off the streets helped. The church helped more. real name, Bettino Craxi, but as one Benito Craxi. A minor slip, While there are black men and women who have responded to to be sure, but my old friend and Daily Telegraph colleague the violence in their communities not just by lawfully arming Frank Johnson promptly asked the question in everyone’s themselves but also by launching legal challenges against dracon- mind: Where was the listing of Adolf Kohl? ian, unconstitutional, and utterly ineffective urban gun-control The unintended insult to Mrs. May was tiny by compari- laws, wonkish arguments about gun ownership and crime rates son, suggesting no Freudian compulsion to mention the War don’t move the masses. So it is incumbent on gun owners to of 1812. Still, it was seized on and repeated across the media defend gun rights while also advocating policies and institu- and the Internet to make a point popular with U.K. analysts tions that are proven to reduce crime and stanch the flow of of international politics: namely, that the U.S.–U.K. special blood in the streets. relationship is an embarrassing British delusion designed to Zaevion Dobson is a symbol. For everyone he’s a symbol of shield the country’s decline from itself. She boasts of her heroism. For everyone he’s a symbol of the cost of crime and relationship with the White House and they barely know who violence. For some he’s a symbol of the need for gun control. she is! In practice, the argument continues, Washington is But we don’t want Zaevion to be a symbol. We wish he could be conscious of the “so-called special relationship” mainly playing football instead. We wish he could still be hanging out when a distinguished Brit is visiting or when the idea is with friends on winter nights. Criminals took Zaevion out of this employed to recruit Britain for assistance in some such ven- world, and there can still be too much crime in communities ture as the Iraq War. British interests are otherwise ignored or with few guns when it’s those criminals who own the weapons. overridden when convenient to Washington—see Suez, The conservative response to black progressive calls for gun etc.—and the Brits deceive themselves on this score. The control should be rooted holistically in the insights of the conser- tragedy for London is that this pernicious myth diverts the vative worldview. We cannot respond to heartfelt cries that “our country from its true and inevitable destiny inside a united kids are dying” with a callous single-issue answer such as “Don’t Europe. But the Brits even conceal from themselves that the take my gun.” Instead, our response should call us back to the U.S. has been pushing them into Europe since the early best of conservatism, an ideal that urges individuals to build the Fifties. Sad, really. civic institutions, the “little platoons” that stand as a firewall This argument has some truth in it, as we shall see. It appeals against criminality and for the family. We cannot underplay the mainly and most strongly to two groups of commentators and real fear and the all-too-real dangers on the streets, and we cannot historians: radical anti-Americans, on both the right and the left, pretend that it’s possible to simply transfer, for example, white and enthusiasts for the European Union. But there are moments, rural and suburban gun culture into urban environments. Cultures Suez again, when historical reverses make it more widely popu- are built over generations, and they’re rarely changed—at least lar, if temporarily so, with the mass of British people. not directly or immediately—by political argument. There is one important group in the U.K., however, that is Cries for gun control will lose their potency when crime loses its almost never seriously tempted to adopt this hostile view: potency. That is the project that truly matters, and that is the task namely, successive British governments from 1941 to the pre- that responsible conservatism—with its emphasis on the power of sent. (Prime Minister Edward Heath, 1970–74, is the single the community and the family—is best equipped to undertake. exception.) If Brexit goes through and is followed by an

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Anglo–American free-trade deal, any surrounding hostility to powers had similar outlooks on world politics. When the the American connection is likely to diminish steadily. That is West as a whole rallied against the Soviets in the late Forties one reason the Remainers are so determined to halt and reverse after the Truman Doctrine was promulgated, the Anglo– Brexit—and one of the many reasons they also detest President American relationship continued to be a special one. Unlike Trump, whose support for a U.S.–U.K. free-trade deal makes NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Brexit more likely to succeed Development, later the European Economic Community, and other institutions of Western cooperation, however, it was not a regional North Atlantic alliance. It was a world- HY British governments have been such consistent wide defensive alliance against Communism. And it enjoyed adherents of the special relationship goes back to its important successes. birth in 1941. There was a pre-history of it, of The Brits defeated the Malayan Communists in a twelve- Wcourse, starting with Britain’s long appeasement of the United year campaign; they fought alongside the U.S. in the Korean States in the Venezuela crisis of the 1890s that culminated in the War; they successfully defended Borneo against Indonesian World War I alliance. That had foundered in the interwar years, aggression in the 1960s; and they kept peace and stability in however, and American isolationism meant that from the fall of the Persian Gulf until their withdrawal in the mid Seventies. France the British fought on “alone.” “Aye, all 500 million of All that happened before Margaret Thatcher joined Ronald us,” wrote a down-to-earth British cartoonist, referring to Reagan to help win the Cold War and, not less significantly, to Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and the rest. Still, it was revive world capitalism by making it more open, more compet- a hard-fought war with few British victories. Then, in January itive, and more popular. 1941, at the North British Hotel in Glasgow, Harry Hopkins It wasn’t all Pilgrims Day and Rose Garden receptions, how- gave Churchill a dinner at which he revealed what he intended ever. Suez was the most serious breach between the two pow- to tell FDR on his return from a fact-finding visit: “Well, I am ers. Eisenhower not only forced the Anglo-French forces to going to quote you one verse from the Book of Books. Whither leave Egypt but also instructed U.S. officials to refuse tele- thou goest, I will go and where thou lodgest I will lodge, thy phone calls from British diplomats in Washington for six people will be my people, and thy God, my God.” months. LBJ was resentful that Prime Minister Harold Wilson A good deal of allowance must be made for rhetorical exag- resisted sending British troops to help in Vietnam—“not even geration on that occasion; many disagreements lay ahead. But a battalion of the Black Watch.” Mrs. Thatcher felt angry and those words led to the meeting between Churchill and FDR on let down because Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada, battleships in Canada’s Placentia Bay later that year, to the whose head of state was the Queen, without consulting her proclamation of the Atlantic Charter of liberties, and to the (indeed concealing it from her). She had earlier refused his mobilization of the entire English-speaking civilization into a request not to seek an outright victory in the Falklands but to military alliance. When Pearl Harbor was attacked, the special allow the Argentines a face-saving exit. And so on. Occasionally relationship, already in existence, now went to war. Washington would let it be known that Germany was its pre- Talk to any Englishman who was politically sentient on ferred partner in a world where geo-economics had replaced December the seventh that year—there aren’t many now geopolitics, as in the early days of the first President Bush, but left—and he will tell you: “As soon as I heard the news, I thought: ‘We’ve won the war.’” Americans abroad weren’t allowed to buy their own drinks for several days. That memory has dominated the minds and imaginations of serious people in British politics, the military, diplomacy, and intelligence ever since. They knew that there would be clashes of interest (and less often, of ideology) with the U.S. from time to time, but they realized that such conflicts must never lead to a permanent breach between the two powers. A close alliance would either deter wars or win them. Australians reached the same conclusion after the fall of Singapore. And Canada’s geography seconded the motion. With a little help from the Red Army, the special relationship (broadly defined to include the Empire and Commonwealth) won the war. It also arranged the peacefull transfer of the dominant position in worldd politics from Britain to America—a trans-- fer smoothed by the common war effortt ROMAN GENN and by the significant fact that the twoo

