Evaluation of the Lethal Potency of Scorpion and Snake Venoms and Comparison Between Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Injection Routes
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OECD Guidance Document Number 24: Acute Oral Toxicity Testing
Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 23-Jul-2001 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OECD SERIES ON TESTING AND ASSESSMENT Number 24 GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTING English - Or. English JT00111082 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d’origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 2 ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No 24 GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTING Environment Directorate ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Paris June 2001 3 ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4 Also published in the Series on Testing and Assessment No. 1, Guidance Document for the Development of OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (1993; reformatted 1995) No. 2, Detailed Review Paper on Biodegradability Testing (1995) No. 3, Guidance Document for Aquatic Effects Assessment (1995) No. 4, Report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/Risk Assessment (1995) No. 5, Report of the SETAC/OECD Workshop on Avian Toxicity Testing (1996) No. 6, Report of the Final Ring-test of the Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (1997) No. 7, Guidance Document on Direct Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water (1997) No. 8, Report of the OECD Workshop on Sharing Information about New Industrial Chemicals Assessment (1997) No. 9, Guidance Document for the Conduct of Studies of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides During Agricultural Application (1997) No. -
The Genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with the Description of a New Subgenus and Species from India (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
©Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, www.zobodat.at Entomol. Mitt. zool. Mus. Hamburg 13(162): 191-195 Hamburg, 1. Oktober 2000 ISSN 0044-5223 The genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with the description of a new subgenus and species from India (Scorpiones, Buthidae) W il s o n R . Lo u r e n ç o (With 7 figures) Abstract A new subgenus and species of scorpion,Hottentotta (Deccanobuthus) geffardi sp. n. (Buthidae), are described. The type specimen was collected in Kurduvadi, Deccan Province, India. This specimen had been examined previously by Vachon (pers. comm.), who suggested that it represented a new genus closely allied toButhotus Vachon (= Hottentotta Birula). However, because the precise compositionHottentotta of remains unclear, only a subgenus is proposed at present for this new species. Introduction In the mid-1940s, Vachon started some general studies on the scorpions of North of Africa (see Vachon 1952). One of his main preoccupations was to better define several groups within the family Buthidae, which lead to the division of the genusButhus Leach, 1815 into about 10 different genera. One of the genera proposed by Vachon (1949) was Buthotus, which grouped the majority of the species previously assigned to the subgenus Hottentotta Birula, 1908 (see Vachon & Stockmann 1968). Kraepelin (1891) was the first to distinguish a hottentotta“ group” (species-group) withinButhus. This mainly included species allied Buthusto Hottentotta (Fabricius, 1787). Birula (1908) created the subgenusHottentotta , but Vachon (1949), without explanation, discarded both Hottentotta Birula, 1908 and Dasyscorpio Pallary, 1938 establishing a new name, Buthotus, instead. Hottentotta is, however, a valid senior synonym and was re established by Francke (1985). -
Biological Toxins As the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism Edyta Janik 1, Michal Ceremuga 2, Joanna Saluk-Bijak 1 and Michal Bijak 1,* 1 Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (J.S.-B.) 2 CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela “Montera” 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(0)426354336 Received: 3 February 2019; Accepted: 3 March 2019; Published: 8 March 2019 Abstract: Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group produced by living organisms. One dictionary defines them as “Chemicals produced by living organisms that have toxic properties for another organism”. Toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. The first reason is that many biological toxins can be obtained very easily. Simple bacterial culturing systems and extraction equipment dedicated to plant toxins are cheap and easily available, and can even be constructed at home. Many toxins affect the nervous systems of mammals by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, which gives them their high potential in bioterrorist attacks. Others are responsible for blockage of main cellular metabolism, causing cellular death. Moreover, most toxins act very quickly and are lethal in low doses (LD50 < 25 mg/kg), which are very often lower than chemical warfare agents. For these reasons we decided to prepare this review paper which main aim is to present the high potential of biological toxins as factors of bioterrorism describing the general characteristics, mechanisms of action and treatment of most potent biological toxins. -
Rediscovery of the Holotype of Leiurus Berdmorei Blyth, 1853 (Sauria: Gekkonidae)
