Nature Conservation and Biodiversity
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Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Bexhill to Hastings Link Road Chapter 12: Nature Conservation and Biodiversity East Sussex County Council County Hall St Anne's Crescent Lewes East Sussex 224548/030/A Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity 224548/030/A Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity: List of Contents List of Contents Page Volume 1 12.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................1 12.2 Method of Assessment.............................................................................1 12.3 Existing Conditions.................................................................................17 12.4 Mitigation and Compensation Strategy ..................................................66 12.5 Construction Impacts..............................................................................92 12.6 Operational Impacts .............................................................................101 12.7 Conclusions..........................................................................................117 Volume 2 Appendix 12-A Designated Sites Appendix 12-B Protected and Uncommon Species Appendix 12-C Habitats and Plant Communities Appendix 12-D Mammals Appendix 12-E Birds Appendix 12-F Reptiles Appendix 12-G Amphibians Appendix 12-H Fish and Crayfish Appendix 12-I Invertebrates Appendix 12-J Summary Management Prescriptions Volume 3 Figure 12.1A-B Principal Features of the Study Area Figure 12.1C Vegetation Zones in the Combe Haven Valley Figure 12.2A-D Habitats Present and Habitats Lost in the Urban Section Figure 12.3A-F Habitats Present and Habitats Lost in the Rural Section Figure 12.4 The Linear Habitat Network Figure 12.5 Bat Roosting Sites and Pattern of Bat Activity Figure 12.6 Dormouse Survey Results Figure 12.7 Water Vole and Water Shrew Records Figure 12.8 Breeding Birds Figure 12.9 Reptile Survey Figure 12.10 Ponds Surveyed and Amphibians Recorded Figure 12.11 Invertebrate Survey Areas Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity: List of Contents Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity: Introduction 12 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 The purpose of this chapter is to describe and assess the potential impacts of the Scheme on significant habitats and species. It contains: • A summary of the assessment methods and guidance used to assess biodiversity impacts; • Summaries of the baseline surveys which describe and assess the biodiversity features of the study area, with full reports in Appendices 12- B – 12-I in Volume 2 of the Environmental Statement (ES); • A description of the mitigation and compensation strategy proposed; and, • Assessments of the potential impacts of the Scheme during construction and operation. 12.1.2 The supporting Figures 12.1 to 12.12 are in Volume 3 of the ES. 12.1.3 We are grateful to the landowners for access to survey and for passing on observations about the wildlife on their land. The Highways Agency and Chris Blandford Associates (CBA) kindly made available reports prepared for the A259 Bexhill-Western Hastings Bypass (BHWB) in the 1990s. 12.2 Method of Assessment Assessment Guidance 12.2.1 Surveys and assessments have followed the Department for Transport (DfT) Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG) Biodiversity Sub-objective 3.3.10 (December 2004) which was based on advice from English Nature (EN). This guidance expands on the methods set out in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) Sections 11.3.4.5, 11.3 and 11.5 for assessing biodiversity and earth heritage, and the DETR Guidance on the Methodology for Multi-Modal Studies (GOMMMS) Volume 2, March 2000 (GOMMMS 2000). In addition, the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom have been referred to. These take into account the TAG, DMRB and GOMMMS guidelines. 12.2.2 Potential direct, indirect, temporary, short-term and long-term impacts have been identified. The effects of these impacts on habitats, plant and animal communities and individual taxa of local or greater significance have been assessed according to the criteria set out in Table 12.1. 12.2.3 Criteria for the significance of impacts on habitats and species have been developed from these guidelines and are given in Tables 12.2 and 12.3. 12-1 Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity: Method of Assessment Legislation and Policies 12.2.4 A number of species and habitat conservation assessments, legislative instruments and policies have been taken into account in this assessment. The following are relevant to the proposed Scheme: • International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) global red lists; • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) (Bonn Convention); • Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (1979) (Bern Convention); • European and National Red Lists or Species of Conservation Concern; • EU Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds as amended (79/409/EEC) (Birds Directive 1979); • EU Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora as amended (92/43/EEC) (Habitats Directive 1992); • The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (Habitats Regulations); • Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended); • Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW Act); • The Biodiversity Convention 1994; • The Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006s s40. 12.2.5 The IUCN Red Lists and Red Data Books (RDBs) identify endangered species which are categorised according to threat: Extinct (EX), Extinct in the wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD) and Not Evaluated (NE). 12.2.6 The Bonn Convention aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range by providing strict protection for the endangered migratory species listed in Appendix I of the Convention and by concluding multilateral agreements for the conservation and management of migratory species listed in Appendix II. The Bonn Convention is implemented in the UK through the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive. 12.2.7 The Bern Convention aims to: conserve wild flora and fauna in their natural habitats; promote co-operation between states; and, give particular emphasis to endangered and vulnerable species, including endangered and vulnerable migratory species. Strictly protected flora species are listed in Appendix I, strictly protected fauna are listed in Appendix II and protected fauna species are listed in Appendix III. 12.2.8 European and National Red Lists and lists of Species of Conservation Concern have been produced for some taxa. For example, BirdLife International has produced lists of Species of Conservation Concern 12-2 Bexhill to Hastings Link Road ES - Chapter 11 Nature Conservation and Biodiversity: Method of Assessment which for the United Kingdom can be found on the RSPB website. A wealth of Red Lists have been produced in the UK on species that are considered to be at risk of national extinction. Lists exist for each of the species groups. 12.2.9 The Birds Directive provides for the protection, management and control of naturally occurring wild birds within the European Union through a range of mechanisms. One of the key provisions (under Article 4) is the establishment of an internationally co-ordinated network of protected areas, known as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for 182 species listed in Annex I of the Directive. These are species that are considered to be in danger of extinction, vulnerable to specific changes in their habitat, rare, or requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their habitat. 12.2.10 The Habitats Directive aims to contribute towards ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora in the European Union. A series of sites known as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) has been selected, designated and protected for 169 Natural Habitats of Community Interest listed in Annex I of the Directive and 623 Species of Community Interest listed in Annex II. The UK has 76 of the Habitats of Community Interest, of which 22 are Priority Habitat Types where the Member State has a particular responsibility for their conservation in view of the proportion of their natural range which falls within the EU territory. In the same way, a number of Species of Community Interest are given priority status. In the UK, the Birds and Habitats Directive has been transposed into legislation by the Habitats Regulations. The Habitat Regulations contain five Parts and four Schedules and provide for the designation and protection of European sites and the protection of European protected species. 12.2.11 The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) is the principal mechanism for the legislative protection of wildlife in Great Britain. It is the means by which the Bern Convention and the Birds and Habitats Directives are implemented in Great Britain. The Wildlife and Countryside Act is divided into four parts: Part I is concerned with the protection of wildlife; Part II relates to the countryside and national