Der Koboldmaki Tarsius Dianae in Den Regenwäldern Sulawesis

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Der Koboldmaki Tarsius Dianae in Den Regenwäldern Sulawesis Vom Aussterben bedroht oder anpassungsfähig? – Der Koboldmaki Tarsius dianae in den Regenwäldern Sulawesis Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen vorgelegt von Stefan Merker aus Erfurt Göttingen 2003 D7 Referent: Prof. Dr. M. Mühlenberg Korreferent: Prof. Dr. R. Willmann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 6. Mai 2003 Danksagung Prof. Dr. Michael Mühlenberg unterstützte mich bei der fachlichen Vor- und Nachbereitung der Forschungen, half bei der Bewerbung um Stipendien und stellte mir technische Ausrüstung des Zentrums für Naturschutz zur Verfügung. Für die Betreuung der Dissertation gilt ihm mein herzlicher Dank. Prof. Dr. Rainer Willmann danke ich für die freundliche Übernahme des Korreferates. Ich danke den indonesischen Institutionen LIPI, PHPA, PKA, POLRI und SOSPOL für die Ausstellung von Forschungsgenehmigungen sowie Dr. Jatna Supriatna und Dr. Noviar Andayani von der Biologischen Fakultät der Universität von Indonesien, Jakarta, für die Übernahme der offiziellen Patenschaft meiner Studien. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürg Kuhn für sein unermüdliches Interesse an dieser Arbeit sowie für seine Unterstützung beim Fang der Koboldmakis nach abenteuerlich- nächtlicher Motorradfahrt. Prof. Dr. Jörg U. Ganzhorn und Prof. Dr. Carsten Niemitz beeinflußten mit hilfreichen Kommentaren die Konzeption der Feldforschung. Bei der Vorbereitung und Durchführung der Arbeit konnte ich auf ein Wissen zurückgreifen, welches zu einem großen Teil auf der jahrelangen Zusammenarbeit mit Dr. Alexandra Nietsch beruht. Dafür danke ich ihr. Ebenso möchte ich Dr. Eckhard Gottschalk, Dr. Matthias Waltert, Dr. Martin Weisheit, Emmanuelle Grundmann und Hans-Joachim Merker für ihre große Diskussionsbereitschaft und/oder für die Korrektur des Manuskriptes danken. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt auch Jill Ebert für ihre hohe Anteilnahme an dieser Arbeit, sowohl auf Sulawesi als auch bei der Auswertung in Deutschland. Prof. Ikin Mansjoer und Dr. Sri Supraptini Mansjoer in Bogor danke ich für die jahrelange Freundschaft und Unterstützung bei der Organisation meiner Indonesien-Aufenthalte. Mein Dank gilt der Verwaltung des Nationalparks Lore-Lindu für die Bereitstellung eines Hauses, meiner „Tarsierforschungsstation Rumah Thuringia“. Ohne meine Mitarbeiter Sapri, Thony, Yulisan, Leo, Papa Ece und Herman („Team Tarsius“) hätte die Feldarbeit nicht durchgeführt werden können. Die Kochkünste von Ibu Yulisan in Kamarora hielten mich gesund. Ihnen allen danke ich sehr herzlich! Ecil Tamalagi half mir in allen Lebenslagen, sei es beim Fang der Koboldmakis, beim Lösen logistischer Probleme oder beim ständig nötigen Reparieren unseres Motorrades. Seiner Familie sowie Martin Helmert danke ich für die immerwährende Gastfreundschaft bei meinen Erholungstagen in Palu. Indra Yustian half bei der Feldarbeit und führte mich an langen, diskussionsreichen Tagen in Kamarora tief in die indonesische Kultur ein. Ob in der gleichen Hemisphäre oder in einer anderen – auf den Rückhalt meiner Eltern Ingrid und Hans-Joachim Merker konnte ich stets bauen – in jeglicher Beziehung. Danke für alles! Die Arbeit wurde ermöglicht durch ein DAAD-Doktorandenstipendium im Rahmen des gemeinsamen Hochschulsonderprogramms III von Bund und Ländern sowie ein Doktorandenstipendium der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes. Ein Nachruf als Vorwort Am 9. Oktober 2002 wurde die Nationalparkstation Kamarora, auf welcher ich insgesamt etwa 20 Monate lang gelebt hatte, von aufgebrachten Einheimischen vollständig niedergebrannt. Der Wald in unmittelbarer Nähe der Station ist zerstört. Was bleibt, sind Erinnerungen an eine anstrengende, aber wunderschöne Zeit sowie die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit. Mögen sie dazu beitragen, den Koboldmakis anderenorts eine sichere Zukunft zu gewährleisten! Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen (Unmittelbar im Text erläuterte Abkürzungen sind hier nicht aufgeführt.) Abb. Abbildung(en) ANOVA Analysis of Variance (engl.), Varianzanalyse ca. circa (lat.), ungefähr CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (engl.), Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen eig. Beob. eigene Beobachtungen einger. eingereicht et al. et alii (lat.), und andere etc. et cetera (lat.), und so weiter H1-H5 Habitat 1 – Habitat 5 Hrsg. Herausgeber in prep. in preparation (engl.), in Vorbereitung Ind. Individuen IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (engl.), Internationale Union für Naturschutz Kap. Kapitel L. Linnaeus LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (indon.), Indonesisches Institut der Wissenschaften