CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : CHRISTOPHER ADEYINKA OLUGBENGA ADEYEFA Address: Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Ibadan, . Tel: +234-2-8103168, +234-2-7502572 Fax:+234-2-8i03043 MOBILE; .+234-8034298012, +234-8076527672 Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Date of Birth: 26 May, 1949 Marital Status : Married with children Nationality : Nigerian Present Appointment : Professor since 1st Oct. 1997.

University Education and Academic Qualification (a) University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria: October 1971 - June 1977, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). (b) University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales, U.K. September 1981 - December, 1982, M.Sc. (c) University of Ibadan, Nigeria: January 1993 - August 1996, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D).

Professional Qualifications and Diplomas (a) Diploma in Animal Health, (Distinction Class) June 1970, Animal Health School, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. (b) Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) June 1977, University of Ibadan. (c) Registered with the Veterinary Council of Nigeria as a Veterinary Surgeon, 1977.

Scholarships and Fellowships - Western State (Nigeria) Bursary, and Nigerian Marketing Board (Cocoa) Bursary, 1974 – 1977, for undergraduate studies - British Ministry of Overseas Development (ODA) Fellowship, Sept. 1981 - Dec. 1982 for M.Sc degree. - Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship for study/sabbatical leave at the AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, U.K. Jan - Nov. 1992, for post graduate studies

Membership of Learned Societies (a) Member, Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association and other learned societies abroad.