J. South Asian nat. Hist., ISSN 1022-0828. January, 1998. Vol.3, No. 1, pp. 51-52,1 fig. © Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, 95 Cotta Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka. SHORT COMMUNICATION Rediscovery of the holotype of Leiurus berdmorei Blyth, 1853 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) Indraneil Das* and Basudeb Dattagupta** The gekkonid Leiurus berdmorei was described by Blyth (1853: 646) from "Mergui" (in Myanmar), and named for its collector, Captain Thomas Mathew Berdmore (1811-1859). By the time the taxon was synonymised by Boulenger (1885) under Hemidactylus bowringii (Gray, 1845), a decision followed by most recent reviewers, including Wermuth (1965) and Kluge (1993), it had already been referred to the genus Doryura by Theobald (1868: 29) and Hemidactylus (Doryura) by Stoliczka (1872: 100) (who redescribed and illustrated the taxon obviously with additional material), and by Blanford (1876: 637). Smith (1935: 99) reported that the holotype of Leiurus berdmorei was lost. The reptile collection of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI; see Roonwal, 1963; Sewell, 1932 for, historical sketches of the institution), which has most of the types described by Edward Blyth (1810-1873), a former curator of the zoo logical museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta, is an important repository of Asian zoological types. A specimen of Hemidactylus bowringii was discovered in the collection of the ZSI with two labels prepared by Mahendranath Acharji, then Assistant Zoologist, ZSI, on 13 May, 1935. One referred to the material as the type of Hemidactylus (Doryura) berdmorei Stoliczka, with the locality of collection given as "Mergui", and Capt. Berdmore as col lector. -
Effects of Brazilian Scorpion Venoms on the Central Nervous System
Nencioni et al. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (2018) 24:3 DOI 10.1186/s40409-018-0139-x REVIEW Open Access Effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni1* , Emidio Beraldo Neto1,2, Lucas Alves de Freitas1,2 and Valquiria Abrão Coronado Dorce1 Abstract In Brazil, the scorpion species responsible for most severe incidents belong to the Tityus genus and, among this group, T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. stigmurus and T. obscurus are the most dangerous ones. Other species such as T. metuendus, T. silvestres, T. brazilae, T. confluens, T. costatus, T. fasciolatus and T. neglectus are also found in the country, but the incidence and severity of accidents caused by them are lower. The main effects caused by scorpion venoms – such as myocardial damage, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and shock – are mainly due to the release of mediators from the autonomic nervous system. On the other hand, some evidence show the participation of the central nervous system and inflammatory response in the process. The participation of the central nervous system in envenoming has always been questioned. Some authors claim that the central effects would be a consequence of peripheral stimulation and would be the result, not the cause, of the envenoming process. Because, they say, at least in adult individuals, the venom would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, there is some evidence showing the direct participation of the central nervous system in the envenoming process. This review summarizes the major findings on the effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system, both clinically and experimentally. -
AN INTRODUCTION to AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank ÂÂ an INTRODUCTION to AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
AN INTRODUCTION TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY This page intentionally left blank AN INTRODUCTION TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY MIKKO NIKINMAA Professor of Zoology, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. -
The First Data on the Fauna and Geographical Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran
The First Data on the Fauna and Geographical Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran Aioub Sozadeh Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Ehsan Allah Kalteh Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Shahin Saeedi Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Mulood Mohammmadi Bavani ( [email protected] ) Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Research note Keywords: Scorpion, fauna, spatial distribution, Iran, Golestan Posted Date: December 3rd, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-117232/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/14 Abstract Objectives: this study was conducted to determine the medically relevant scorpion’s species and produce their geographical distribution in Golestan Province for the rst time, to collect basic information to produce regional antivenom. Because for scorpion treatment a polyvalent antivenom is use in Iran, and some time it failed to treatment, for solve this problem govement decide to produce regional antivenom. Scorpions were captured at day and night time using ruck rolling and Ultra Violet methods during 2019. Then specimens transferred to a 75% alcohol-containing plastic bottle. Finally the specimens under a stereomicroscope using a valid identication key were identied. Distribution maps were introduced using GIS 10.4. Results: A total of 111 scorpion samples were captured from the province, all belonging to the Buthidae family, including Mesobuthus eupeus (97.3%), Orthochirus farzanpayi (0.9%) and Mesobuthus caucasicus (1.8%) species. -
Notes on Phyllodactylus Palmeus (Squamata; Gekkonidae); a Case Of