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then a hot spot would flare up, in that case the Gulf War, and government can be certain of favorable free-trade agreements the U.S. would realize that an ally without an army would help after Brexit, thereby reassuring nervous U.K. opinion. That win few battles. was why Mrs. May’s visit to Washington was so important. If The relationship survived these spats, however, for two fun- the Trump administration really was offering such a deal, then damental reasons. First, it rested on a deep and unique infra- s he would make a giant step toward a successful Brexit—and structure of cooperation between the two governments at all a post-Brexit grand strategy for Global Britain. levels: military, diplomatic, intelligence, and (top) political. And for most of the visit, it was a triumph for the British That cooperation could be seen in such things as the high level prime minister. Not only did American politicians talk of the of interoperability between U.K. and U.S. forces; the transfer special relationship as often and as warmly as British diplo- of senior officers between the Royal and U.S. Marines; the reg- mats, but she was able to draw the president into supporting ular attendance of the CIA’s London station chief at meetings of NATO, retreating from his support for “enhanced interroga- the U.K.’s Joint Intelligence Committee; and the worldwide tion,” and much else. All in all, her performance was strong, intelligence electronic-eavesdropping system, Echelon, shared authoritative, and seemingly effective. But this glow of suc- among the U.S., the U.K., New Zealand, Australia, and Canada. cess dissipated when Trump’s executive order on immigration Britain’s EU partners were jealous of these close arrange- was announced and set off a storm of protests. May was then ments and frequently sought to bring them under EU control. forced to distance herself from Trump and promise to defend But those attempts foundered because there wasn’t the same British dual nationals hit by the order. level of trust even within NATO and the EU as between That points to three problems in the way of an enhanced spe- London and Washington. cial relationship after Brexit. That points to the second foundation for the special relation- The first is Donald Trump himself, who is box-office poison ship: It grows in the cultural soil of the Anglosphere. This is in the U.K. That may change, as it did for Reagan, but it hasn’t one of those concepts that are hard to define but easy to grasp changed yet. in practice. Here’s my thumbnail definition: The Anglosphere The second is Trump’s general support for protectionism. is the sum total of all the contacts and relationships—govern- That too may change or be modified, but if not, it will conflict mental, corporate, and individual; economic, cultural, politi- with May’s vision of a post-Brexit Britain and with the U.K.’s cal, and personal—between the various countries of the British long-standing “grand strategy” of free trade, free capital move- Commonwealth and the United States. ments, property rights, and sound money in international poli- It therefore includes such varied phenomena as the high level tics. A general policy of bilateral trade deals seems a possible of private U.K. investment in the U.S. (and vice versa), the legal compromise. She can probably work her magic with Trump on relationship between Caribbean countries and the U.K. Privy that as on NATO, in part because it looks like Trump’s real Council, the success of British and Australian actors in Holly - position. wood, the extensive mutual immigration between Anglosphere Finally, when all is said and done, the special relationship countries, and much else. These links have been intensified by is one between a superpower and an important but middle- the spread of communications via the Internet, which has abol- ranking power. There’s always a psychological difficulty for ished the tyranny of distance and rendered relationships based the smaller power about making such a relationship much on geographical proximity less important. closer: It invites the “poodle” accusation from domestic opponents of the policy. In this case, however, there is an answer. Some of those T is this rich nexus of relationships, increasingly shaping strategists who have developed the Anglosphere concept in a common culture, that is the fertile soil in which the spe- recent years—including historian Andrew Roberts, economist cial relationship between governments, militaries, intelli- Andrew Lilico, and above all the “father of the Anglosphere,” genceI agencies, etc. has flourished through the years. The James C. Bennett—have been fleshing out the idea of special relationship works because the decision-makers in all CANZUK (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the U.K.). This its countries inhabit the same c ultural atmosphere and there- would be an alliance encompassing freer trade and investment fore tend to see the world in the same way. Compared with rules, liberalized migration policies, military cooperation, and other countries, Anglosphere governments exhibit a kind of other forms of close cooperation. The countries’ relations are muscular liberalism that seeks a peaceful world through trade already very close—they are four of the “five eyes” in but is prepared to use military intervention when necessary to Echelon; the U.K. and Canada share embassies; the defense enforce its values. Its motto was laid down by Palmerston and foreign-policy chiefs of Australia and the U.K. meet reg- almost 200 years ago: “Trade without the flag where possible; ularly at AUKMIN (Australia–United Kingdom Ministerial trade with the flag where necessary.” And if we think of the Consultations); and, above all, polls show that the populations special relationship as a single country—it isn’t, because of all four countries would be happy with more migrants Anglosphere countries tend to be jealous of their sovereign- from the other three. From the U.S. standpoint, CANZUK ty—we will be surprised to find that it has dominated the world would be a more powerful partner, with the second-largest for two centuries. What of its future? joint defense budget in the world, while the countries in The U.S. now faces several challenges to its dominance. If CANZUK would be negotiating with the U.S. on a more Brexit goes through, the Brits will escape a major threat to nearly equal basis. And for Britain it would be a natural their sovereignty and gain the prospect of developing closer extension of its traditional grand strategy, with none of the Anglosphere relationships unhindered by EU rules. This out- EU’s intrusions on sovereignty. come is likely. It will be guaranteed, however, if the May In short, a very special relationship.

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Athwart BY JAMES LILEKS Executive Disorder

HIS magazine is composed far enough in advance 2. Watching the brains of the Left liquefy and emerge from that it would be folly to comment on President their ear canals in hot jets is amusing. They think the only Trump’s immigration and refugee executive difference between Trump and Hitler is that Adolf actually T orders, because today you might be thinking: wrote his own book. They want to alienate their old working- “Oh, I remember that.” (Wistful smiles.) “The good old class base? Be our guest. days before the real troubles began.” What this doesn’t mean, of course, is that executive orders we Or: like are automatically jack-dandy. I saw an exchange on Twitter “President Trump? Whoa, you’re really dating your - that was quite instructive: One person had proposed running self there.” the changes in immigration law through Congress—you know, We could hedge our bets and write something that let you the people in the other handsome white building. To which choose the proper course of events based on your viewpoints someone responded: Bad idea. They’d just water it down. and what actually happened: Procedure? Bah. Debate stuff and all the things won’t get “While the Trump administration’s EO on immigration done. Swamps won’t be drained. There will be 27 percent was (a brilliant repurposing of Obama-era statutes to expose less winning. the flaws and hypocrisies of Trump’s opponents / a face-plant Should Congress be dissolved, then? Of course it’s a of the sort not seen since that actor who played Lurch fell ridiculous question, but you have the feeling you’ll be debat- down a flight of stairs), it exposed the difficulties of (bold, ing it in a year or two with people who suddenly (a) believe forthright presidential action / popping out sweeping laws at the Constitution is a living document and (b) want to improve the speed of a pregnant chihuahua who ate a pound of coffee it by sawing off a few limbs. beans and gave birth to a litter of nine) in the era of (roaming As for the second point about enjoying the Left’s desire to mobs of treasonous agitators / Twitter). go full Chernobyl over everything, remember: Even a “One thing is for sure: The new administration, still stopped clock is wrong 1,438 minutes a day. But sometimes learning its way, (used its new experiences to shape policy it’s right. Something isn’t automatically moral because your with greater care in the next weeks / backed the car out of opponents happen to think it’s wrong. the pile of bricks, turned the whee ls toward another wall, These aren’t particularly novel or insightful remarks, but and gunned it).” you have to check yourself now and then. Perhaps you You could probably use that template for any number thought: A 90-day ban on people from those countries, while of contentious events, hereafter known as “Monday they figure out better vetting strategies? Fine. But what if 90 through Saturday.” days passes and the ban is renewed because they’re still fig- If you followed the happenings on Twitter, it was the usual uring it out? You’re not going to pour into the streets. And dumpster fire on a burning landfill barge in a hailstorm, another 90 days after that? It slips off the page and there’s except with oil-soaked flaming softballs for hail: Everyone something new to have an opinion about. was hashtagging “#Muslimban” even though it wasn’t one. Because there will be another SHOCKING ACT that makes The administration was saying “It’s been a great success” as everyone think that camps will be set up and the government stories circulated about five-year-old kids placed in dark will take over the economy. (Which is great if it’s FDR! Bold, rooms and grilled about the Constitution. persistent innovation!) All the commotion is refreshing, like The usual hysteria, and hence meaningless? Hmm. No. a splash of aftershave after rubbing your face with sandpaper, On the list of people the new administration—and its most but surely it can’t work forever. When President Trump was devoted followers—care little about, you’ll find this group: testy with Mexico and got meetings canceled—that was cautious supporters of some Trump initiatives who have set what, six, seven years ago? feels like it—a lot of people just aside their opinion of Trump the man. They had other choic- shrugged and said, “Opening gambit. It’s just like chess! You es in the primaries; they might never have climbed on the move one piece, then sweep all the others off the board and Trump Train, because they couldn’t stand the way the engi- insist we’re going to play checkers. And in the end, every- neer kept the throttle wide open and the whistle screaming one’s playing Scrabble! Brilliant.” 24/7. They might have voted for him, because the alternative Maybe. It will work for a while; it may never not work, was . . . her. They might have voted for someone else. But given people’s desire to think the worst of the man, and his when it was all over, they were heartened by two things: habit of obliging them. He enjoys stuffing raw steaks into a 1. Hey, those executive orders that enforce the law are bazooka and firing them into the lairs of his detractors. It’ll pretty good! Pretty sure Hillary would have used them to never change. raise the gas tax and send the money to sanctuary cities to Surely there are limits, though. Suspending the next presi- erect giant neon arrows on the outskirts of town so illegal dential election and declaring that he will serve a second immigrants could go hide. Joking! But not really. term—that would raise eyebrows, right? Oh, he’s just negotiating! When he agrees to hold elections Mr. Lileks blogs at www.lileks.com. he’ll seem reasonable.