M Männchen mtDNS Mitochondriale Desoxyribonukleinsäure n Stichprobengröße NGO Non-Governmental Organization (engl.), Nichtstaatliche Organisation OOst- pers. Mitt. persönliche Mitteilung PHPA Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam (indon.), Behörde für Walderhaltung und Naturschutz S Süd- Tab. Tabelle UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (engl.), Organisation der Vereinten Nationen für internationale geistige, wissen- schaftliche und kulturelle Zusammenarbeit üNN. über Normal-Null (über dem Meeresspiegel) vs. versus (lat.), gegenüber W Weibchen WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (engl.), eine internationale Naturschutz- organisation zit. zitiert Inhalt i Inhalt 1 Einleitung ..............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Hintergrund.....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Literaturübersicht – Was war bekannt? ..........................................................................2 1.3 Ziel der Arbeit.................................................................................................................3 1.4 Fragen und Hypothesen ..................................................................................................4 2 Material und Methoden .......................................................................................................7 2.1 Biologie der Tiere ...........................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Systematik und Verbreitung der Gattung Tarsius ................................................7 2.1.2 Morphologie und Verhalten der Gattung Tarsius.................................................9 2.1.3 Die Art Tarsius dianae .......................................................................................12 2.2 Studiengebiet ................................................................................................................13 2.2.1 Sulawesi..............................................................................................................13 2.2.2 Der Nationalpark Lore-Lindu.............................................................................14 2.2.3 Die Feldstation Kamarora und ihre Umgebung..................................................16 2.2.4 Die Versuchsflächen...........................................................................................17 2.3 Datenaufnahme .............................................................................................................20 2.3.1 Lokalisierung der Schlafbäume ..........................................................................20 2.3.2 Fang der Tiere.....................................................................................................21 2.3.3 Biometrische Untersuchungen............................................................................22 2.3.4 Radiotelemetrie...................................................................................................23 2.3.5 Aufnahme von Habitatmerkmalen......................................................................26 2.3.5.1 Baumartenspektrum ...............................................................................26 2.3.5.2 Gehölzdichte...........................................................................................26 2.3.5.3 Insektenabundanz...................................................................................27 2.3.5.4 Anthropogene Störungen........................................................................28 2.3.5.5 Strukturkartierung der Plantagen ...........................................................29 2.4 Datenauswertung ..........................................................................................................29 2.4.1 Umrechnung von Entfernungen zu nächsten Nachbarn in Populationsdichte....29 2.4.2 Berechnung des Störungsindex Si.......................................................................32 2.4.3 Statistische Auswertung und Computerprogramme ...........................................33 Inhalt ii 3 Ergebnisse ...........................................................................................................................34 3.1 Populationsparameter....................................................................................................34 3.1.1 Aktionsraumgröße ..............................................................................................34 3.1.1.1 Vergleich der Aktionsräume der Männchen und Weibchen ..................34 3.1.1.2 Vergleich der Aktionsräume der Weibchen in verschiedenen Habitaten ...............................................................................................37 3.1.2 Nächtliche Wegstrecke .......................................................................................42
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