Professional, research and employment experience - Aug. 1977 - Aug. 1978: Research Fellow, Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (National Youth Service). Worked on distribution and excretion of isometamidium chloride (samorin) in cattle tissues. - Sept. 1978 - Sept. 1979: Regional Veterinary Officer, Federal Livestock Department Southwest Zone, Nigeria, responsible for epidemiology, disease surveillance, reporting and control, public health, meat inspection, livestock project coordination/supervision and office administration. - Oct. 1979 – Sept.. 1986: Lecturer in general, special, equine and large animal medicine, animal management, husbandry and health. Dept. of Vet. Medicine, University of Ibadan, responsible for teaching, research and clinical services. - Oct. 1986 – Sept. 1997: Senior Lecturer responsible for teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, clinical and scientific research and clinical services Consultant to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan to date. - Oct. 1997 till date: Professor of Vet. Medicine & Molecular responsible for teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, clinical and scientific research and clinical services. - 1982 - Trained in immunoparasitology in Prof. (Lord) Soulsby's Laboratory in the Dept. of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, from March to December, 1982 and studied the immune recognition of Strongylus vulgaris arterial larval mitogen by peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue lymphocytes using lymphocyte stimulation experiments and radioisotope. I also trained in advance laboratory techniques in virology, microbiology and parasitology at the Animal Health Trust Laboratories in Newmarket, U.K. - 1991, March – May, Visiting Senior Lecturer to the Dept. of Vet. Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. - 1992 Trained in molecular biology techniques in Pirbright Laboratory of the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrery, United Kingdom, studying influenza A viruses under Dr. John McCauley from Jan. - Nov. and Dept. of Vet. Med., University of Ibadan from 1993 to 1995 using facilities in the Biotechnology lab in the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan and Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. - Competent and experienced in virus isolation and purification, RT-PCR, molecular cloning, transfection and gene expression, RNA and DNA non-cycle and cycle sequencing, immonodiagnostic techniques including ELISA, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production and also experienced in tissue culture techniques. - I have investigated the patho-physiology, clinical and diagnostic immunology of infectious and noninfectious diseases of animals. - I have over 27 years working experience in sterile, filtered tissue culture and high level biosafety containment laboratories working on equine, swine and avian influenza viruses and other pathogens. Between 1989 and 1995, I carried out a nationwide sero-surveillance for equine influenza virus. From then till date I have supervised undergraduate and postgraduate students working on serological survey of swine and avian influenza viruses. - I also have 30 years teaching and research experience in the University system. At the undergraduate level I teach animal management and husbandry, general and special veterinary medicine and clinical practice to veterinary students as well as principles of animal health, hygiene and production to animal science students. I also teach epidemiology, diagnosis and control of transboudry viral diseases of economic importance especially rinderpest, PPR, FMD, African swine fever, equine, swine and avian influenza to name a few to under & postgraduate students. At the post-graduate level I teach advance diagnostic medicine, internal medicine, molecular virology & mol. biology techniques, microbial genetics and microbial chemistry. I have and I am still supervising MSc and PhD research and theses as well as undergraduate students projects. - I have had over 15 undergraduate DVM and Lab Tech students who had worked on various aspects of the epidemiology and serology of equine, avian and swine influenza viruses as well as New Castle disease and infectious bursal disease viruses. I have also had and I still have graduate students at Masters and Ph.D levels. - One of my previous Masters students worked on the comparative analysis of the polypeptides synthesized by members of three RNA virus families. - One of my current PhD students has completed work on molecular characterization of H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in southwestern Nigeria, while another is working on isolation, mol. characterization and epidemiology of FMD in Nigeria and Cameroon. Another is also working on isolation and genetic analysis of Paramyxoviruses in fresh water fish species in southwestern Nigeria. - One of my Masters’ students has completed a partial sequence analysis of protein VIII gene of egg drop syndrome virus, a group 3 avian adenovirus. - Long before and since the outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI in poultry in Nigeria in Jan. 2006, I have been involved in outbreak investigations, prevention and control, meetings with stake holders and donor agencies, sample collection and laboratory analysis including virus 2 isolation, RNA extraction and PCR amplification and gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses. I have also been involved in training of personnel for the nation-wide active AI surveillance in poultry in Nigeria and for six weeks (21 May- 30 June, 2007) I worked on PCR amplification of the surveillance samples with other scientists in the Mol. Biology laboratory of the Nat. Vet. Res. Insti., Vom, Nigeria. I have also been involved in several workshops on AI and other transboundry animal diseases in Nigeria. - I also have other responsibilities as a Consultant to: The University of Ibadan Zoological Garden, Polo Club Stables in Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria Police Mounted Troop Stables and dog kennels in Ibadan (up to 1985), Ilorin, Lagos, Nigerian Army Saddle Unit, Ibadan and University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital since January 1983. I have administrative experience and commitments in the University of Ibadan as: Head, Equine Diseases Units, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Oct. 1988-Dec. 1989, Aug. 1995 till Sept. 1997, Acting Head: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Oct-Dec, 1989, Dec 2007- April 2008, Feb-July, 2009, Dec. 2007-March, 2008 and Feb.-July, 2009, Coordinator of Animal Management lectures and practicals, January 1983-Oct. 1984, Organiser and Coordinator of Department of Veterinary Medicine Seminars, 1988-1990, Chairman, Eruwa Veterinary Field Station Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dec. 1989-Nov. 1991, Committee Member, undergraduate admissions, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1983-1990, Committee Member, Board of Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nov. 1995 till date, Member, Student Advisory Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1997- 1999, - Member, Department of Veterinary Medicine Finance Sub-Committee, Feb. 1997-Feb. 1998 and Sept. 2004 till date and Member, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Committee, Oct. 1995 till date as well as Member, Member, Faculty of Vet. Medicine Appointment and Promotions Committee for academic staf,f Sept. 2001 till date and Member of University of Ibadan Senate, Sept. 2001 till date, Ag. Dean of Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Feb-March, 2007, Ag Head, Dept of Vet. Medicine, Dec. 2007-March, 2008, February-July, 2009, Head, Ruminant Diseases Unit, Feb. 2010 till date and Director, Vet Teaching Hospital, 1 Aug. 2009 till date.

REFERENCES Prof Ademola Ariyo, Ph.D Prof. Oyewale Tomori, Ph.D Department of Economics,, Vice Chancellor, University of Ibadan, Redeemer’s University, Ibadan. Redemption Camp, Nigeria Tel: +2348034399045 Km 46, Lagos-Ibadan Express Way, +2348023229203 Ogun State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] [email protected]: +234-8034996524

Prof. Fagbemi, Ph.D Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology, & Parasitology, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria. Tel. +234-8034023577, E-mail: [email protected]

3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH AND ACHIEVEMENTS

- My research focus is on molecular characterization of influenza A viruses of animal, avian and human host species. My previous studies have elucidated the genetic uniqueness of 3 distinct equine influenza viruses that I isolated in Nigeria as well as their antigenic diversity in relation to contemporary viruses circulating in other areas of the world. The nucleotide sequences of the HA genes of these viruses have been deposited at the nucleotide sequence data base at the European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, U.K. under accession numbers X95637 and X95638. I have developed research techniques with potentials for wider application to other infectious viruses of mammals and birds. My research efforts have equally been devoted to developing rapid diagnostic techniques as shown in the technique for rapid analysis of virus genes and genotype e.g. studies on the genetic exchange between H7N7 and H3N8 equine influenza viruses, phylogenetic analysis of H3 equine influenza viruses isolated from 1963 to 1993, direct sequencing of influenza virus RNAs from clinical samples as well as rapid identification of sick animals before they show overt clinical signs. I have also developed research models for the understanding of the immunological responses of the horse to infectious agents.