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The Long View BY ROB LONG

to maybe take you for coffee. Hit me would like to spend time with hella back if you see this and maybe we woke ladies. can take it from there?

TOTHE GUYINTHE PONCHO (W4M) IRONIC MAGA HAT GUY (WW4M) You approached us on the Mall CRAIGSLIST Now that we look back at it, it was and we were thrown by your poncho a pretty funny way to wear one of which felt a lot like cultural appro- MISSED those Trump hats and we’re sorry priation to us so we didn’t really we didn’t have the time to go back connect. And I get the sheepdog CONNECTIONS, and find you during the speeches. comment now even though I think it Sorry we threw clumps of dirt at was pretty clear that it wasn’t a Protest Edition you. Can you hit us back here and sewing machine but was a small mil- tell us what we were wearing and itary drone. (Get it now?) Would maybe we can all get together at the love to get together. Hit me back. SUPER WOKE LADY WAITINGIN next protest? You mentioned that LINE AT PORT-O-POTTY IN DC (M4W) you have a car and we’d like to grab Was standing in line waiting to use a ride with you if you’re heading YOU GAVE MEAKIND BAR (M4M) the facilities when we struck up a down to the protests in Miami. (Or Just want to thank the dude who convo and really clicked. Totally into anywhere sunny????) saw me at the protests on Inaugu - your idea of buying an alternative ration Day and then again the next fuel car and driving around the coun- day on the Mall and who gave me one try from protest to protest and won- SORRY ABOUT THE GENDER THING of his Kind bars. Was feeling really dering if I’ll see you at tomorrow’s (?4?) weak after all of that protesting and protest or maybe the one the day after Met you and your friend at the didn’t know where to get something or the day after that? Or the day after start of the anti-Trump march and to eat that was also not part of the the day after that? Would really love was totally taken by your electric toxic American political system (no to keep talking or whatever. Hit me blue eyes and think I offended you Chipotles nearby) and so that Kind back here and tell me which member when I didn’t know your exact gen- bar hit the spot. Not gay but also not of Echo and the Bunnymen was on der and tried to guess. Then when not-gay so hit me back. my T-shirt and how wide the gauges your friend tried to guess my gender in my ears are and we can take it I was going to laugh but didn’t want from there. you to think I was laughing at the THANKSTOTHE HOT GUY WHO idea and concept of gender fluidity, HELPED ME OUTWITH CNN so I just stood there. Really wish I (W4M) I WASINTHE PONCHO (WOMEN’S had gotten your number but am con- Thanks to the very handsome man MARCH DC) (M4W) cerned that if I had we would then who helped me out when I was get- Saw you walking in the DC be forced to meet each other in a ting interviewed by CNN. I was Women’s March and made a joke gender-limiting setting like the attacking Trump’s choice for Edu - about your sign which I think you Coffee Bean. Hit me back here if cation Secretary when the interviewer misinterpreted. Wasn’t saying it you’d like to not meet in person but asked me what I thought about didn’t make sense. It made perfect connect on Tumblr. Obama’s Education person and then sense. Was more trying to say that it when I said that Obama’s Education didn’t look like Donald Trump in the person was awesome and great, the drawing but more like a sheepdog RE: IRONIC MAGA HAT GUY interviewer asked me if I knew the trying to use a sewing machine, (M4WW) name of Obama’s Education person which was weird, so it was hard to I saw that guy and am not sure and that was when you leaned in and really get your point about the the hat was ironic. I am also a guy said “Arne Duncan!” Which was National Security Council. But you totally committed to the whole great because I actually did not looked mad at me when I approached protest thing so maybe we can meet know who it was though education is you so I kept walking. I think you up sometime for coffee or whatev- a passion of mine along with the thought I was just there to meet er? Not trying to use the Trump environment and trans issues. Hit me women which is totally untrue. But I presidency or the constitutional cri- back here and let’s meet and take it thought you were cute and I wanted sis to meet women, just sincerely from there.

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edging himself. “I am not always right,” political establishment failed to keep Mythical he allows. “But Barack Obama is a sub- the crazed Republicans down, or that ject I believe I got right, right from the something else must have happened. beginning. I concluded early on in Obama’s Consider this president to be the polar President presidential campaign that he possessed a opposite of the perfect presidential keen mind, oratorical gifts, and just the devil Chait described in his 2003 New BEN DOMENECH right combination of idealism and skepti- Republic article “Why I Hate George W. cal, analytical thinking to identify the best Bush”: Whatever the case and no mat- methods to achieve those goals.” The ter the odds, you can be sure Jonathan book “incorporates more than eight years’ Chait’s version of Obama never fails worth of writing” Chait did on this subject to satisfy. with the aim, primarily, of rebutting But what is satisfaction, anyway? Obama’s critics from the left who view Chait seeks to encourage his fellow left- his presidency as lacking. ists time and again by redefining it to This level of humility gives you the mean whatever Obama’s policy current- right frame of reference to understand ly looks like. He declares the success of the attitude that pervades the rest of the Paris agreement and Obama’s cli- Audacity’s pages. In Chait’s view, Barack mate policy to be already clear—a lega- Obama is a level-headed Rudyard Kipling cy of “coastal cities that, decades in the Audacity: How Barack Obama Defied His hero; he describes Obama as the embod- future, will still be home to many but Critics and Created a Legacy that Will Prevail, iment of the counsel of “If” on the would have otherwise sunk beneath the by Jonathan Chait (HarperCollins, importance of keeping one’s head “when seas.” While conceding that Obama’s 272 pp., $27.95) all about you / Are losing theirs and foreign policy was not “transformation- blaming it on you.” He is a level-headed al,” Chait describes it as “corrective”: HIS is an author’s nightmare: pragmatist with tendencies toward lib- “Not being George W. Bush may not to spend years building the eral Republi canism and a deep interest qualify as the pinnacle of historic momentum of an idea for a in policy and statesmanship, and any achievement,” he writes, “but it certainly book, researching and writ- facts in discord with this unified theory beats the alternative.” And despite Ting said book, consulting on key points of Obama are either dismissed outright Obamacare’s many fits and starts, he is with friends and associates, dealing or explained away as having nothing to confident in calling that program a “tri- with agents and editors and all the rig- do with the president himself. umph of a generation,” “a revolution that ors of the publishing process—only to Comparing the final version of the succeeded after so many attempts before have your book arrive just as its central book with the pre–November 8 galley it had failed.” “Possibly Republicans thesis is dashed against the sharp rocks copy, one finds multiple tacked-on sen- will come to regret affixing the name of of reality. tences arguing against a Republican their partisan adversary to a measure that You are likely familiar with examples “myth of repudiation” in the 2016 elec- provides every American a guarantee of this authorial dark night of the soul: tion, reassuring liberals that the “fatal- against misfortune,” Chait writes of James K. Glassman and Kevin Hassett’s istic conclusion that Trump can erase Obamacare, declaring that it “will be Dow 36,000 (1999), Sam Tanenhaus’s Obama’s achievements is overstated— seen as one of the most ambitious and The Death of Conservatism (2010), and perhaps even completely false.” But, successful social reforms in the history Paul Ehrlich’s Population Bomb (1968). taken as a whole, Chait’s book is still of the United States.” You may want to There is now a new entry on this list directed at criticizing Obama’s skeptics check back with him on that during the of theses betrayed by events even as they on the left, offering varied explanations book tour. arrived on bookstore shelves: Jonathan to progressives about why this thing For all its hubris in hailing Obama as the Chait’s Audacity, which has the unfortu- Obama did was more ambitious and champion, Chait’s book is an acknowledg- nate distinction of having gone on sale grand than you thought at the time, why ment of the disappointment among his 72 hours before Donald J. Trump took it demonstrated his ability for playing fellow leftists at the end of eight years in the oath of office, rendering it utterly the long game or engaging in policy the White House. The second-longest irrelevant as anything but a cultural jujitsu, or why a grander step was chapter in this book, after his defense of artifact demonstrating the hubris of impossible given the political realities Obamacare, is titled “The Inevitability of American liberalism. of the moment or (and this is one of Disappointment.” It offers a litany of de - The proper place to begin reading Chait’s favorite moves) had never real- pressed comments from leaders of the Chait’s book is its end, where he opens his ly been promised by the president in the American Left, from Rachel Maddow to acknowledgments section by acknowl- first place. Thomas Frank to, yes, even Mr. HOPE This must mean either that the media himself, Shepard Fairey. The question Mr. Domenech is the publisher of the Federalist. failed to report accurately, or that the within this corner of the American Left is

