DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation Status of Birds of Prey in the South American Tropics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conservation Status of Birds of Prey in the South American Tropics j. RaptorRes. 32 (1) :19-27 ¸ 1998 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. CONSERVATION STATUS OF BIRDS OF PREY IN THE SOUTH AMERICAN TROPICS RICHARDO. BIERREGAARD,JR. Departmentof Biology,University of North Carolinaat Charlotte,9201 UniversityCity Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223-9201 U.S.A. ABSTRACT.--TheICBP/IUCN Red Data Book listsas Threatened or Endangered five of the 82 species of Falconiformes and one of the 32 Strigiformes that breed in tropical South America. The White- collared Kite (Leucopternisforbesi), an endemic of the Atlantic coastalforests of Brazil, can be added to this list. Becausevast areas of South America, most notably its tropical forests,have been inadequately surveyedand few studieshave been carried out on raptor speciesor assemblages,our knowledgeof the distribution and natural history of many raptor species,especially owls and forest-dwellingFalconifor- mes, is rudimentary at best. Most needed for conservationpurposes is information on population den- sities,distribution, and reproductivebiology that will tell us how large populations are and how fast they can reproduce. For most species,these data are anecdotal or nonexistent.Although the majority of South America's tropical raptors appear not to be globally threatened at present, more information is needed to confirm current assessments,recognize when speciesbecome threatened, and to move quickly and efficiently to addresssuch threats. KEYWORDS: Falconiformes;Strigiformes; endangered species; habitat loss; South America; tropical forest;, conser- vation. Estado de conservacionde las avesrapaces en los tropicos de Am6rica del Sur RESUM•N.--E1Libro Rojo de la ICBP/IUCN incluye coxnoamenazadas o en peligro a cinco de las 82 especiesde Falconiformesy una de las 32 Strigiformes que se reproducen en los tr6picos de Aan6rica del Sur. Leucopternisforbesi,endSmica de los bosquescosteros del Atl•tnticoen Brasilpuede ser adicionada a esta lista. Vastasfireas de Sur•unerica,mas especificamentelos bosquestropicales han sido inadecu- adamente investigadosy pocos estudioshan sido realizados sobre las especiesde avesrapaces o sobre susensamblajes, nuestro conocimiento de la distribuci0n e historia natural de muchas especiesde aves rapaces,especiahnente buhos y Falconiformesde bosque,es rudimentario. Para prop6sitosde conser- vaci0n se requiere de informaci6n relacionada con densidadespoblacionales, distribuci6n, biolog•a reproductiva, que pueda decirnos de que tamafio son las poblacionesy que tan r•tpido se pueden reproducir. Para la mayorCade las especiesestos datos son anecd6ticose inexistentes.A pesar de que la mayoria de las avesrapaces de Am6rica del Sur no esfftnglobahnente amenazadasen el presente, se requiere de mas informaci6n para confirmar las evaluacionesactuales y poder reconocer cuando una especiese encuentra en peligro y poder actuar r•tpidamente para en forma eficiente abordar las amen- azas. [Traducci6n de C6sar Mfirquez] The South American continent is renowned for are found primarily south of the tropicsbut have its avian diversity;roughly 32% (3100 species)of rangesthat extendinto the tropics(north of 30øS). the world's avifauna is found there, on only 12% Not coincidentally, South America is also re- of the world's land surface. Birds of prey are no nowned for its Amazonian rainforests, home to exception. Eighty-fourFalconiformes and 32 Strio many of the continent's remarkable avifauna. giformesare resident in South America (following Among the raptors, 52 Falconiformesand 25 owls the taxonomyin Hume [1991] and de1Hoyo et ai. are associated with some sort of tropical forest, [1994]). These totalsrepresent 28% and 21%, re- from the lowlandsto high-altitude cloud forests. spectively,of the world's speciesin these two or- Tropical forests around the world are being ders. Most (82) of the Falconiformes(Appendix 1) clearedat alarmingrates (Whitmore 1997), with an and all of the owls (Appendix 2) are tropical or inevitable loss of primary habitat and fragmenta- 19 20 BIERREGAARD VOL. 32, NO. 1 tion of what remains. These landscape-wide tion has hardly been studied in the South Ameri- changeshave profound implicationsfor the con- can tropics. Including subspecies,the 82 Falconi- servation of biological diversityand