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Ergonomické Zhodnocení

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Ergonomické Zhodnocení MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV ANTROPOLOGIE Jízda na koloběžce: antropologicko- ergonomické zhodnocení Diplomová práce Ondřej Sitek Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Martin Čuta, Ph.D. Brno 2016 MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Scooter Riding: An Anthropological-ergonomic Evaluation Diploma thesis Ondřej Sitek Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Čuta, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Ondřej Sitek Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav antropologie Název práce: Jízda na koloběžce: antropologicko-ergonomické zhodnocení Studijní program: Antropologie Studijní obor: Antropologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Martin Čuta, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 151 Klíčová slova: koloběžka; ergonomie; kinematický záznam jízdy na koloběžce; antropometrie; biomechanika; držení těla Bibliographic Entry Author Bc. Ondřej Sitek Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Anthropology Title of Thesis: Scooter riding: an anthropological-ergonomic evaluation Degree programme: Anthropology Field of Study: Anthropology Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Čuta, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 151 Keywords: scooter; ergonomics; kinematic recording of scooter riding; anthropometry; biomechanics; body posture Abstract This present diploma thesis deals with the fresh phenomenon of non-motorised scooters. Rapid increase in popularity and consequent progressive development of various scooter types resulted in the incorporation of scooters among regular means of transport, with the potential to substitute bicycles in many instances. This thesis endeavours to present a satisfactory insight into scooter problematics, both on a theoretical and practical level. The performed research strived to systematically cover the fundamental anthropological fields: anthropometry of scooter riders and kinematics of scooter riding. The anthropometry was performed on 30 scooter riders (24 males and 6 females), and the chosen dimensions were related to the scooter ergonomics. The kinematics of the scooter riding was recorded, described and analysed in 24 scooter riders (15 males and 9 females) and 27 non-scooter riders (14 males and 13 females, representing a control sample). Complementarily, the back posture of all participants was inspected and associated to the scooter riding, and finally, a questionnaire was given to the participants to supplement the retained findings. Based on anthropometric findings, several human dimensions are provided to be respected in scooter construction in order to harmonise the scooter to real human dimensions. What is more, it is proposed that the scooter producers fabricate at least two sizes of scooter models, in order to fit variable human dimensions. Based on the kinematic recordings a thorough comparison between scooter riders and non-scooter riders was performed. The comparison of body posture and back and neck ache between two samples showed significantly more impairment in non-scooter riders. Abstrakt Předkládaná diplomová práce pojednává o poměrně novodobém fenoménu, koloběžce. Prudký nárůst popularity koloběžek, doprovázený vývojem a rozvojem rozličných typů, vede k současnému pojetí koloběžky, tedy dopravnímu prostředku takřka rovnocennému jízdnímu kolu. Práce si klade za cíl představit uspokojivý pohled na problematiku koloběžek na teoretické i praktické úrovni. Praktická část je zaměřena na základní antropologické disciplíny: antropometrii koloběžkářů a kinematiku jízdy na koloběžce. Antropometrie byla provedena na 30 koloběžkářích (24 mužů a 6 žen), přičemž vybrané tělesné rozměry byly kladeny do souvislosti s ergonomií koloběžky. Kinematika jízdy na koloběžce byla pořízena a obecně popsána a analyzována u 24 koloběžkářů (15 mužů a 9 žen) a u 27 nekoloběžkářů (14 mužů a 12 žen, představujících kontrolní vzorek). K doplnění předchozích metod byla u všech účastníků výzkumu provedena vizuální inspekce držení těla a rovněž každý účastník vyplnil zdravotní dotazník. Na základě výsledků antropometrie představuje práce výčet i hodnoty rozměrů lidského těla, jež mají sloužit konstruktérům koloběžek při výrobě ergonomicky vhodného stroje. Práce rovněž přináší doporučení k výrobě nejméně dvou ergonomicky podložených konfekčních velikostí koloběžek. Na základě kinematického záznamu jízdy na koloběžce poskytuje práce zevrubná porovnání koloběžkářů s nekoloběžkáři. Srovnání držení těla a bolestí v zádové a krční oblasti mezi koloběžkáři a nekoloběžkáři odhalilo statisticky významně horší držení těla a častější bolesti mezi nekoloběžkáři. Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express gratitude to Mgr. Martin Čuta, Ph.D. for his inspirational and versatile supervision, countless inventive ideas and devoted approach. Also I would like to thank Department of Computer Graphics and Design at Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno; above all my thanks there head towards Mgr. Jiří Chmelík, Ph.D., who organised and arranged the kinematic recording of scooter riding at the faculty field, and without whose enthusiastic attitude the kinematic recording would not be realisable. My greatest thanks are also destined to Jonathan Daddo, Lucia Korbelyiová, Lucie Návratová, Jan Nevyjel and Libor Sitek, who provided me with numerous linguistic and stylistic corrections and remarks. Furthermore, I would like to thank scooter riders Václav Jun, Petr Lindner and Petr Mejsnar for their selfless help in the scooter riders gathering and enabling the anthropometry and kinematic recording to proceed; and to my dear fellows Michael Roj, Miroslav Šenkýř and Kamil Števanka for assisting me during the anthropometry. Special thanks belong to Thijza Brouwer for providing me with detailed information about the scooter history and the marvellous period pictures; and to my brother Tomáš Sitek for the passionate all night long discussions about the scooters, for his brilliant restless thoughts of various scooter connotations and for a great help in figures and charts processing. The last but not least thanks belong to my whole family and all awesome friends, whose support was filling me with an essential energy. Declaration of Honour I hereby declare on my honour that I personally prepared the present diploma thesis and that I have used no resources other than those declared in the references. All formulations and concepts adopted literally or in their essential content have been cited according to the rules for academic work. Brno, 9 February 2016 . Ondřej Sitek Table of contents List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... xii List of Charts ...................................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xv List of Appendixes ............................................................................................................... xvi 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 2 3. Terminology ........................................................................................................................ 3 4. Scooter Legislation ............................................................................................................. 6 5. Brief History of Scooter Riding .......................................................................................... 7 6. Scooter Construction ......................................................................................................... 12 7. Scooter Parameters ........................................................................................................... 14 8. Scooter Types ................................................................................................................... 15 8.1. Universal Scooters ..................................................................................................... 15 8.1.1. Folding Scooters ................................................................................................. 16 8.2. Off-road Scooters ....................................................................................................... 17 8.2.1. Mushing Scooters ............................................................................................... 18 8.3. Road Scooters ............................................................................................................ 19 8.4. Stunt Scooters ............................................................................................................ 21 8.5. Small Aluminium Folding Scooters .......................................................................... 22 8.6. Scooters for Children ................................................................................................. 23 8.7. Motorised and Electric Scooters ................................................................................ 24 8.8. Kicksled ..................................................................................................................... 25 9. Scooter Producers in
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