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for being uncomfortable with the neces- “anti-government ideology”; and third, sary requirements of leadership and that Trump would, on the whole, be a compromise: Liberals “can be happy better president than Marco Rubio or with the idea of a Democratic presi- Ted Cruz. dent—indeed, dancing-in-the-streets This depiction of Trump was appar- delirious—but not with the real thing. ently forgotten by the time Chait turned The various theories of disconsolate lib- in his book draft. He decries Trump’s erals all suffer from a failure to compare rise as emblematic of racism and misog- Obama with any plausible baseline. yny and declares that “in [their] desper- Instead, they compare Obama with an ation to stop Obama, the conservatives imaginary president—either an imagi- had signed their own demographic nary Obama or a fantasy version of a death warrant.” I expected this passage past president.” to be updated before the book went to Perhaps Chait is correct in his analysis press, but it was not. Instead, Chait of why so many denizens of the argues that Trump’s win is a “last American Left believe Obama’s presi- gasp” of older white Americans, that dency was a failure. Perhaps it’s true that his popular-vote loss indicates he has Obama didn’t promise a comprehensive no mandate to govern, and that conser- end to racial division and a healing of the vatives have “lost the future, and they land to the nth degree, or even that, in the also lost the argument.” absence of some of his accomplish- This is disappointing, given that ments, a hypothetical situation might be Chait has been a lonely voice on the left worse. But it is also true that Obama paying attention to the downside of the leaves a nation more divided on racial rise of political correctness and to its lines than it was upon his election. He dangerous fomenting of illiberalism on leaves a world in which American ground campuses and in public life. An account troops are spread even wider, and still on of how such trends—rather than the the ground in Iraq. (Chait’s foreign-policy cheap-crutch theory of racist back- chapter, “To Stanch a Bleeding World,” lash—gave rise to Trump would be is notably spare.) And he leaves a worth reading. not whether Obama’s presidency was a Democratic party at its weakest point in Audacity is not. It is the declaration of failure, but why: Was it because he was a century, not just at the federal level but an extremist. It is an excerpt from an more poetry than prose, more focused on all the way down. There are reasons for all-Obama version of Tiger Beat. oratory than substance? Was it because this, reasons Jonathan Chait would be Every where Obama errs, there is an he was a victim of partisan forces beyond smart enough to see were he not so explanation. Everywhere he succeeds, his control? Or was it because his hopes caught up in his own fantastical vision of that success is underestimated and for change were too grand for a country an imaginary Obama. underappreciated. Yet there is a certain that is still fundamentally scorched by This book would be unimportant crazed nobility in this effort. Forget the racist and bigoted history? except as a historical relic but for the fact text as a statement on current affairs and Chait finds such musings odd if not that Chait isn’t some lonely figure in consider the title instead as a reminder absurd. “The yawning chasm between denial. He comes from an entire move- of an older idea—the concept of “the the scale of Obama’s achievements and ment in denial about the negative effect fool for Christ,” in which an otherwise the mood of his supporters presents one Obama had, on his party and on the normal person undertakes incompre- of the mysteries of the era,” he writes, world. In writing the history of the hensible behavior in an effort to send a wondering whether the Left could even Obama presidency that Chait wanted to deeper message about his deity. Brother comprehend a successful presidency: happen rather than the one that did, the Juniper, a Franciscan, was so generous “Would Democrats recognize one if they author provides us with a glimpse of the that he constantly had to be prevented saw it?” complete disconnect from reality that from giving away all his clothes. Saint He blames the “inevitability of disap- made Hillary Clinton’s 2016 loss far Simeon dragged a dead dog about and pointment” on a number of factors, more emotionally painful than it should upended the tables of pastry chefs. And among them the news media (which set have been. Basil, Wonderworker of Moscow, walked unrealistic expectations), Aaron Sorkin There is very little said about Trump in around naked bearing chains even in the (who depicted a world where the presi- Audacity, but what is said is enlighten- Russian winter, a position of mad holi- dent could make a difference with nothing. In February 2016, Chait penned an ness that gave him the moral authority ing more than well-crafted remarks), article for New York magazine titled to denounce even Ivan the Terrible and GETTY IMAGES / and nostalgia for liberal presidencies of “Why Liberals Should Support a Trump live to tell of it. AFP / the past—including those of Franklin Republican Nomination.” He had three And then there is Jonathan Chait, who Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and even reasons: first, that Trump would almost has written a book. If only his favored Jimmy Carter. But ultimately, Chait assuredly lose; second, that Trump would deity had lived up to his vision, it might GABRIEL BOUYS places the blame on liberals themselves, upend the party and move it away from have a purpose for existing.

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Auslin issues a timely warning. It is strategic posture embroils Washington Clouds over not fated, he maintains, that Asia’s rise in regional politics. will continue smoothly or inexorably. Like economics, then, power politics It’s often joked that Brazil is the country binds America to Asia. The Pacific of the future—and always will be. It Auslin draws up a “risk map” of top- might be that Asia is the region of the ics that could detour or confound Asia’s JAMES HOLMES future—and always will be. But if Asian ascent and uses that map to frame his leaders exercise wise leadership, cor- tour of the region. Failed economic recting the political, economic, and mil- reforms, unfinished political revolu- itary problems besetting the region, an tions, the lack of a political community Asian century might yet lie in store. spanning Asia, demographic woes, and Auslin’s admonition should worry the possibility of war are the threats he Americans for a host of reasons. The explores. Let me spotlight three central United States’ fortunes are entangled issues in the book. with Asia’s along many axes, meaning First of all, history is alive in Asia, and that turbulence in Asia ripples eastward it shapes Asian politics—biasing the across the Pacific Ocean. The author cau- region against the type of integration tions readers not to be too giddy about familiar in Europe. “Beyond a rudimen- economic globalization. To borrow from tary sense of ‘Asianness,’” maintains The End of the Asian Century: War, Stagnation, Thucydides, human affairs aren’t solely Auslin, “there remains no effective and the Risks to the World’s Most Dynamic Region, about cost-benefit calculations or pro - regional political community. There is by Michael R. Auslin (Yale, 304 pp., $30) vincial self-interest. Passions—the thirst no NATO, no European Union in Asia

T is human nature to project the past into the future. Philosophers If Asian leaders exercise wise tell us so. Florentine scribe Niccolò Machiavelli depicted leadership, an Asian century might Iadapting to changing surroundings as yet lie in store. the foremost, and hardest, task of states- men. For gadfly Nassim Nicholas for honor, or dark impulses such as fear that can try to solve common problems Taleb, humanity is vulnerable to “black or spite—might overtake ordinary ratio- in a joint manner.” Why is that? The lack swans”—highly improbable events en - nal calculations. of an Asian NATO is a common subject tailing mammoth consequences—pre- It’s happened before. Trading partners of conversation at international gather- cisely because people think in linear do sometimes fight trading partners. ings. The contest between China and terms. What happened before, assume Globalization couldn’t prevent Europe Japan, contends the author, is one cen- ordinary folk, will carry on into the from marching over the precipice into tral factor preventing an Asian NATO. indefinite future along more or less World War I a century ago. Nor does And so it is. straight trend lines. economic interdependence rule out In her book on the Sino–Japanese War Except when it doesn’t: Then people conflict today over things that West - of 1894–95, my Naval War College col- have trouble coping. Better to play erners may find whimsical—say, unin- league Sally Paine pointed out that that “What if?” beforehand than be caught habited islets in the East China Sea, or limited maritime war yielded geopoliti- flat-footed when the highly improba- submerged rocks in the South China cal results that were anything but limit- ble happens. Sea. Americans must not blithely dis- ed: The Imperial Japanese Navy crushed Enter Michael Auslin, the author of miss the prospect of a system-shattering China’s Beiyang (Northern) Fleet and, The End of the Asian Century. Auslin cataclysm in Asia. Still less should they in the process, upended Asia’s tradition- is the director of Japan studies at the discount the possibility of smaller- al hierarchical order. Japan replaced American Enterprise Institute and a scale clashes. China atop that order, and China has frequent contributor to NATIONAL And there’s geopolitics. U.S. foreign been vying for 120 years to reverse the REVIEW and the Wall Street Journal. policy, now as in the days of Theodore outcome of that war and regain its his- He reports setting out to chronicle Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan, toric supremacy. It remains unclear how how American stewardship helped aims at keeping a domineering power would-be founders of an Asian NATO Asia rise to economic and political or alliance from overrunning the rim- could persuade the two Asian giants to dynamism, preparing the way for an lands of Western Europe and East put this trauma behind them, making “Asian century,” only to take a bleaker Asia—and thence constituting a threat common cause under the aegis of a view after traveling the region and re - to the Americas. It is far, far easier to standing entente. viewing the evidence. execute a “balancing” strategy from Those who ask why there’s no Asian forward outposts along the rimlands— NATO, furthermore, seem to be asking Mr. Holmes is a professor of strategy at the Naval from Japan, or Korea—than to surge why Asians haven’t founded a NATO War College and a co-author of Red Star over the expeditionary forces across the vasty as NATO has existed since the Cold Pacific. The views voiced here are his own. Pacific in times of strife. But a forward War. But could NATO have been