have piqued form speciesin South America representonly 128 the attention of biologistsfrom the conservation strictly South American taxa. Most species are community(e.g., Lauranceand Bierregaard1997). monotypic and four speciesalone account for 22 Although the loss of tropical forests is the most of these taxa (Appendix 1). The constraintof only conspicuousthreat to tropical species,the conver- considering South American forms is clearly arti- sion of wooded or open savannato intensive agri- ficial since many of the speciesoccur in Central culture is also taking its toll by reducing available America, Mexico, and the Caribbean,where many habitat. are representedby variousdistinct populations. In- Birds of prey, as top-order predators with large cluding Central American, Mexican, and Caribbe- home ranges and generally low population densi- an populations,the number of taxa representedby ties, may be especiallysensitive to suchhabitat loss the 82 speciesclimbs from 128 (1.6 taxa/species) and fragmentation. Due to this, certain taxa may to 170 (2.1 taxa/species)(Appendix 1). Hence, the be important indicatorsof habitat integrity.Along much smaller Central American region containsa with their high visibility and general allure, they great deal of biologicaldiversity and is of great con- are ideal "flagshipspecies" for the conservationof servation concern, particularly given the greater critically endangered habitats. annual rate of deforestationthere when compared In this paper, I review the aspectsof the biology to tropical South America (Whitmore 1997). of tropical speciesthat I feel need to be better un- Data on reproductive biology such as behavior, derstoodif we are to assessaccurately their conser- clutch size, frequency of nesting attempts, survi- vation status,and then I briefly summarizethe ar- vorship of nestlings,and recruitment into the adult eas where our knowledge is weakest.Within this population can provide an estimate of a species' framework, I discussthe principal threats to raptor potential rate of population growth. Combined speciesin the South American tropics, review the with estimatesof population size or density,these general trends that are apparent, discussthe status data are important in assessingthe potential resil- of eight speciesthat seem to merit special atten- ience of a population. tion, and make recommendations for future re- Finally, information on each species'habitat re- search. quirementswill also help us to assessthreats to its persistence.Not all speciesthat are typicallyfound DATA NEEDED in any given habitat are behaviorallyor ecologically Effective conservation must be based on a sound restricted to it. A number of North American rap- understanding of a number of biological factors, tors have shown great behavioral plasticityand are principally but not exclusively: distribution and nesting in suburban (e.g., Merlins [Falcocolumbar- population density,taxonomy, breeding behavior ius; Sodhi et al. 1991], Swainson's Hawks [Buteo and reproductive rates, and habitat requirements, swainsoni;England et al. 1995], Cooper's Hawks or, conversely,sensitivity to habitat modification. [Accipitercooperii; Rosenfield et al. 1995]) or urban Information on migratory habits and prey special- (Peregrine Falcon [Falco pereg,inus])settings. In ization is important as well. Distribution and pop- Central America, a number of raptorsnest in both ulation density together provide an estimate of primary forest as well as more disturbedlandscape population size,which is crucial in monitoring the mosaics of agriculture, second growth, and pri- vulnerability of a species. mary forest (Whitacre pers. comm.). Although it is not often considered in conser- DATA IN HAND vation discussions,our understanding of taxonomy at the specific and subspecificlevel is indeed im- A recent review (Bierregaard 1995) highlighted portant. In fact, we face many problems in defining the gaps in our knowledge of the natural history biological and phylogeneticspecies and in decid- of the Falconiformes in Meso- and South America. ing how to deal with distinct populations (Zink and Overall, the specieswe know the least about are McKitrick 1995). These questions have conserva- the small residents of primary forest, especially tion implications becauseconservation laws focus those in the genera Accipit• Leucopternis,and Mi- at only the specieslevel. crastur.Nests have not been described for 16 spe- Among Falconiformes, subspecific differentia- cies (Table 1), and fewer