River Channels

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RIVER CHANNELS Darya-Ye Sut, Afghanistan, Earth The fan-shaped river system in the center of the scene is the Darya-Ye Sut. This river lies on the northern flank of the Hindu Kush mountain range of northern Afghanistan and empties into the Amu Darya, which in turn flows to the Aral Sea. The different drainage patterns in this area are created as water erodes rocks of different hardness and slope. The Darya-Ye Sut has developed a parallel drainage pattern with streams flowing in one or two general directions. This pattern formed in erosion-resistant, but fractured, sandstones, conglomerates, and siltstones. Parallel drainage patterns tend to develop on steep slopes or on rocks that have been fractured in one or two particular directions. This drainage pattern bears a resemblance to some channel networks on Mars, such as the Warrego Valles (below). Dendritic drainage patterns, like those to the north (right), formed on less- resistant limestones and on shallower slopes. Unlike the rocks to the south, there is no dominant fracture pattern in this area. 3-D Tour of the Solar System ©Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1997 use 3-D glasses to view image Warrego Valles, Mars This area along the southern margins of the Tharsis Montes plateau has been subjected to both extensional and compressional deformation and has been eroded by valley networks. Warrego Valles and similar valley networks on Mars are important clues to martian climate history. Present-day surface conditions do not allow liquid water to be stable on the surface. No rain falls on Mars today. These drainage channels may have formed when Mars was wetter or warmer than it is now. The continuing debate centers on whether these channels formed due to rainfall erosion and recharge of aquifers, or whether they formed from drainage of groundwater reservoirs and are related to sapping channels, an important feature of the Valles Marineris. Lunar and Planetary Institute http://www.lpi.usra.edu.

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PDF Files Are Openly Distributed for the Educational Purpose Only. Reuse And/Or Modifications of Figures and Tables in the PDF Files Are Not Allowed
PDF files are openly distributed for the educational purpose only. Reuse and/or modifications of figures and tables in the PDF files are not allowed. 3. Ancient landforms: Understanding the early Mars environment 3.1 Erosional landforms 3.1.1 Outflow channels 3.1.2 Valley networks 3.1.3 Erosional processes on early Mars 3.2 Standing bodies of water 3.2.1 Ocean and shorelines 3.2.2 Crater lakes and deltas 3.2.3 Layered deposits 3.3 Composition of sediments: from geomorphology to geology 3.3.1 MER rover discoveries 3.3.2 Exobiological issues 3.1.1 Outflow channels Length: 100 to 1000 km Width: 1 to 30 km Low gradient (<0.1) Anastomosing patterns, braided systems Teardrop-shaped islands Discharge rate :107 –109 m3 s-1 (Baker, 1981; Komar, 1986) 20 km Mangala valles 500 m Ares Valles Terrestrial floods: high discharge (here due to a storm) The Channeled Scabland analogy (Baker and Milton, 1974) ------- 40 km Columbia Basin (eastern Washington, USA) A glacial dam releases the subglacial lake Discharges of 2 x107 m3 s-1 Geographic distribution: Correlation with volcanic regions Role of geothermal activity Outflow channels (red) and valley networks (yellow) Elysium Mons Tharsis bulge From Carr, 1979 Relationship between chaotic terrains and outflow channels Chryse Planitia Kasei dfg Valles +Viking 1 + Pathfinder Ares Vallis Disruption of the permafrost at the source? Valles Marineris MOLA data Altitude (m) A recent outflow channel: Athabasca Vallis Outflow from fractures Very young: ~10 million years ago (Burr et al, 2002) (Berman and Hartmann, 2003) 6 km Origin of outflow channels 1 -Ground water under pressure confined within the permafrost (M.
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