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founded in Europe as it exists today? actually understates China’s challenge Doubtful. The Atlantic Alliance origi- in Southeast Asia. In his chapter on Beyond nated not as today’s sprawling arrange- prospects for war, Auslin asserts that ment, incorporating former satellites Beijing seeks “control over all the in Eastern Europe and maintaining ties islands in the South China Sea, and even Getting with the former foe in Russia, but as a the waters themselves.” But what China common defense against a “hegemon,” wants in the South China Sea goes far Tough a deadly adversary bent on conquering beyond mere control. It claims to own Western Europe. the South China Sea, to the detriment of R A C H E L L U NATO, then, did not unite Europe the the rightful claims made by fellow way partisans of an Asian NATO want Southeast Asian nations to offshore to unite Asia. In effect, the Atlantic resources—and to the detriment of the Alliance helped divide Europe through- freedom of movement guaranteed to out the Cold War. It rallied one part of navies and merchant fleets under the the continent dominated by one outside law of the sea. power, the United States, to defend To stake its claim, China cites a Re- against another part of the continent public of China–era map. A “nine- dominated by another outside power, the dashed line” inscribed on the map Soviet Union. Only after the fall of the encloses some 80 to 90 percent of the Eastern Bloc could the alliance assume South China Sea, over which area its current shape, absorbing erstwhile China claims “indisputable sovereign- antagonists to the east. ty.” Sovereignty means control of geo- Locked In: The True Causes of Mass So if there’s to be an Asian NATO, graphic space within frontiers, backed Incarceration—and How to Achieve Real Reform, who will play the part of the Soviet up by what Max Weber termed a by John Pfaff (Basic, 272 pp., $27.99) Union in the 1940s and 1950s, supplying “monopoly of the legitimate use of the adhesive that binds together the physical force” within those borders. If IR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE fa - alliance? China would be the obvious Beijing gets its way—and it’s worth not- mously decreed that it would candidate. Asia’s predominant indigenous ing that an international tribunal struck be better for ten guilty men to power would therefore remain outside down its claims with extreme prejudice escape justice than for one any collective-defense arrangement— last summer—the Chinese Communist Sinnocent to suffer at the hands of the defeating the purpose of regional coop- Party will make the rules governing this law. In theory, it seems like an ad - eration. Asia appears destined to remain crucial waterway. It will doubtless bar mirable principle. If mere men are to fragmented for the foreseeable future. the military activities about which it con- wield the sword of justice, they should Second, Auslin is a partisan of the stantly complains—other countries’ law- do so cautiously. Unfortunately, that’s “democratic peace,” insisting that “the ful actions, such as aircraft-carrier flight not the reality of America’s criminal- most promising way to reduce risk is to operations, surveillance flights, and justice system. This is just one of the push for greater liberalism and a underwater surveys. troubling realities that emerge from strengthened rules-based order in the And while the leadership has voiced John Pfaff’s new book, Locked In. It is Indo-Pacific.” To oversimplify, the theory no desire to obstruct commercial ship- a valuable contribution to the ongoing underlying the democratic peace is that ping, it presumably reserves the right to discussion about justice reform. nations of shopkeepers are not inclined do so—much as sovereign states re - Locked In is an interesting example to fight other nations of shopkeepers. serve the right to deny or restrict passage of a book that is better than its central Constitutional republics empower ordi- through their land territory or national argument. Pfaff, a Fordham professor, nary citizens, and ordinary citizens main- airspace. That’s what sovereignty is all supports the growing consensus that ly want to carry on commerce and get about. China’s campaign, consequently, America’s prison population is too rich. They discourage their governments represents an attack not just on the large. He’s dissatisfied, though, with from waging war, which disrupts trade Asian order but also on the rules-based current reformers. He thinks they’re and commerce. world order that Auslin champions so chasing rabbits when bigger game is A world populated entirely by consti- well. China could throttle the Asian afoot. Locked In aims to correct this tutional republics would be a peaceful, century in its infancy, if it fails to exer- error by highlighting the true causes of prosperous world. Auslin is not advo- cise some forbearance, and if the U.S., over-incarceration. cating forcible regime change; he is its allies, and its friends don’t remain As a corrective to a skewed dialec- advocating diplomacy designed to per- resolute about upholding their rights tic, the book isn’t terribly successful. suade less-than-liberal regimes such as and prerogatives. It’s obvious that Pfaff is a numbers China’s and Vietnam’s to affirm their To cultivate a realistic view of dan- man, not a narrative man; he doesn’t support for the liberal, U.S.-led order gers and opportunities in Asia, Trump- have a subtle understanding of the that has served Asia well since Imperial administration officials should read this political and social trends that have Japan’s downfall in 1945. book—and heed Auslin’s findings. If shaped the reform movement. Several And third, while no one would accuse they do so, they might just keep the trend the author of being soft on China, he lines going in a positive direction. Rachel Lu is a Robert Novak Journalism Fellow.

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chapters of the book are spent cri- beholden to crass economic realities and In fact, this approach might be espe- tiquing a “Standard Story” about mass self-seeking interest groups. In these cially relevant when it comes to his incarceration that he never actually awkward spaces, we find the book’s real own particular bugaboo: prosecutorial tells us, so the reader must do the work strength. We should want our policy to be power. Pfaff is convinced that aggres- of piecing together the book’s real the- influenced by men like Pfaff, who are sive prosecution is the biggest cause of sis: that we should worry less about tone-deaf to narrative but obsessive in over-incarceration. His argument here drug laws, sentencing reform, and pri- their fact-checking. is compelling. He notes that while vate prisons, and direct our energies At the same time, narrative people do incarceration rates began to climb in instead toward curbing prosecutorial have their charms. In his eagerness to the 1980s as a response to rising crime, power. It’s an interesting suggestion. demolish his laundry list of common those trend lines continued through the But why can’t he just state that view, errors, Pfaff fails to appreciate h ow the Nineties, even though crime was rather than shadow-boxing “common overall trajectory of current reform steadily falling. Why did that happen? Ex amin ing all the relevant variables (crime reports, arrests, charges filed, Pfaff is convinced that aggressive and convictions), Pfaff found himself looking squarely at the prosecutor’s prosecution is the biggest cause of office. As less crime was reported, over-incarceration. arrests dropped proportionately, and among those who were charged with a opinion” for 200 pages? Readers look- efforts is actually quite helpful to his own crime, conviction rates held steady. But ing to sharpen their grasp of the political larger goals. Reform-minded groups prisons continued to fill, because prose- conversation would do better to consult (such as the Charles Koch Institute and cutors were filing fel ony charges against Steven Teles and David Dagan’s 2016 Texas’s Right on Crime unit) don’t just ever-growing percentages of their dwin- book, Prison Break. lobby for particular bits of legislation. dling arrestees. Looking past the forest, though, we They are working to change America’s Pfaff doesn’t pretend to know exactly can see that Locked In is filled with criminal-justice paradigms, moving why this happened. The tough-on- interesting trees. Packed with charts beyond an anachronistic debate about crime message was certainly popular in and figures, it’s candy to the numbers- toughness and leniency to embrace data- the Nineties, but, as he points out, the loving brain, but even those who weary driven solutions that are less costly (in public strongly favors incumbents in of statistics are sure to find some inter- both fiscal and human terms) for all con- criminal justice. Prosecutors probably esting tidbits. Pfaff explains why the cerned. This seems like the sort of pro- didn’t need to get more punitive just to War on Drugs probably isn’t the main ject that a number-cruncher like Pfaff keep their jobs. It seems far more likely cause of mass incarceration. (Non- ought to love. that the prosecutorial ethos was simply violent drug criminals represent just a small fraction of our total inmate population, and therefore releasing them all wouldn’t have a significant impact on total numbers.) He tells us why sentencing reform is another dog that’s unlikely to bark. (Though statutes have grown more punitive, there hasn’t been much change in recent decades in the average time served. We really aren’t, as the cliché suggests, locking people up and throwing away the key.) Peppered throughout are fascinating details about our justice system that you probably won’t find elsewhere. (Did you know that geriatric crime has spiked over the past few decades? In state prisons, the over-55 cohort has more than tripled since the early 1990s.) It’s refreshing that Pfaff is willing to tweak the orthodoxies of both Left and Right. Conservatives will be suspicious of his claim that unconscious racial bias is likely a problem for many prosecutors. GETTY IMAGES / Liberals will find themselves frowning, though, as he ex plains why public pris- LYLE LEDUC ons, just as much as private ones, are