than five nests have been MARCH 1998 RAPTORSIN SOUTH AMERICAN TROPICS 21 Table 1. South American Falconitbrmeswith very poorly known natural histories. UNKNOWN BREEDING SCANT OR No PREY NEST UNDESCRIBED BIOLOGY DATA a Leptodonforbesi x x 0 Ha,pagus diodon x + Circusbuffoni + Accipiterpoliogaster x x 0 Accipitersuperdliosus + Accipitercollaris x x 0 Accipiterventmlis x + Accipitereryth,vnemius x x 0 Leucopternisschistacea x x Leucopternisplu mbea x x + Leucopternisprinceps x x + Leucopternismelanops x x + Leucopterniskuhli x x + Leucopternislacernulata x x Leucopternispolionota x x Buteogallussubtilis + Ha,pyhaliaetussolitarius + Harpyhaliaetusco,vnatus Buteoalbigula x + Buteo ventralis x + Phalcoboenus carunculatus x Phalcoboenusmegalopterus x Phalocoboenusalbogularis x + Milvago chimachima
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Disaggregation of Bird Families Listed on Cms Appendix Ii
    Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 2nd Meeting of the Sessional Committee of the CMS Scientific Council (ScC-SC2) Bonn, Germany, 10 – 14 July 2017 UNEP/CMS/ScC-SC2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II (Prepared by the Appointed Councillors for Birds) Summary: The first meeting of the Sessional Committee of the Scientific Council identified the adoption of a new standard reference for avian taxonomy as an opportunity to disaggregate the higher-level taxa listed on Appendix II and to identify those that are considered to be migratory species and that have an unfavourable conservation status. The current paper presents an initial analysis of the higher-level disaggregation using the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World Volumes 1 and 2 taxonomy, and identifies the challenges in completing the analysis to identify all of the migratory species and the corresponding Range States. The document has been prepared by the COP Appointed Scientific Councilors for Birds. This is a supplementary paper to COP document UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.3 on Taxonomy and Nomenclature UNEP/CMS/ScC-Sc2/Inf.3 DISAGGREGATION OF BIRD FAMILIES LISTED ON CMS APPENDIX II 1. Through Resolution 11.19, the Conference of Parties adopted as the standard reference for bird taxonomy and nomenclature for Non-Passerine species the Handbook of the Birds of the World/BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Non-Passerines, by Josep del Hoyo and Nigel J. Collar (2014); 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bald Eagles 101 Name ______
    Bald Eagles 101 Name __________________________ Go to the Science Spot (http://sciencespot.net/) and click “Kid Zone” to find the link for the “Links for Eagle Days” page! Site: Eagles to the Nest Click “Lesson 1: Bald Eagles 101” and choose “Who Are They?” 1. How many species of eagles are found around the world? _________ 2. The term raptor comes from the Latin word for ________________, which stems from the term “rapture” meaning “____ _________ _____ _________ ________.” 3. Search the page to find the answers to each question. 1st Group - Sea and Fish Eagles (1) How many species belong to this group? ______ (2) Where do they live? _________________________________________________________ (3) What do they like to eat? ____________________________________________________ 2nd Group - Snake Eagles (1) How many species belong to this group? ______ (2) What do they eat? _________________________________________________________ (3) Where can you find these eagles? ___________________________________________ 3rd Group - Harpy Eagles (1) How many species belong to this group? ______ (2) Where do they live? _________________________________________________________ (3) What do they eat? __________________________________________________________ 4th Group - Booted Eagles (1) What do they eat? __________________________________________________________ (2) What one characteristic do all booted eagles have in common? _______________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Identify each eagle by its group using SF for Sea and Fish eagles, S for Snake eagles, H for Harpy eagles, and B for Booted eagles. _____ American Bald Eagle _____ Harpy Eagle _____ Golden Eagle _____ Bateleur _____ Crested Serpent Eagle _____ Steller’s Sea Eagle _____ Black Solitary Eagle _____ Ayres’ Hawk Eagle 4. Where are bald eagles found? ______________________________________________________ 5. Which is larger: a female or male bald eagle? ______________________________________ 6.
