3 Self-Adjoint Operators (Unbounded)
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The Notion of Observable and the Moment Problem for ∗-Algebras and Their GNS Representations
The notion of observable and the moment problem for ∗-algebras and their GNS representations Nicol`oDragoa, Valter Morettib Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, and INFN-TIFPA via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy. [email protected], [email protected] February, 17, 2020 Abstract We address some usually overlooked issues concerning the use of ∗-algebras in quantum theory and their physical interpretation. If A is a ∗-algebra describing a quantum system and ! : A ! C a state, we focus in particular on the interpretation of !(a) as expectation value for an algebraic observable a = a∗ 2 A, studying the problem of finding a probability n measure reproducing the moments f!(a )gn2N. This problem enjoys a close relation with the selfadjointness of the (in general only symmetric) operator π!(a) in the GNS representation of ! and thus it has important consequences for the interpretation of a as an observable. We n provide physical examples (also from QFT) where the moment problem for f!(a )gn2N does not admit a unique solution. To reduce this ambiguity, we consider the moment problem n ∗ (a) for the sequences f!b(a )gn2N, being b 2 A and !b(·) := !(b · b). Letting µ!b be a n solution of the moment problem for the sequence f!b(a )gn2N, we introduce a consistency (a) relation on the family fµ!b gb2A. We prove a 1-1 correspondence between consistent families (a) fµ!b gb2A and positive operator-valued measures (POVM) associated with the symmetric (a) operator π!(a). In particular there exists a unique consistent family of fµ!b gb2A if and only if π!(a) is maximally symmetric. -
The Spectral Theorem for Self-Adjoint and Unitary Operators Michael Taylor Contents 1. Introduction 2. Functions of a Self-Adjoi
The Spectral Theorem for Self-Adjoint and Unitary Operators Michael Taylor Contents 1. Introduction 2. Functions of a self-adjoint operator 3. Spectral theorem for bounded self-adjoint operators 4. Functions of unitary operators 5. Spectral theorem for unitary operators 6. Alternative approach 7. From Theorem 1.2 to Theorem 1.1 A. Spectral projections B. Unbounded self-adjoint operators C. Von Neumann's mean ergodic theorem 1 2 1. Introduction If H is a Hilbert space, a bounded linear operator A : H ! H (A 2 L(H)) has an adjoint A∗ : H ! H defined by (1.1) (Au; v) = (u; A∗v); u; v 2 H: We say A is self-adjoint if A = A∗. We say U 2 L(H) is unitary if U ∗ = U −1. More generally, if H is another Hilbert space, we say Φ 2 L(H; H) is unitary provided Φ is one-to-one and onto, and (Φu; Φv)H = (u; v)H , for all u; v 2 H. If dim H = n < 1, each self-adjoint A 2 L(H) has the property that H has an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of A. The same holds for each unitary U 2 L(H). Proofs can be found in xx11{12, Chapter 2, of [T3]. Here, we aim to prove the following infinite dimensional variant of such a result, called the Spectral Theorem. Theorem 1.1. If A 2 L(H) is self-adjoint, there exists a measure space (X; F; µ), a unitary map Φ: H ! L2(X; µ), and a 2 L1(X; µ), such that (1.2) ΦAΦ−1f(x) = a(x)f(x); 8 f 2 L2(X; µ): Here, a is real valued, and kakL1 = kAk. -
Linear Operators
C H A P T E R 10 Linear Operators Recall that a linear transformation T ∞ L(V) of a vector space into itself is called a (linear) operator. In this chapter we shall elaborate somewhat on the theory of operators. In so doing, we will define several important types of operators, and we will also prove some important diagonalization theorems. Much of this material is directly useful in physics and engineering as well as in mathematics. While some of this chapter overlaps with Chapter 8, we assume that the reader has studied at least Section 8.1. 10.1 LINEAR FUNCTIONALS AND ADJOINTS Recall that in Theorem 9.3 we showed that for a finite-dimensional real inner product space V, the mapping u ’ Lu = Óu, Ô was an isomorphism of V onto V*. This mapping had the property that Lauv = Óau, vÔ = aÓu, vÔ = aLuv, and hence Lau = aLu for all u ∞ V and a ∞ ®. However, if V is a complex space with a Hermitian inner product, then Lauv = Óau, vÔ = a*Óu, vÔ = a*Luv, and hence Lau = a*Lu which is not even linear (this was the definition of an anti- linear (or conjugate linear) transformation given in Section 9.2). Fortunately, there is a closely related result that holds even for complex vector spaces. Let V be finite-dimensional over ç, and assume that V has an inner prod- uct Ó , Ô defined on it (this is just a positive definite Hermitian form on V). Thus for any X, Y ∞ V we have ÓX, YÔ ∞ ç. -
Riesz-Like Bases in Rigged Hilbert Spaces, in Preparation [14] Bonet, J., Fern´Andez, C., Galbis, A