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shaped by tough-on-crime ideals in a better protected from committing politi- particularly deep way. Prosecutors grew Excellently cal blunders.” to see themselves first and foremost as Alas, as Sesardic shows, some of the the ones entrusted with locking up the greatest thinkers of the analytic tradition bad guys. Blackstone’s high-minded Foolish have also made disastrous assessments of principle may have gotten lost in the political questions. The chapters of his JOSEPH POSTELL shuffle to some extent, and, because con- book comment on a variety of these blun- victed felons are turned over to the care ders. Otto Neurath, a prominent member of the state, the prosecutor’s office felt of the “Vienna Circle,” which promoted little pressure to conserve resources by logical positivism, was heavily involved saving prison beds for the truly danger- in socialist and Communist causes. ous. Sending local miscreants upstate Neurath played a prominent role both in was plausibly beneficial to the county the ill-fated Bavarian Soviet Republic of even if some of them weren’t that great 1919 and in the Soviet Union’s statistics of a threat. bureau in the early 1930s, developing This is the point at which Pfaff starts Stalinist propaganda. to despair. He knows that prosecutors Ludwig Wittgenstein assured the are well insulated from reform, enjoy- Soviet ambassador to the U.K. that he ing a great deal of discretion and mini- When Reason Goes on Holiday: was not politically dangerous to the mal oversight. Devoting more resources Philosophers in Politics, by Neven Sesardic Soviet Union, and expressed strong sym- to the defense of indigent arrestees (Encounter, 256 pp., $25.99) pathy for the objectives of the Soviet might help to restore a little balance to Communists. These assurances earned the system. Niggling adjustments to N Plato’s Republic, Socrates fa - him the right to visit the Soviet Union in statutes and sentencing guidelines prob- mously proposes to create an ideal 1935, and, according to Sesardic, he was ably won’t. A capable prosecutor knows regime ruled by philosopher- impressed enough on that visit to remain 50 different ways to skin his proverbial kings. One of his companions, sympathetic to the Communist cause cat, so without changing his mindset, it IAdeimantus, replies that most philoso- throughout his life. will be difficult to change much else. phers, “when they carry on the study, . . . Imre Lakatos, one of the most impor- Here’s where Pfaff’s rabbit-chasing become strange monsters, not to say utter tant philosophers of science in the 20th reformers might be more important than rogues,” and that “those who may be con- century, persecuted “reactionary” profes- he imagines. He sees them as small- sidered the best of them are made useless sors on behalf of Communists in Hungary minded tinkerers nibbling at the edges to the world by the very study that you in the mid 1940s (and was perhaps re - of a much larger problem. Might it not extol.” He argues that, whatever the mer- sponsible for the murder by suicide of Eva be more accurate to view them as trail- its of philosophy, when we look around us Izsak in 1944). Hilary Putnam was, from blazers, demonstrating to skeptical par- and observe actual philosophers, the best 1968 to 1972, a member of the Pro - ties (often including prosecutors) that of them are made useless or even danger- gressive Labor Party, a radical left-wing heavily punitive practices are often ous to politics. party that Martha Nussbaum described as unnecessary and unfitting? Every jus- Even Socrates, the defender of the a cult dedicated to the propagation of tice reformer loves to talk about “data- philosopher-king, admits that Adeimantus Maoism. Putnam frequently sold the driven solutions,” which is just a wonky has a point. Philosopher Neven Sesardic’s party’s newspaper on a street corner at way of saying that we should look for book amasses a great deal of evidence in Harvard Square. methods that work. Pfaff should be in support of Adeimantus’s warning that Sesardic also notes the propensity of favor of this. So should everyone else. even great philosophers usually go wrong prominent intellectuals to make irre- Small-seeming reform projects could when thinking about politics. sponsible comparisons. In 1954, Albert help precipitate a new era for criminal Sesardic limits his subject to promi- Einstein lamented that “we have come a justice in which the risk an alleged nent academic philosophers from the long way toward the establishment of a offender poses to the community is past century within the so-called analytic fascist regime”: “The similarity of general more carefully balanced against other school of philosophy. It is much easier, conditions [in the United States] to those communal and individual goods. he argues, to show that “Continental” in the Germany of 1932 is quite obvious.” Americans have spent decades arguing philosophers (the other dominant tradi- Bertrand Russell wrote disapprovingly, in about whether the poor should be served tion within contemporary philosophy) 1951, that America had become like with lavish benefits or punitive laws. The historically en dorsed disastrous political Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia: “If resulting compromises have been moder- ideas, and this “opens the path for the by some misfortune you were to quote ately successful at stopping crime but argument that analytic philosophers are with approval some remark by Jefferson wildly unsuccessful at stopping the social you would probably lose your job and breakdown that has ravaged so many Mr. Postell, an assistant professor of political science perhaps find yourself behind bars.” American communities. Maybe it’s time at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, is Many significant philosophers did, of to stop arguing about who broke America. is the author of the forthcoming book Bureaucracy course, reject their colleagues’ extreme Locked In gives us some ideas for how we in America: The Administrative State’s politics. Max Weber wrote that Otto might fix it. Challenge to Constitutional Government. Neurath’s economics were “amateurish,