    [Show full text]
  • TOUR REPORT Southwestern Amazonia 2017 Final
    For the first time on a Birdquest tour, the Holy Grail from the Brazilian Amazon, Rondonia Bushbird – male (Eduardo Patrial) BRAZIL’S SOUTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 7 / 11 - 24 JUNE 2017 LEADER: EDUARDO PATRIAL What an impressive and rewarding tour it was this inaugural Brazil’s Southwestern Amazonia. Sixteen days of fine Amazonian birding, exploring some of the most fascinating forests and campina habitats in three different Brazilian states: Rondonia, Amazonas and Acre. We recorded over five hundred species (536) with the exquisite taste of specialties from the Rondonia and Inambari endemism centres, respectively east bank and west bank of Rio Madeira. At least eight Birdquest lifer birds were acquired on this tour: the rare Rondonia Bushbird; Brazilian endemics White-breasted Antbird, Manicore Warbling Antbird, Aripuana Antwren and Chico’s Tyrannulet; also Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher, Acre Tody-Tyrant and the amazing Rufous Twistwing. Our itinerary definitely put together one of the finest selections of Amazonian avifauna, though for a next trip there are probably few adjustments to be done. The pre-tour extension campsite brings you to very basic camping conditions, with company of some mosquitoes and relentless heat, but certainly a remarkable site for birding, the Igarapé São João really provided an amazing experience. All other sites 1 BirdQuest Tour Report: Brazil’s Southwestern Amazonia 2017 www.birdquest-tours.com visited on main tour provided considerably easy and very good birding. From the rich east part of Rondonia, the fascinating savannas and endless forests around Humaitá in Amazonas, and finally the impressive bamboo forest at Rio Branco in Acre, this tour focused the endemics from both sides of the medium Rio Madeira.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Identification of the Field Identification of the Field
    TOPICS IN IDENTIFICATION he Solitary Eagle ( Harpyhaliaetus solitarius ) is a large raptor that is closely related and similar in adult and immature plum- Tages to the black-hawks in the genus Buteogallus (Lerner and Mindell 2005). It is a rare and very local resident in a variety of wet and dry forested hills and highlands from northern Argentina to northern Mexico (del Hoyo et al. 1994, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species has been collected in Mexico not far from the Texas border (see Discussion, pp. 72 –73), so it is possible that it has occurred in the ABA Area. The handful of specimens and nest records of this eagle are from 700 to 2,000 meters above sea level (Brown and Amadon 1968). FFiieelldd IIddeennttiifificcaattiioonn ooff tthhee SSOOLLIITTTAAARRRYYY EEAAAGGGLLLEEE Nevertheless, sightings of this eagle are occasionally reported from lowland tropical rain forest, e.g., at Tikal, Guatemala (Beaver et al. 1991) and the Tuxtlas Mountains of south - William S. Clark ern Veracruz, Mexico (Winker et al. 1992). The species has been reported on some pro - 2301 South Whitehouse Circle fessional bird tours at such lowland sites as Palenque and the Usumicinta River in south - Harlingen, Texas 78550 ern Mexico. All of these accounts have relied on large size and gray coloration as the [email protected] field marks to distinguish the eagles from the much more abundant Common Black- Hawk ( Buteogallus anthracinus ) and Great Black-Hawk ( B. urubitinga ). H. Lee Jones Howell and Webb (1995) were skeptical and stated that most lowland records of the 4810 Park Newport, No.
    [Show full text]
  • First Nesting Record of the Nest of a Slaty&Hyphen;Backed
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS J. RaptorRes. 34(2):148-150 ¸ 2000 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. FIRST NESTING RECORD OF THE NEST OF A SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON (MJCRASTURMIRANDOLI•I) IN YASUNi NATtONAL PAm•, ECU•DOmAN AMAZON TJITTE DE VRIES AND CRISTIANMELO Departamentode Biologia, Pontifida Universidad Cat61ica del Ecuador, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador KEY WORDS: Slaty-backedForest-Falcon; Micrastur miran- first falconwas smaller and probablythe male of the pair. dollei; first nestingrecord; stick nest;, Ecuad• After the male flew into the forest, the female walked to the nest and stood on the edge for 2-3 min before it The genus Micrasturconsists of six species,all having disappearedinto the forest at 1642 H. At 1732 H, the a furtive life in humid and wet forests in Central and female returned and perched in a tree 10 m from the South America (Hilty and Brown 1986, del Hoyo et al. nest and preened and cleaned its clawsas if it had just 1994). The Barred Forest-Falcon(M. ruficollis)and the eaten prey. At 1745 H, the female flew into the forest Collared Forest-Falcon(M. semitorquatus)are known to and did not return before we left at 1830 H. We con~ nest in tree cavities (Mader 1979, Thorstrom and Morales cluded that the birds we observedwere not Grey-bellied 1993, Thorstrom et al. 1990, Thorstrom et al. 1991, Thor- Hawks (Accipiterpoliogaster) because the female had a strom et al. 1992) but there is no information on the pure white belly and the facial area was notably yellow breeding of the PlumbeousForest-Falcon (M.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil's Eastern Amazonia