RIESZ-LIKE BASES IN RIGGED HILBERT SPACES GIORGIA BELLOMONTE AND CAMILLO TRAPANI Abstract. The notions of Bessel sequence, Riesz-Fischer sequence and Riesz basis are generalized to a rigged Hilbert space D[t] ⊂H⊂D×[t×]. A Riesz- like basis, in particular, is obtained by considering a sequence {ξn}⊂D which is mapped by a one-to-one continuous operator T : D[t] → H[k · k] into an orthonormal basis of the central Hilbert space H of the triplet. The operator T is, in general, an unbounded operator in H. If T has a bounded inverse then the rigged Hilbert space is shown to be equivalent to a triplet of Hilbert spaces. 1. Introduction Riesz bases (i.e., sequences of elements ξn of a Hilbert space which are trans- formed into orthonormal bases by some bounded{ } operator withH bounded inverse) often appear as eigenvectors of nonself-adjoint operators. The simplest situation is the following one. Let H be a self-adjoint operator with discrete spectrum defined on a subset D(H) of the Hilbert space . Assume, to be more definite, that each H eigenvalue λn is simple. Then the corresponding eigenvectors en constitute an orthonormal basis of . If X is another operator similar to H,{ i.e.,} there exists a bounded operator T withH bounded inverse T −1 which intertwines X and H, in the sense that T : D(H) D(X) and XT ξ = T Hξ, for every ξ D(H), then, as it is → ∈ easily seen, the vectors ϕn with ϕn = Ten are eigenvectors of X and constitute a Riesz basis for . -
Mathematical Work of Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec and Its Impacts
Tusi Advances in Operator Theory (2020) 5:1297–1313 Mathematical Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s43036-020-00089-z(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Group ORIGINAL PAPER Mathematical work of Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec and its impacts 1 2 3 Rau´ l E. Curto • Jean-Pierre Gazeau • Andrzej Horzela • 4 5,6 7 Mohammad Sal Moslehian • Mihai Putinar • Konrad Schmu¨ dgen • 8 9 Henk de Snoo • Jan Stochel Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 / Published online: 8 June 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020 Abstract In this essay, we present an overview of some important mathematical works of Professor Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec and a survey of his achievements and influence. Keywords Szafraniec Á Mathematical work Á Biography Mathematics Subject Classification 01A60 Á 01A61 Á 46-03 Á 47-03 1 Biography Professor Franciszek Hugon Szafraniec’s mathematical career began in 1957 when he left his homeland Upper Silesia for Krako´w to enter the Jagiellonian University. At that time he was 17 years old and, surprisingly, mathematics was his last-minute choice. However random this decision may have been, it was a fortunate one: he succeeded in achieving all the academic degrees up to the scientific title of professor in 1980. It turned out his choice to join the university shaped the Krako´w mathematical community. Communicated by Qingxiang Xu. & Jan Stochel [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article 1298 R. E. Curto et al. Professor Franciszek H. Szafraniec Krako´w beyond Warsaw and Lwo´w belonged to the famous Polish School of Mathematics in the prewar period. -
216 Section 6.1 Chapter 6 Hermitian, Orthogonal, And
216 SECTION 6.1 CHAPTER 6 HERMITIAN, ORTHOGONAL, AND UNITARY OPERATORS In Chapter 4, we saw advantages in using bases consisting of eigenvectors of linear opera- tors in a number of applications. Chapter 5 illustrated the benefit of orthonormal bases. Unfortunately, eigenvectors of linear operators are not usually orthogonal, and vectors in an orthonormal basis are not likely to be eigenvectors of any pertinent linear operator. There are operators, however, for which eigenvectors are orthogonal, and hence it is possible to have a basis that is simultaneously orthonormal and consists of eigenvectors. This chapter introduces some of these operators. 6.1 Hermitian Operators § When the basis for an n-dimensional real, inner product space is orthonormal, the inner product of two vectors u and v can be calculated with formula 5.48. If v not only represents a vector, but also denotes its representation as a column matrix, we can write the inner product as the product of two matrices, one a row matrix and the other a column matrix, (u, v) = uT v. If A is an n n real matrix, the inner product of u and the vector Av is × (u, Av) = uT (Av) = (uT A)v = (AT u)T v = (AT u, v). (6.1) This result, (u, Av) = (AT u, v), (6.2) allows us to move the matrix A from the second term to the first term in the inner product, but it must be replaced by its transpose AT . A similar result can be derived for complex, inner product spaces. When A is a complex matrix, we can use equation 5.50 to write T T T (u, Av) = uT (Av) = (uT A)v = (AT u)T v = A u v = (A u, v). -
A Nonstandard Proof of the Spectral Theorem for Unbounded Self-Adjoint