- My current research efforts are directed towards the molecular basis of infection with a view to gaining an insight into very effective prevention, control and therapautic measures. In the light of this, I am currently studying molecular and genetic analysis, antigenicity and epidemiology of influenza viruses isolated from swine, avian and human host species in Nigeria. The project was initially supported by laboratory equipment and consumable supplies from the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. I am equally leading another team of researchers in investigating the antigenicity, nucleotide, amino acid and phylogenetic analyse of H5 avian influenza viruses isolated from sick/dead chickens brought to our poultry clinic and from farms in and around Ibadan and southwestern Nigeria. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the eight gene segments of at least three H5N1 HPAI isolates have been determined by one of my graduate students ( C. O. Aiki-Raji) in collaboration with Dr. Chris Basier and others n Prof. Peter Palese’s Laboratory at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences have been deposited at flu virus sequence data base at NCBI under accession numbers EU697214-EU697237. - I am equally studying the mechanism of RNA editing and the inhibitory role of the V protein and other accessory non-structural proteins produced during Paramyxovirus replication. The studies were also initially supported by laboratory equipment from the Third World Academy of Science in Italy. These studies are currently being supported by the Senate Research Grant of the University of Ibadan No. SRG/FVM/2000/8A I’m also leading a research team investigating the potentials of biotechnology, and molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and control of Paramyxovirus infectious in Nigeria. This is a multidisciplinary research supported by the University of Ibadan Senate Research Grant No. SRG/FVM/2000/6B. In addition to this, I am also involved in another multidisciplinary research on further characterization of HPAI viruses from southwestern Nigeria supported by Senate Research Grant No. SRG/COM/2006/14C to train at least three M.Sc and one Ph.D students in molecular biology techniques. One of my Ph.D students is currently studying the molecular basis of neurotropism and multi-organ failure in HPAI (H5N1) virus in chickens.

Dissertation and Thesis (1) Incidence and lesions of naturally occurring animal rabies in Ibadan (1967-1977). D.V.M. dissertation, University of Ibadan, June 1977. (77 pages.)

(2) Studies on the mitogenic factor produced by the arterial larvae of Strongylus vulgaris . M.Sc dissertation, University of Wales, July 1983. (135 pages)

4 (3) Molecular and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses isolated from horses in Nigeria. Ph.D thesis, University of Ibadan, August 1996. (282 pages.)

Publications I have over 40 publications in highly reputable peer–reviewed international journals.

Publications on viruses , viral diseases and immunological response .

1. Ikede, B.O. and Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1984): Animal rabies in Southwestern Nigeria, 1967 1983. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Volume 32, No 3: 243 - 248.

2. Akpavie, S.O., Durojaiye, O. and Adeyefa, A. (1989): Naturally occurring canine adenovirus infection in a dog in Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian. Volume 7: 104 - 108.

3. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1992): Serological evidence of equine herpes virus type 1 activity in polo horses in Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Medicine (Series B). Volume 39: 628 - 630.

4. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and Durojaiye O. (1992): Detection of adenovirus precipitating antibodies in the sera of polo horses in Nigeria. Revue d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des pays Tropicaux. Volume 45, No 1: 21 - 22

5. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and McCauley, J.W. (1994): Outbreak of equine influenza in polo horses in Ibadan, Nigeria: virus isolation, clinical manifestation and diagnosis. Veterinary Record. Volume 134: 683 - 684

6. Adeyefa C.A.O., Quayle, K. and McCauley, J.W. (1994): A rapid method for the analysis of influenza virus genes: application to the re-assortment of equine influenza virus genes. Virus Research. Volume 32: 391 - 399

7. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and Hamblin, C. (1995): Continuing prevalence of African horse sickness in Nigeria. Revue d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des pays Tropicaux. Volume 48, No. 1 31 - 33.

8. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1996): Rapid diagnosis of African horse sickness. Review d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des pays Tropicaux. Volume 49, No. 4: 295- 298.