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objectively absolutely irresponsible fool- Many of the subjects of Sesardic’s book Sesardic acknowledges that “the ishness.” Karl Popper was critical of can also be defended on the grounds that strong leftist bias among philosophers is Marxism and said of Neurath: “He sup- they were simply naïve, not irrational, certainly a part of the explanation,” but ported a kind of politics which I regarded when it came to politics. As academics, he believes that “there must be some- as very wrong. Furthermore, he was espe- they had little experience with the real- thing else at work as well.” To explain cially naïve, in the best sense of the word. world implications of endorsing faulty this other factor, he invokes Hobbes’s His attitude to Communism was naïve, ideas and few run-ins with people who statement that, “as men abound in copi- decidedly naïve.” had a vested interest in manipulating them ousness of language, so they become Sesardic summarizes the overall prob- for political gain. For instance, the chapter more wise, or more mad, than ordinary. lem as follows: “In their academic (non- on Albert Einstein (who, Sesardic admits, Nor it is possible without letters for any political) work, philosophers become straddles the distinction between philoso- man to become either excellently wise successful when they present arguments pher and scientist) notes that he was a fre- or . . . excellently foolish.” their colleagues find persuasive or worth quent apologist for the Soviet Union. But in my view, the key to under- discussing. As a rule, one is rewarded for However, the evidence paints Einstein standing the problem Sesardic chroni- presenting good arguments. With political more as a dupe of the Soviet Union who cles is found in the work of an older (and views it is different. The opinions here supported bad causes out of ignorance wiser) philosopher: Aristotle. In his tend to be held passionately, judicious than as a true believer. famous work on ethics, Aristotle divided arguments do not have so much force, and These lapses of practical judgment also virtue into two categories: moral and animosity is often freely expressed.” This seem to be what caused the missteps of intellectual. The latter category, he is why, “despite their declared love of philosophers such as Donald Davidson. argued, could be further divided into wisdom, . . . many leading philosophers Davidson, who chaired the philosophy theoretical wisdom and practical judg- have shown embarrassingly poor judg- department at Princeton during the 1960s, ment. Wisdom is concerned with things ment in their excursions into politics”: took the side of the student protesters that cannot change or be other than what “Many contemporary philosophers have who demanded the abolition of grades they are. Practical judgment, or pru- disgraced themselves by defending totali- and pressed for the hiring of radical dence, is intellectual virtue about the tarian political systems and advocating activist Angela Davis. In many cases, things that can change. Someone can political ideas they should have easily rec- then, Sesardic is able to demonstrate not possess wisdom without being prudent. ognized as distasteful and inhumane.” that these philosophers’ reason itself This person might be able to construct Readers disposed to defend the philoso- went on holiday but that they were naïve an elaborate and coherent theory about phers criticized in this book could point and imprudent in their left-wing political eternal truths but be hapless when it out that much of the evidence is circum- advocacy. comes to the practical considerations stantial, and Sesardic arguably makes too Still, in spite of these potential objec- that belong to politics. much of the connections he is able to tions to Sesardic’s thesis, the evidence he Many of the philosophers Sesardic make. The chapter on Rudolf Carnap, for amasses cannot be dismissed easily. Over describes are wise without being pru- example, explains that he was associated the past century, even the most sober, log- dent. But some others are neither wise with Communist causes (he often signed ical, rational philosophers in the analytic nor prudent. They are irrational about petitions that appeared in the Communist school made political miscalculations politics not despite but because of their Party’s newspaper) and that he supported that even far-left politicians might avoid. theoretical commitments. These are the Henry Wallace in 1948, but fails to pro- What accounts for this strange phenome- people who pursued their ideology re - vide direct evidence that Carnap sup- non? Why is it that great philosophers are gardless of the consequence and justified ported Stalinism or the Communist Party. so bad at thinking about politics? any evil as a necessary means to achieve some noble vision. The problem of these philosophers is not just that they lacked prudence but that they ignored any evi- TWILIGHT dence that called their ideology into A blazing sun caught in the trees question. So another important lesson Attempts to set, but branches mesh Sesardic’s book should teach philoso- And hold the globe. Those rays they seize phers is the need to test their political, Should now have been in Marrakesh. social, and economic theories to ensure that they account for empirical realities. We are just little figures there, Doing philosophy should not be an ex - Absorbing errant rays that stream cuse to ignore social science. Upon the porch. A white lawn chair Regardless of the cause, Sesardic’s Casts its long shadow on the screen book demonstrates that philosophers— And that greyed grass surrounding us. and, in general, academics who have lit- But sun is running far too late tle connection to everyday life—should To stop, explain, or make a fuss. exercise more humility when tempted Dark is what we anticipate. to speak definitively about political matters. Perhaps Adeimantus was right —SALLY COOK after all.

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BOOKS, ARTS & MANNERS

the same thing—he hears Jesus’s voice Film freeing him to stomp upon his savior, and in agony he does just that. Fear and Is it really Jesus? Is apostasy really a higher form of mercy where others’ lives Trembling are on the line? Endo’s novel is ambigu- ous, but my sense is that he in clined in that direction; based on interviews, so ROSS DOUTHAT does Scorsese, and so does his Jesuit ad - viser on the film, the well-known author T is a shame on two levels that Father James Martin. And strikingly (if Martin Scorsese’s Silence, the nor surprisingly), Father Martin’s argu- director’s long-gestating epic about ment about the movie’s in extremis situa- missionaries in 17th-century Ja - tion is very similar to the arguments pan, did not earn a Best Picture or Best deployed by some of Pope Francis’s cir- I Liam Neeson in Silence Director Oscar nomination. First, be- cle on the moral issues of our day—that cause it deserved one. Second, because it there is God’s law, yes, but for the dis- would have brought Scorsese and Mel Rodrigues has two companions, a fel- cerning and hard-pressed, for the relief Gibson together, since the latter, in a coup low Jesuit, Father Garupe (Adam Driver), of immediate human suffering, Jesus for his comeback, won Picture and and a Japanese guide, the tormented makes exceptions. Director nominations for the World War Kichijiro (Yosuke Kubozuka), who has The fact that I am on the other side of II movie Hacksaw Ridge . . . whose star, a history of apostasy and a hunger for this intra-Catholic argument means that Andrew Garfield, is also the star of confession—a cycle that repeats itself you might not trust my critic’s judgment Silence, playing in both cases men of whenever danger looms. In the film’s fully on this point, but I think that what’s Christian zeal. moving first act, the two priests find a on screen in Silence actually undercuts Gibson and Scorsese are not often village of secret Catholics and minister this perspective even if Scorsese person- considered as a diptych, but they should to them, hearing confessions and saying ally favors it, and makes the apostasy be, and not only because both are great Mass in the depths of night while being seem more like a straightforwardly tragic entertainers who are bloody-minded in hidden in a hillside hut above the village fall. The case for apostasy is a tempter’s their own distinctive ways. They also and the sea. case, delivered by a sinister torturer and a have a kind of theological kinship, occu- In the second act, the authorities sweep broken, self-justifying father figure. The pying two poles of Catholic artistry in an in and the suffering begins—baroque in cinematography around the moment of age of Catholic civil war—Scorsese the its cruelties, ruthless in its methods, all crisis is infernal, not celestial. The after- anguished liberal, heterodox and doubt- designed to extirpate a faith that just a math—corruption, collaboration, the tri- ing yet unable to escape the Church’s few decades earlier had claimed hun- umph of the persecutors—seems to make hold on his imagination; Gibson the dreds of thousands of converts. ridiculous the idea that this achieved a mad traditionalist, painting a medieval The Jesuits split up and go on the run; higher good. religious vision on the canvas of late- Rodrigues is captured and taken to the But certainly we can say that Scorsese modern cinema. inquisitor, Inoue (Issei Ogata, giggly and is ambivalent—that violence and suffer- Often it is Gibson’s Catholicism that is insinuating), expecting to face swift ing, so often featured in his art, also fill more overt, but with Silence we have a martyr dom. But he doesn’t get it. Inoue’s him with a horror that makes relieving it Scorsese film that cuts to the heart of his strategy is to torture and kill Christian seem like the ultimate moral absolute. own uncertain faith. It also cuts to the peasants, in increasingly hideous fash- And this, to close the circle, is part of heart, in striking ways, of the great Pope ion, all the while telling Rodrigues that what makes the contrast with Gibson so Francis–era debate within the Roman he can end their suffering and save their interesting, because the traditionalist Church about sin and mercy, remarriage lives if he commits a simple act of apos- Catholic is in love with suffering—the and the sacraments, and how the Church tasy by planting his foot upon a fumie, a war in Hacksaw, the hunt in Apocalypto, should or shouldn’t bend to contemporary sacred image of the Christ. the execution in Braveheart, and of mores. (Warning: Spoilers lurk below.) The priest resists for a time, but then course the Cross in The Passion—in a The script is a largely faithful adapta- Father Ferreira is brought to him: his for- way that assumes, perhaps past the point tion of the novel by Shusaku Endo, a mer mentor, now with a Japanese name of theological plausibility, that all wounds Japanese Catholic novelist with ambiva- and wife, who passed through the same are a path to apotheosis. lent feelings about both his nation and trial and chose apostasy. In Neeson’s rum- Both filmmakers are telling stories his faith. The protagonist and narrator is bling tones, Ferreira insists (in an echo of about the places where pain and transcen- Father Rodrigues (Garfield), a young Inoue’s rhetoric) that Christianity could dence meet; both ask where God is when Portuguese Jesuit who enters Japan amid never have taken root in Japan anyway, we are suffering, which burdens we must a brutal persecution of Christians, in and he urges the young priest to betray his bear and which can be set down. In this search of both converts who need priests faith as an act of higher charity and mercy. contrast between their intended answers, and his missing mentor, Father Ferreira Then, in the hour of crisis, the image of a great deal of modern Catholic uncer- CAPPA DEFINA PRODUCTIONS (Liam Neeson). the fumie itself seems to tell Rodrigues tainty is gathered up.

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lights, we’re on schedule, we’re making Byrd, etc.). But our conductor had gone to City Desk progress, we’re riding the hay wain the powers that be for a permit, and we together. Normal but alarming are the never solicited or accepted donations. Notes from stops. —? After three beats we think: Beginning in the Nineties, the culture Accident? Hijacking by criminal master- of the city and of the trains changed. No minds? Jihad? What fans alarm are the more googly graffiti in cars or on station Underground announcements designed to allay it, walls. The only paint you saw was regu- either because they refer opaquely to “an lation. Beggars and punks got moved incident” for which this train is being along or taken in. The only in-train musi- held, or because they refer in static-ese cians now are black male a cappella only to KHKHKXL. quartets that sing doo-wop or old soul. In the watches of the night the train is They drop a tune, then move to the next almost empty, which brews its own weird- car, like table-hopping violinists in the ness. Years ago I took a crosstown hop. posh restaurants of Forties movies. Other Across from me sat a woman whose blouse music comes from the trains themselves. was open. Across and down sat a man, On certain lines they sing (this is rela- obviously not an acquaintance, eyeing her. tive, not perfect pitch) C–up to B-flat–A, She giggled; she was high as a kite. This the first three notes of “There’s a Place RICHARD BROOKHISER would not close well. Another time my for Us,” rudely followed by B natural.