A NONSTANDARD PROOF OF THE SPECTRAL THEOREM FOR UNBOUNDED SELF-ADJOINT OPERATORS ISAAC GOLDBRING Abstract. We generalize Moore’s nonstandard proof of the Spectral theorem for bounded self-adjoint operators to the case of unbounded operators. The key step is to use a definition of the nonstandard hull of an internally bounded self-adjoint operator due to Raab. 1. Introduction Throughout this note, all Hilbert spaces will be over the complex numbers and (following the convention in physics) inner products are conjugate-linear in the first coordinate. The goal of this note is to provide a nonstandard proof of the Spectral theorem for unbounded self-adjoint operators: Theorem 1.1. Suppose that A is an unbounded self-adjoint operator on the Hilbert space H. Then there is a projection-valued measure P : Borel(R) B(H) such that A = id dP. → ZR Here, Borel(R) denotes the σ-algebra of Borel subsets of R and id denotes the identity function on R. All of the terms appearing in the previous theorem will arXiv:2104.01949v1 [math.FA] 5 Apr 2021 be defined precisely in the next section. We refer to the expression A = R id dP as a spectral resolution of A. Thus, the theorem says that every unboundedR self-adjoint operator admits a spectral resolution. In fact, this spectral resolu- tion is unique (that is, the projection-valued measure yielding the resolution is unique), although we will not address the uniqueness issue here. The Spectral theorem for unbounded operators is especially important in quantum mechan- ics, for it provides one with the probability distributions for measuring observ- ables with continuous spectra such as position and momentum. -
Complex Inner Product Spaces
Complex Inner Product Spaces A vector space V over the field C of complex numbers is called a (complex) inner product space if it is equipped with a pairing h, i : V × V → C which has the following properties: 1. (Sesqui-symmetry) For every v, w in V we have hw, vi = hv, wi. 2. (Linearity) For every u, v, w in V and a in C we have langleau + v, wi = ahu, wi + hv, wi. 3. (Positive definite-ness) For every v in V , we have hv, vi ≥ 0. Moreover, if hv, vi = 0, the v must be 0. Sometimes the third condition is replaced by the following weaker condition: 3’. (Non-degeneracy) For every v in V , there is a w in V so that hv, wi 6= 0. We will generally work with the stronger condition of positive definite-ness as is conventional. A basis f1, f2,... of V is called orthogonal if hfi, fji = 0 if i < j. An orthogonal basis of V is called an orthonormal (or unitary) basis if, in addition hfi, fii = 1. Given a linear transformation A : V → V and another linear transformation B : V → V , we say that B is the adjoint of A, if for all v, w in V , we have hAv, wi = hv, Bwi. By sesqui-symmetry we see that A is then the adjoint of B as well. Moreover, by positive definite-ness, we see that if A has an adjoint B, then this adjoint is unique. Note that, when V is infinite dimensional, we may not be able to find an adjoint for A! In case it does exist it is denoted as A∗. -
Spectrum (Functional Analysis) - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Spectrum (functional analysis) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(functional_analysis) Spectrum (functional analysis) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In functional analysis, the concept of the spectrum of a bounded operator is a generalisation of the concept of eigenvalues for matrices. Specifically, a complex number λ is said to be in the spectrum of a bounded linear operator T if λI − T is not invertible, where I is the identity operator. The study of spectra and related properties is known as spectral theory, which has numerous applications, most notably the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. The spectrum of an operator on a finite-dimensional vector space is precisely the set of eigenvalues. However an operator on an infinite-dimensional space may have additional elements in its spectrum, and may have no eigenvalues. For example, consider the right shift operator R on the Hilbert space ℓ2, This has no eigenvalues, since if Rx=λx then by expanding this expression we see that x1=0, x2=0, etc. On the other hand 0 is in the spectrum because the operator R − 0 (i.e. R itself) is not invertible: it is not surjective since any vector with non-zero first component is not in its range. In fact every bounded linear operator on a complex Banach space must have a non-empty spectrum. The notion of spectrum extends to densely-defined unbounded operators. In this case a complex number λ is said to be in the spectrum of such an operator T:D→X (where D is dense in X) if there is no bounded inverse (λI − T)−1:X→D. -
Is to Understand Some of the Interesting Properties of the Evolution Operator, We Need to Say a Few Things About Unitary Operat