    The loud and impressive White Bellbird, one of the many highlights on the Brazil’s Eastern Amazonia 2017 tour (Eduardo Patrial) BRAZIL’S EASTERN AMAZONIA 8/16 – 26 AUGUST 2017 LEADER: EDUARDO PATRIAL This second edition of Brazil’s Eastern Amazonia was absolutely a phenomenal trip with over five hundred species recorded (514). Some adjustments happily facilitated the logistics (internal flights) a bit and we also could explore some areas around Belem this time, providing some extra good birds to our list. Our time at Amazonia National Park was good and we managed to get most of the important targets, despite the quite low bird activity noticed along the trails when we were there. Carajas National Forest on the other hand was very busy and produced an overwhelming cast of fine birds (and a Giant Armadillo!). Caxias in the end came again as good as it gets, and this time with the novelty of visiting a new site, Campo Maior, a place that reminds the lowlands from Pantanal. On this amazing tour we had the chance to enjoy the special avifauna from two important interfluvium in the Brazilian Amazon, the Madeira – Tapajos and Xingu – Tocantins; and also the specialties from a poorly covered corner in the Northeast region at Maranhão and Piauí states. Check out below the highlights from this successful adventure: Horned Screamer, Masked Duck, Chestnut- headed and Buff-browed Chachalacas, White-crested Guan, Bare-faced Curassow, King Vulture, Black-and- white and Ornate Hawk-Eagles, White and White-browed Hawks, Rufous-sided and Russet-crowned Crakes, Dark-winged Trumpeter (ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimations Relative to Birds of Prey in Captivity in the United States of America
    ESTIMATIONS RELATIVE TO BIRDS OF PREY IN CAPTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA by Roger Thacker Department of Animal Laboratories The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Introduction. Counts relating to birds of prey in captivity have been accomplished in some European countries; how- ever, to the knowledge of this author no such information is available in the United States of America. The following paper consistsof data related to this subject collected during 1969-1970 from surveys carried out in many different direc- tions within this country. Methods. In an attempt to obtain as clear a picture as pos- sible, counts were divided into specific areas: Research, Zoo- logical, Falconry, and Pet Holders. It became obvious as the project advanced that in some casesthere was overlap from one area to another; an example of this being a falconer working with a bird both for falconry and research purposes. In some instances such as this, the author has used his own judgment in placing birds in specific categories; in other in- stances received information has been used for this purpose. It has also become clear during this project that a count of "pets" is very difficult to obtain. Lack of interest, non-coop- eration, or no available information from animal sales firms makes the task very difficult, as unfortunately, to obtain a clear dispersal picture it is from such sourcesthat informa- tion must be gleaned. However, data related to the importa- tion of birds' of prey as recorded by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is included, and it is felt some observa- tions can be made from these figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 Version Available for Download From
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 14, 3rd edition). A 4th edition of the Handbook is in preparation and will be available in 2009. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. DD MM YY Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro - Bióloga - Analista Ambiental / [email protected], (95) Designation date Site Reference Number 99136-0940. Antonio Lisboa - Geógrafo - MSc. Biogeografia - Analista Ambiental / [email protected], (95) 99137-1192. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - ICMBio Rua Alfredo Cruz, 283, Centro, Boa Vista -RR. CEP: 69.301-140 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird) Species List
    Aves (Bird) Species List Higher Classification1 Kingdom: Animalia, Phyllum: Chordata, Class: Reptilia, Diapsida, Archosauria, Aves Order (O:) and Family (F:) English Name2 Scientific Name3 O: Tinamiformes (Tinamous) F: Tinamidae (Tinamous) Great Tinamou Tinamus major Highland Tinamou Nothocercus bonapartei O: Galliformes (Turkeys, Pheasants & Quail) F: Cracidae Black Guan Chamaepetes unicolor (Chachalacas, Guans & Curassows) Gray-headed Chachalaca Ortalis cinereiceps F: Odontophoridae (New World Quail) Black-breasted Wood-quail Odontophorus leucolaemus Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx leucophrys Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophorus gujanensis Spotted Wood-Quail Odontophorus guttatus O: Suliformes (Cormorants) F: Fregatidae (Frigatebirds) Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens O: Pelecaniformes (Pelicans, Tropicbirds & Allies) F: Ardeidae (Herons, Egrets & Bitterns) Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis O: Charadriiformes (Sandpipers & Allies) F: Scolopacidae (Sandpipers) Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius O: Gruiformes (Cranes & Allies) F: Rallidae (Rails) Gray-Cowled Wood-Rail Aramides cajaneus O: Accipitriformes (Diurnal Birds of Prey) F: Cathartidae (Vultures & Condors) Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura F: Pandionidae (Osprey) Osprey Pandion haliaetus F: Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles & Kites) Barred Hawk Morphnarchus princeps Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus Red-tailed