9. Adeyefa, C.A.O., Tomori, O., Akpavie, S.O. and Awoseyi A.O. (1996): Clinical and pathological features of Nigeria equine encephalitis. Veterinary Record. Volume 138, No 14: 323 - 326

10. Adeyefa, C.A.O., James, M.L. and McCauley, J.W. (1996): Antigenic and genetic analysis of equine influenza viruses from tropical Africa in 1991. Epidemiology and Infection. Volume 117: 367 - 374.

11. Adeyefa C.A.O., Hamblin, C., Cullinane, A and McCauley, J.W. (1996): Nationwide serological survey of equine influenza in Nigeria. Revue d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des pays Tropicaux. Volume 49;: 24 - 27.

12. Adeyefa, C.A.O., McCauley, J.W., Daneji, A.I., Kalejaiye, O.A., Bakare, A. and Ashimolowo, O. (1997): Cellular immune recognition of influenza A viruses in equines: In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the immunogenicity of influenza viruses in equines. Acta Veterinarie Brno,. Volume 66: 39 - 49 . 5

13. Adeyefa, C.A.O., McCauley, J.W. and Tomori, O. (1997): Mutational changes in the haemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses result in the introduction of a glycosylation site which enhances increased infectivity of the viruses. Folia Microbiologica. Volume 42, No. 4: 390 - 394 .

14. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and Tomori, O (1997): Serological analysis of Nigerian equine encephalitis virus . Veterinarski Arhiv. Volume 67, No. 2: 77 - 85 .

15. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and McCauley, J.W. (1997): Direct sequencing of influenza A virus RNAs from clinical samples. Tropical Veterinarian. Volume 15: 65-72.

16. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and McCauley, J.W. (1997): Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of contemporary equine H3 influenza viruses isolated between 1963 and 1993. Veterinarski Arhiv. Volume 67, No. 6: 233 - 241 .

17. Adeyefa, C.A.O., McCauley, J.W. and Tomori, O. (2000): Antigenic variation among Nigerian strains of equine-2 (H3N8) influenza viruses. Veterinarski Archiv . 70 (3), 113-120

18 Ogbe, A.O., Adeyefa, C.A.O., Joshua, R.A. and Owoade, A.A. (2003}. Effects of handling temperatures on the immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease vaccines. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, Volume 24 No 3: 13-18.

19. Ogbe, A. O., Adeyefa, C. A. O., and Joshua, R. A. (2003). Growth and haematological parameters of broiler chickens vaccinated with IBD (Gumboro) vaccines exposed to different handling temperature. Journal of Science and Technology Research 2 (4): 36-38.

20. Adene, D. F., Wakawa, A. M., Abdu, P. A., Lombim, L. H., Kazeem, H. M., Sa’idu, L., Fatihu, M. Y., Joannis, T., Adeyefa, C. A. O. and Obi, T. U . (2006): Clinico-pathology and husbandry features associated with the maiden diagnosis of avian influenza in Nigeria. Nig. Vet Journal, 27: 32-38.

21. Aiki-Raji, C. O., Aguilar, P. V., Kwon Y., Goetz, S., Suarez D. L., Jethra A. I., Oyekanmi N., Adeyefa C. A. O., Adu F. D., Swayne, D., and Basler C. F. (2008). Phylogenetics and Pathogenesis of Early Avian Influenza Viruses (H5N1), Nigeria. Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 14 No 11:1753-1755.

22 Olusa, T. A. O. and Adeyefa, C. A. O. (2009): Serosurveillance of equine H3 influenza in horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Trop. Vet. Vol. 27 No 2: 15-19.

23. Olusa, T. A. O., Adegunwa, A. K., Aderounmu, A. And Adeyefa, C. A. O. (2010):Serological evidence of equine H7 influenza virus in polo horses in Nigeria. Sci. World J. vol. 5 No 2

24. Adeyefa, .A. O. (2010): Influenza influences all influential creatures great and small. An inaugural lecture delivered on 10 June, 2010 on behalf of the Faculty of Vet.Medicine, University of Ibadan in the 2009/2010 inaugural lecture series, Ibadan University Press.63 pages.

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Publications on parasites , parasitic diseases and immunological response

25. Adeyefa, CA.O. (1982): The efficacy of febantel against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes in horses in Nigeria. Nigeria Veterinary Journal. Volume 11, No 2: 71-74.

26. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and Dipeolu O.O. (1983): The parasites isolated from insects feeding on blood and secretions of horses in Oyo State of Nigeria. Nigeria Veterinary Journal. Volume 12, No 1: 78-81.

27. Adeyefa C.A.O. (1984): The relationship of globule leucocytes and sub-epithelial mast cells in horses naturally infected with Stronglylus vulgaris. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Volume 32, No 4, 370-375.