HE most recent culture-war slappy fight involved trans- As long as we feel the roll and rattle portation: Do you know anyone who drives a pickup truck, and glimpse the staccato of passing Tthe vehicle of those who labor in the tunnel lights, we’re on schedule. earth, the chosen people of God? Upstate of course is full of pickups, though my wife and I were returning from a pre-hip- From Bernstein to Webern, or Bach: archetype of the country vehicle is the ster outer borough when a posse got on, The four notes are, in German notation, Volkswagen that Doug bought for $400, jumping up and down as loudly as they an anagram of the BACH theme, customized, then drove until it fell apart could, and shouting “This is t’F*** Train.” C–B(=B-flat)–A–H(=B-natural). (its last incarnation was as a lumber Youth must have its day. We looked Between rush hour and spooky hour, wagon). But this for another time. In the straight ahead until they departed. you can relax and look around. Ads: lots city, the vehicle of choice is the subway, Managing the trains and the stations for foot problems and skin care. Non- which is called the train. they serve is a constant struggle against traditional degrees, more legit one hopes Talk about old technology. With great disorder. In the Seventies and Eighties than those once offered by the 45th presi- fanfare and not a little mockery, the transit the struggle had gone the way of Canute. dent. The strange tongues of government system opened a new short spur on the Trains and platforms were infested with announcements: Bernstein wrote a musi- Upper East Side. The extension had only beggars and panhandling musicians. A cal about a white–Puerto Rican romance, been on the drawing board for a century. nun sat at the bottom of one of the escala- now it would have to be Company with How did all the other lines get built? There tors descending into the bowels of Grand Chinese-, Russian-, Korean-, and Kreyol- are 236 miles of routes, running from the Central Station. The diocese had said sev- speaking characters. I pray they never North American mainland to the barrier eral times in my life that there are no install video ads, and pray on my knees reef of Long Island. What made it happen? mendicant nuns in New York. Tell that to that they never allow political ads. My last Cheap labor? No safety standards? Will to Sister Tip-Me. The clergy of the new reli- prayer will probably be granted: The city power? Something produced a great spurt, gion of social justice barged through the is a one-party state, why bother? People on which the city has coasted ever since. cars, announcing that they were accepting still do read analog books on the train— In peak hours the trains can be almost donations of food for the homeless. What and not just schoolwork, by the look of it. Japanese in density, and in willed igno- a great welfare system—half-eaten turkey Rarely a newspaper though, not even the rance of one’s surroundings. Everyone wraps, available for distribution, oh, may - commuter giveaways. stands at attention (the seats have been be four hours after they were collected. Strangely, in all my years underground, filled long ago). Hands angle for poles or You could, of course, also give them I have hardly run into anyone I know. Last overhead grab bars. The tall can reach up money. Blind men rattling cups flourished spring, a man with a Caribbean accent and gain a little stability by pressing a their canes like vergers’ wands (also recognized me from TV and asked my palm flat against the ceiling. If a gentle- “blind” men: a friend of mine once pre- esti-ma-tion of the Trump situ-a-tion. He man swivels up to yield his seat to a preg- tended to be one for a day). My standing had to get off before I could answer. Good nant woman, it is as astonishing as the to complain could be questioned since I thing: What did I know? And just the miracle of the loaves and fishes. met my wife in a singing group that per- other day, I was rolling uptown to a break- Crowding is irksome but normal. As formed, in the larger stations and on the fast meeting when I caught, across a long as we feel the roll and rattle and harbor ferries, the music of Guillaume crowded train, the eye of a colleague. glimpse the staccato of passing tunnel Dufay and cover bands (Josquin, William Almost missed him. I was in the zone.

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Happy Warrior BY DANIEL FOSTER Sheer Lunacy

UPPOSE a Republican presidential candidate There’s nothing novel about partisans on both sides spent the entire campaign promising to blow up concocting diametrically opposed caricatures of a policy the moon if elected. “America can, should, must, or proposal the reality of which lies somewhere between. S and will blow up the moon,” this candidate The people and institutions that conduct our political dis- boomed over and over on the trail, aping the characters in a course can identify this dynamic and compensate for it. Mr. Show sketch. But it’s bizarre when partisans on one side of the issue Suppose this rhetoric angered all the right people and embrace the caricature of partisans on the other. That turns energized the hell out of the long-dormant working-class a rhetorical tug of war over a well-defined central line into anti-lunar vote, and pundits flooded the cable news net- a tug of war floating in outer space, with neither side teth- works with cheers and condemnations of the candidate’s ered to anything firm. implausible promise to annihilate Earth’s only permanent Combine this with the new administration’s Baghdad natural satellite. Bob, Sean Spicer, and the confusion becomes positively Suppose scandalized establishment figures and institu- brain-liquefying. To wit, Spicer, admonishing the media for tions, including some prominent Republicans, publicly reporting the EO as a Muslim ban, was asked why POTUS admonished the candidate for the uncouthness and unwis- (and POTUS Jr.) had referred to it that way in Tweets—and dom of the proposal (that is, until public polling showed replied that the president was merely “using the words the surprisingly broad support for the selective extirpation of media is using.” neighboring celestial bodies). We might just be able to enjoy the com- Suppose this candidate then won a nar- media dell’arte of it all if there weren’t so row contest on Election Day—in part, it was much at stake, or if we could count on a hypothesized, owing to the awakening of The Greater credible and sober opposition. Rust Belt voters who, in progressive circles, Left has But there are no adults left. Nobody is were now commonly referred to as Earth coming to save us. The muscle memory of supremacists—and in the first week issued a contented partisanship is too strong, and rather than hastily composed and sloppily executed grapple with the unique—and thus far dev- order requiring NASA to . . . itself with astatingly effective—ways the new regime . . . effect a small number of largely sym- renders information amorphous and contin- bolic controlled lunar demolitions, to occur the usual gent, the Greater Left has contented itself over a period of three or four months, and hysterics and with the usual hysterics and hyperbole. A likely to make no ultimate difference, either gambit that feeds, rather than checks, the to the structural integrity of the moon or the hyperbole. late occupants of the White House. long-term trajectory of American policy. Take the response of the all-too-briefly Now suppose the New York Times, in response to this “acting” attorney general of the United States, Sally Yates, development, went with a big, pearl-clutching A1 spread— who, in a move of pure self-indulgence, instructed the Justice “President Orders NASA to Blow Up Freaking Moon!”— Department to ignore the immigration order for just long with the professional Left, slacktivists, and Hollywood enough to get herself righteously fired. award-show attendees predictably forming a chorus of out- The writer Michael Brendan Dougherty was the first, but rage around the new narrative. by no means the last, among the crusty remnant of sane peo- Suppose this left it to an increasingly wearied and punch- ple to put the scalpel to this lunacy. drunk band of sober-minded observers to point out that, while one could say whatever one wanted about the merits of Yates could have made a point by resigning. Or she could have argued that the EO was unconstitutional, illegal. But the order, it was dishonest and alarmist to characterize it as she didn’t. Like so much of the opposition that will come, calling for “the complete vaporization of the moon,” in the she couldn’t recognize or articulate the principles at stake. words of Senate minority leader Charles Schumer. The whole damn system has been running on the fumes of Lastly, suppose that instead of pushing back in similar norms of partisanship. Trump just shattered them, and fashion, the White House chose to enthusiastically co-opt its there’s nothing underneath. opponents’ #MoonBlam Twitter hashtag and send its key surrogates to the Sunday shows to argue that leaving even Republican and Democratic apparatchiks in this country one, Nebraska-sized chunk of the moon intact would make have spent the last several years imagining that the hubris America less safe. and folly of their adversaries would lead to the permanent Yes, I’ve tortured this ridiculous hypothetical into an ruination of the opposing party. At various moments over this unrecognizable pulp, but you will, I hope, still recognize interval, it verged on conventional wisdom that one side or that it’s exactly how things played out with the #MuslimBan the other was right. that wasn’t. Now it seems increasingly obvious that both were.

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