    [Show full text]
  • Human-Wildlife Conflicts in the Southern Yungas
    animals Article Human-Wildlife Conflicts in the Southern Yungas: What Role do Raptors Play for Local Settlers? Amira Salom 1,2,3,*, María Eugenia Suárez 4 , Cecilia Andrea Destefano 5, Joaquín Cereghetti 6, Félix Hernán Vargas 3 and Juan Manuel Grande 3,7 1 Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina 2 Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina 3 The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA; [email protected] (F.H.V.); [email protected] (J.M.G.) 4 Grupo de Etnobiología, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, e Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; [email protected] 5 Área de Agroecología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417, Argentina; [email protected] 6 Las Jarillas 83, Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; [email protected] 7 Colaboratorio de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Conservación (ColBEC), INCITAP (CONICET-UNLPam), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de La Pampa (UNLPam), Avda, Uruguay 151, Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Human-Wildlife conflict (HWC) has become an important threat producing Citation: Salom, A.; Suárez, M.E.; biodiversity loss around the world. As conflictive situations highly depend on their unique socio- Destefano, C.A.; Cereghetti, J.; Vargas, ecological context, evaluation of the different aspects of the human dimension of conflicts is crucial to F.H.; Grande, J.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Notes and Nesting of the Black Solitary Eagle (Buteogallus Solitarius) in Belize
    Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science received 8/11/15 (2016) Volume 109, pp. 29-33 accepted 4/15/16 Behavioral Notes and Nesting of the Black Solitary Eagle (Buteogallus solitarius) in Belize 1,3Stacia A. Novy and 2Robb D. Van Putte 1Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville IL 62026 2McKendree University, 701 College Road, Lebanon IL 62254 3Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Behavioral observations of the first recorded Black Solitary Eagle (Buteogallus solitarius) nest with a two-month-old nestling in the Cayo District, Belize were made from 7 – 30 June 2011. The nest was in a fork of the main trunk of a Nicaraguan Pine (Pinus oocarpa) with an eastern slope exposure at ~670 m elevation. The nesting area was ecotonal submontane pine forest overlooking deep valleys of broadleaf forest. Observations suggest the species forages for snakes (Genera: Spilotes, Drymobius and Dryadophis) in broadleaf forest habitat at elevations ≤ 400 m. Black Solitary Eagles relied on static soaring to deliver prey to the nest, following an indirect route over mountain contours. Of the observed flights (N=10), soaring averaged 4.65 min, while flapping flight averaged 0.08 min. Soaring duration (N=6) averaged 6.75 min with carried snake prey, but decreased to 2.00 min without prey (N=3). Our notes offer new insights on the habitat use, flight styles and patterns, and other behaviors of this poorly known Nearctic-Neotropical raptor. Keywords: Belize; Black Solitary Eagle; Buteogallus solitarius; habitat use; nest; snake; static soaring INTRODUCTION varría-Duriaux 2014). Additional sightings Pine Ridge Forest Reserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Diurnal Birds of Prey of Belize
    DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY OF BELIZE Nevertheless, we located thirty-four active Osprey by Dora Weyer nests, all with eggs or young. The average number was three per nest. Henry Pelzl, who spent the month The Accipitridae of June, 1968, studying birds on the cayes, estimated 75 Belize is a small country south of the Yucatán to 100 pairs offshore. Again, he could not get to many Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea. Despite its small of the outer cayes. It has been reported that the size, 285 km long and 112 km wide (22 963 km2), southernmost part of Osprey range here is at Belize encompasses a great variety of habitats: Dangriga (formerly named Stann Creek Town), a mangrove cays and coastal forests, lowland tropical little more than halfway down the coast. On Mr pine/oak/palm savannas (unique to Belize, Honduras Knoder’s flight we found Osprey nesting out from and Nicaragua), extensive inland marsh, swamp and Punta Gorda, well to the south. lagoon systems, subtropical pine forests, hardwood Osprey also nest along some of the rivers inland. Dr forests ranging from subtropical dry to tropical wet, Stephen M. Russell, author of A Distributional Study and small areas of elfin forest at the top of the highest of the Birds of British Honduras, the only localized peaks of the Maya Mountains. These mountains are reference, in 1963, suspects that most of the birds seen built of extremely old granite overlaid with karst inland are of the northern race, carolinensis, which limestone. The highest is just under 1220 m. Rainfall winters here.
    [Show full text]