28 Dipeolu, O. O. and Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1984): Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria, VIII: Differences observed in the biology of ticks which fed on different domestic animal hosts. Folia Parasitologica. Volume 31: 53-61.

29. Adeyefa, C.A.O., Bailey, M., Lloyd, S. and Soulsby, E.J.L. (1985): Larval mitogen fractionation. Tropical Veteriarian Volume 3: 66-69.

30. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and Dipeolu, O.O. (1986): Ectoparasites of horses in South western Nigeria: Insect Science and it’s Application, Volume 7, No 4: 511-573.

31. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1987): The efficacy of febantel Against Gastrointesinal nematodes of pigs. Tropical Veterinarian Volume 5:73-75.

32. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1989): The response of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes to Strongylus vulgaris atterial larval mitogen. Tropical Veterinarian, Volume 7: 58-64.

33. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1989): The effects of anthelminitc treatment and improved management on the haematological values of horses with naturally acquired helminthiasis. Tropical Veterinarian. Volume 7: 177-184.

34. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1992): Precipitin response of the mitogen produced by Strongylus vulgaris arterial larvae. Veterinary Parasitology. Volume 43:324-347.

35. Adeyefa, C.A.O. and Dipeolu, O. O. (1993): Studies on Cullicoides species (Laterialle Diptera Ceratopogonidae) of Nigeria. XI. Species caught around horse stables. Insect Science and its application Volume 14, No 4: 211-214.

Publications on General Animal Health

36. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1982): Ulceratice lymphangitis in Dongola horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian. Volume 1, No 1:58-60.

37. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1986): Dermatomycoses in the horse, International Journal of Zoonosis. Volume 13, No 2:118-123.

7 38. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1986): Studies on the nutritional physiology of soophilic dermatophytes isolated from horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Zoonosis Volume 13, No 4: 274-277.

39. Adeyefa, C. A.O., Akinrinmade, J. F. and Fajimi, J. L. (1987): Haematological and serum biochemical changes in polo horses in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Volume 35, No 4: 350-355.

40. Adeyefa, C. A. O., Akinrinmade, J. F. And Fajimi, J. L. (1988): Observations on serum biochemical changes after excercises in polo horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Zaria Veterinarian, Vol. 3 No. 2: 54-57.

41. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (!992): Treatment of Diarrhoea-induced fluid and electrolyte losses in horses in Ibadan, Nigeria Tropical Veterinarian. Volume 8, No 4: 19=78-184.

42. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1992): Survey of zoophilic drmatophytes in symptomatic and asymptomatic horses in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Volume 40: 219-233.

43. Adeyefa, C.A.O. (1996): Equine colic: a retrospective study of 44 cases over a 16- year period (1979 -1995) in Southwestern Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal health and Production I Africa. Volume 44: 135-143.

Papers submitted for publication . 1 Adeyefa, C.A.O., Aiki-Raji, C. O., Ockiya, M. A.. and McCauley, J.W. (Sept, 2010): Characteristization of influenza virus monoclonal antibodies: Neutralizing, protective capability and specificity submitted to Journal of Sci. Res. , University of Ibadan.

2. Adeyefa, C .A. O., McCauley, J. W., Aiki-Raji, C. O., Oladele, O., A., Ockiya, M. A. (Nov. 2010): Nucleotide and amino acid changes map to functional domains on the haemagglutinin of A/equine/Ibadan/4/91 (H3N8) influenza virus submitted to African Journal of Biomedical Research , University of Ibadan.

3. Oladele, O. A., Emikpe, B.O., Adeyefa, C. A. O. and Enibe, F. (Jan., 2011): Effects of levamisole hydrochloride on cellular immune response and flock performance of commercial broilers submitted to Brazillian Journal of Poultry Science , Brazil.

Conferences attended in the last five years and papers presented

I have attended and presented papers and posters at international conferences in Nigeria, Europe, U.S.A. and Africa, the most recent being (1) a paper titled molecular characterization of H5N1 HPAI isolates from southwestern Nigeria at the First African ICAV symposium on avian influenza and antivirals at the Int. Conference Center, Abuja, Nig. 7-8 May, 2007. (2) Phylogenetics and pathogenicity of early avian influenza viruses (H5N1) from southwestern Nigeria at ViralCheck, a technical workshop on diagnostic technologies, 21- 27, June, Pasteur Institute and University of Dakar, Senegal.

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