Appendix 5: Unitary Operators, the Evolution Operator, the Schrödinger and the Heisenberg Pictures, and Wigner’s Formula A5.1 Unitary Operators, the Evolution Operator In ordinary 3-dimensional space, there are operators, such as an operator that simply rotates vectors, which alter ordinary vectors while preserving their lengths. Unitary operators do much the same thing in n-dimensional complex spaces.1 Let us start with some definitions. Given an operator (matrix) A, its inverse A-1 is such that AA-1 = A-1A = I .2 (A5.1.1) An operator (matrix) U is unitary if its inverse is equal to its Hermitian conjugate (its adjoint), so that U -1 = U + , (A5.1.2) and therefore UU + = U +U = I. (A5.1.3) Since the evolution operator U(t,t0 ) and TDSE do the same thing, U(t,t0 ) must preserve normalization and therefore unsurprisingly it can be shown that the evolution operator is unitary. Moreover, + -1 U(tn ,ti )= U (ti,tn )= U (ti,tn ). (A5.1.4) In addition, U(tn ,t1)= U(tn ,tn-1)U(tn-1,tn-2 )× × ×U(t2,t1), (A5.1.5) 1 As we know, the state vector is normalized (has length one), and stays normalized. Hence, the only way for it to undergo linear change is to rotate in n-dimensional space. 2 It is worth noticing that a matrix has an inverse if and only if its determinant is different from zero. 413 that is, the evolution operator for the system’s transition in the interval tn - t1 is equal to the product of the evolution operators in the intermediate intervals. -
Linear Maps on Hilbert Spaces
Chapter 10 Linear Maps on Hilbert Spaces A special tool called the adjoint helps provide insight into the behavior of linear maps on Hilbert spaces. This chapter begins with a study of the adjoint and its connection to the null space and range of a linear map. Then we discuss various issues connected with the invertibility of operators on Hilbert spaces. These issues lead to the spectrum, which is a set of numbers that gives important information about an operator. This chapter then looks at special classes of operators on Hilbert spaces: self- adjoint operators, normal operators, isometries, unitary operators, integral operators, and compact operators. Even on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, compact operators display many characteristics expected from finite-dimensional linear algebra. We will see that the powerful Spectral Theorem for compact operators greatly resembles the finite- dimensional version. Also, we develop the Singular Value Decomposition for an arbitrary compact operator, again quite similar to the finite-dimensional result. The Botanical Garden at Uppsala University (the oldest university in Sweden, founded in 1477), where Erik Fredholm (1866–1927) was a student. The theorem called the Fredholm Alternative, which we prove in this chapter, states that a compact operator minus a nonzero scalar multiple of the identity operator is injective if and only if it is surjective. CC-BY-SA Per Enström © Sheldon Axler 2020 S. Axler, Measure, Integration & Real Analysis, Graduate Texts 280 in Mathematics 282, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33143-6_10 Section 10A Adjoints and Invertibility 281 10A Adjoints and Invertibility Adjoints of Linear Maps on Hilbert Spaces The next definition provides a key tool for studying linear maps on Hilbert spaces. -
Representations of *-Algebras by Unbounded Operators: C*-Hulls, Local–Global Principle, and Induction
REPRESENTATIONS OF *-ALGEBRAS BY UNBOUNDED OPERATORS: C*-HULLS, LOCAL–GLOBAL PRINCIPLE, AND INDUCTION RALF MEYER Abstract. We define a C∗-hull for a ∗-algebra, given a notion of integrability for its representations on Hilbert modules. We establish a local–global principle which, in many cases, characterises integrable representations on Hilbert mod- ules through the integrable representations on Hilbert spaces. The induction theorem constructs a C∗-hull for a certain class of integrable representations of a graded ∗-algebra, given a C∗-hull for its unit fibre. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Representations by unbounded operators on Hilbert modules 5 3. Integrable representations and C∗-hulls 10 4. Polynomials in one variable I 15 5. Local–Global principles 19 6. Polynomials in one variable II 27 7. Bounded and locally bounded representations 30 8. Commutative C∗-hulls 37 9. From graded ∗-1––------algebras to Fell bundles 43 10. Locally bounded unit fibre representations 53 11. Fell bundles with commutative unit fibre 57 12. Rieffel deformation 64 13. Twisted Weyl algebras 66 References 71 1. Introduction Savchuk and Schmüdgen [26] have introduced a method to define and classify the integrable representations of certain ∗-algebras by an inductive construction. The original goal of this article was to clarify this method and thus make it apply to more situations. This has led me to reconsider some foundational aspects of arXiv:1607.04472v3 [math.OA] 27 Jul 2017 the theory of representations of ∗-algebras by unbounded operators. This is best explained by formulating an induction theorem that is inspired by [26]. L Let G be a discrete group with unit element e ∈ G.