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Kiwi (Apteryx Spp.) on Offshore New Zealand Islands

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Kiwi (Apteryx Spp.) on Offshore New Zealand Islands Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) on offshore New Zealand islands Populations, translocations and identification of potential release sites DOC RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SERIES 208 Rogan Colbourne Published by Department of Conservation PO Box 10–420 Wellington, New Zealand DOC Research & Development Series is a published record of scientific research carried out, or advice given, by Department of Conservation staff or external contractors funded by DOC. It comprises reports and short communications that are peer-reviewed. Individual contributions to the series are first released on the departmental website in pdf form. Hardcopy is printed, bound, and distributed at regular intervals. Titles are also listed in our catalogue on the website, refer http://www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science and research. © Copyright May 2005, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1176–8886 ISBN 0–478–22686–1 This report was prepared for publication by Science & Technical Publishing Section; editing by Helen O’Leary and Lynette Clelland and layout by Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the Chief Scientist (Research, Development & Improvement Division), Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Methods 8 3. Results 9 3.1 Islands with kiwi naturally present or known from translocations 9 3.2 Identifying island sites for potential translocation of kiwi 22 4. Discussion 22 5. Acknowledgements 23 6. References 23 Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) on offshore New Zealand islands Populations, translocations and identification of potential release sites Rogan Colbourne Kiwi Recovery Group, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10 420, Wellington, New Zealand ABSTRACT At least five species and six taxa of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) are recognised at present. All taxa are currently listed as threatened. Since the 1890s, translocation of kiwi populations to the offshore islands of New Zealand has been used in the conservation of the genus. This report identifies and reviews offshore (and lake-bound) islands where kiwi occur naturally, together with islands to which kiwi have been translocated. Brief, descriptive histories of populations and translocations are provided. At least 28 offshore islands (excluding Stewart Island) currently support populations of kiwi. A number of islands, nominated by DOC conservancies, which might be suitable for future translocations, are also listed. The criteria for this list of potential islands include: lack of predators; sufficient size (at least 100 ha); presence of suitable habitat; legal protection; and absence of conflicting conservation values. Before recommendations as to which species should be translocated (and to which islands) can be made, consultation with other interested parties and detailed investigations of the islands’ suitability will be required. Keywords: Kiwi, Apteryx spp., offshore islands, conservation, translocation, New Zealand. © May 2005, New Zealand Department of Conservation. This paper may be cited as: Colbourne, R. 2005: Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) on offshore New Zealand islands: populations, translocations and identification of potential release sites. DOC Research & Development Series 208. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 24 p. DOC Research & Development Series 208 5 1. Introduction All six recognised taxa of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) are currently threatened (Robertson 2003). Under the New Zealand Threat Classification system, Okarito brown kiwi / rowi (A. mantelli ‘Okarito’) and Haast tokoeka (A. australis ‘Haast’) are classified as ‘Nationally critical’; North Island brown kiwi (A. mantelli) as ‘Seriously declining’; great spotted kiwi / roroa (A. haastii) and southern tokoeka (A. australis) as ‘Gradually declining’; and little spotted kiwi (A. owenii) as ‘Range restricted’ (Hitchmough 2002). The fate of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) was already being contemplated more than a hundred years ago. The following communication by Sir Walter Buller to the Wellington Philosophical Society in October 1891 (Buller 1905) encapsulates much of our present-day concern about the plight of the kiwi: ‘I have ascertained that since this time last year Apteryx owenii has bred, at intervals of about seven weeks or so, no less than five times, if not six. If this be the case there ought to be no difficulty in perpetuating the species, if the surrounding conditions are favourable. Whatever its fecundity may be, however, a wing-less species stands no chance whatever in the face of stoats, ferrets and weasels, of which some thousands have lately been introduced by the Government and turned loose in all parts of the country, in the hope of suppressing the rabbits. The only chance now of saving the various species of apterous birds is in their complete isolation. If Lord Onslow’s proposal to set apart Little Barrier Island in the North, and Resolution Island in the South as inviolable preserves, stocking them from time to time with all the desirable species and placing them under the strictest protection, be carried out, then we may hope to be able to save from extinction some, if not all, of these interesting forms. Failing that their final extirpation is not far distant, and the student of the future will have nothing left to him but the dried specimens in European and colonial museums, and such memoirs of the indigenous species as the industry or opportunities of present observers may have furnished’. A programme of translocating kiwi and other species to offshore island reserves, undertaken by the New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey, gathered momentum from the late 1890s to about 1915. However, after a series of setbacks, especially the arrival of stoats on Resolution I. (Hill & Hill 1987), that momentum waned. Further releases were periodic and often involved a few birds at a time. In the meantime, however, Buller’s predictions of kiwi disappearing forever were, sadly, proving correct. In the early 1980s, islands were being assessed as potential release sites for the smallest species of kiwi (A. owenii, little spotted kiwi; Moeed & Meads 1987). By this time, A. owenii had all but disappeared from the mainland and significant populations persisted at only two sites: Kapiti and D’Urville Is. (Jolly & Colbourne 1991). In the 1980s, little was known of the genetic make-up of the other species of kiwi, with all brown kiwi in the South Island being lumped together as Apteryx australis. Apteryx owenii was therefore regarded as the rarest variety of kiwi. The smaller size of A. owenii also motivated their transfer to offshore Islands, as it was felt the larger kiwi species could cope with most 6 Colbourne—Kiwi on offshore islands predators. Of the more than seven hundred islands around New Zealand, nine were thought worthy of investigation as potential transfer sites (Jolly & Colbourne 1991) and only five islands (all < 500 ha) were identified as potentially suitable. The criteria of Jolly & Colbourne (1991) for selecting islands were as follows: • Lack of predators: Islands with mustelids, dogs and cats, which are probably the main predators of kiwi, were not suitable. Islands with feral pigs and weka were also excluded as pigs are capable of digging up kiwi from their burrows and are often hunted with dogs, and on Kapiti I. Jolly (1989) found that wekas are persistent predators of kiwi eggs. • Reserve status: There must be adequate long-term protection of the habitat of a suitable island, either through reserve status or legal restriction in the title deed. • Forested habitat with good soil depth: An island must provide a forest environment in which kiwi can forage for fruit, and a soil which is both sufficiently moist and developed to support their invertebrate food, and also sufficiently deep for them to burrow into. • Abundant ground invertebrate fauna: Moeed & Meads (1984, 1987) estimated the abundance of invertebrates on Kapiti I. in order to derive a baseline index to use, in comparison with other islands, as an indicator of an adequate invertebrate food supply. • Presence of surface water: The presence of surface water in streams or swamps was used as an indication that invertebrates, particularly worms, could be near the surface in damp soil and available to kiwi even in drought conditions. • Adequate size: From initial island visits, it was found that islands < 150 ha had little suitable habitat and were prone to drought. They were also highly vulnerable to catastrophes such as fire or storms which could devastate a much greater proportion of the available habitat than would be likely on larger islands (Pimm et al. 1988). • Lack of conflicting conservation values: Islands with a high level of endemism, particularly in their invertebrate, amphibian, or reptilian fauna, were excluded. Further research into the needs of all kiwi species in the last 15 years has, however, led to a relaxing of some of these criteria. Apteryx owenii (little spotted kiwi) have been introduced into areas with weka—Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington, for example—and have bred successfully (R. Empson, Karori Sanctuary Trust, pers. comm. 2004). Similarly, North Island brown kiwi (A. mantelli) have been introduced onto islands without forest. Research in the Whangarei Kiwi Sanctuary has shown that some birds have territories exclusively in farmland, and will also breed there. (H. Robertson, DOC, pers. comm. 1999). Releases of kiwi onto Mana, Motuora and
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