Captive & Field Herpetology Volume 3 Issue 1 2019 Notes on Phyllodactylus palmeus (Squamata; Gekkonidae); A Case of Diurnal Refuge Co-inhabitancy with Centruroides gracilis (Scorpiones: Buthidae) on Utila Island, Honduras. Tom Brown1 & Cristina Arrivillaga1 1Kanahau Utila Research and Conservation Facility, Isla de Utila, Islas de la Bahía, Honduras Introduction House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) (Wilson and Cruz Diaz, 1993: McCranie et al., 2005). The Honduran Leaf-toed Palm Gecko Over seventeen years following the (Phyllodactylus palmeus) is a medium-sized Hemidactylus invasion of Utila (Kohler, 2001), (maximum male SVL = 82 mm, maximum our current observations spanning from 2016 female SVL = 73 mm) species endemic to -2018 support those of McCranie & Hedges Utila, Roatan and the Cayos Cochinos (2013) in that P. palmeus is now primarily Acceptedarchipelago (McCranie and Hedges, 2013); Manuscript restricted to undisturbed forested areas, and islands which constitute part of the Bay Island that H. frenatus is now unequivocally the most group on the Caribbean coast of Honduras. The commonly observed gecko species across species is not currently evaluated by the IUCN Utila. We report that H. frenatus has subjugated Redlist, though Johnson et al (2015) calculated all habitat types on Utila Island, having a an Environmental Vulnerability Score (EVS) of practically all encompassing distribution 16 out of 20 for this species, placing P. occupying urban and agricultural areas, palmeus in the lower portion of the high hardwood, swamp, mangrove and coastal vulnerability category. To date, little forest habitats and even areas of neo-tropical information has been published on the natural savannah (T. Brown pers. observ). On the other historyC&F of P. -
Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta Saulcyi and Buthacus Macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
RESEARCH ARTICLE Eur J Biol 2019; 78(2): 111-116 Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Halil Koc1 , Ersen Aydin Yagmur2 , Frantisek Šťáhlavský3 1Sinop University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Sinop, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Alaşehir Vocational School, Manisa, Turkey 3Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague, Czech Republic ORCID IDs of the authors: H.K 0000-0003-0429-2824; E.A.Y. 0000-0002-0396-3975; F.Š. 0000-0002-8520-9166 Please cite this article as: Koc H, Yagmur EA, Šťáhlavský F. Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Eur J Biol 2019; 78(2): 111-116. DOI: 10.26650/EurJBiol.2019.0008 ABSTRACT Objective: The species Hottentotta saulcyi is widely distributed from Mardin to Hakkari while the distribution of Buthacus macrocentrus is limited to the south-east of Turkey (only Şanlıurfa). The aim of this study is to analyze the cytogenetic structure of Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus. Materials and Methods: The specimens were collected during the night from Şırnak and Şanlıurfa using a UV lamp. The male Hottentotta saulcyi were collected from Şırnak and male and female Buthacus macrocentrus from Şanlıurfa. Chromosome preparations were made using cells from the male testes and the female ovariuteri of the species studied. Chromosome preparations were made using the classical spreading method. Results: The diploid chromosome number for Hottentotta saulcyi was 2n=14, and 2n=28 for Buthacus macrocentrus. Conclusion: The karyotypes of Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus have been presented for the first time. -
(Vol 1): in Vitro Cytotoxicity Test Methods for Estimating Acute Oral
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Test Methods for Estimating Acute Oral Systemic Toxicity Background Review Document Volume 1 of 2 Prepared by The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) P.O. Box 12233 Mail Drop: EC-17 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 November 2006 NIH Publication No. 07-4518 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health U.S. Public Health Service Department of Health and Human Services This document is available electronically at: http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/methods/invitro.htm Printed: 11/30/2006 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Test Methods BRD Table of Contents November 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDICES.................................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................xvii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................ xxv PREFACE........................................................................................................................xxix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................... -
The Dose Makes the Poison
CHAPTER 1 THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON hich would you prefer to drink—a cup of caffeine or a cup of trichloroethylene? Chances are good that your response was “caf- Wfeine.” Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee, tea, and chocolate, and it is added to sodas and other types of drinks and foods. Trichloroethylene, on the other hand, is a solvent used to dissolve grease, and it is also a common ingredient in glues, paint removers, and cleaning fluids. Trichloroethylene does not occur naturally in the environment, but it is sometimes found as a pollut- ant in groundwater and surface water. So, which would be better to drink? Believe it or not, caffeine is more poisonous than trichloroethylene. At low concentrations, caffeine is used as a food additive because of its effects as a stimulant—it helps people to stay awake and to feel lively. However, at concentrations higher than those found in food products, caffeine can cause insomnia, dizziness, headaches, vomit- ing, and heart problems. In studies of laboratory animals, high doses of caf- feine have caused birth defects and cancer. Does this mean you should think twice about reaching for that cup of Toxicity indicates cocoa or tea? No, there’s more to the story than that. What it does mean is how poisonous a that many common substances found in food and drinks are toxic, or poison- substance is to ous, if you eat or drink large enough quantities. The amount of caffeine in a biological organisms. normal human diet does not cause illness, but just 50 times this amount is enough to be fatal. -
Scorpiones: Buthidae: Hottentotta Tamulus) from India
Research Note Haplotype diversity in the medically important red scorpion (Scorpiones: Buthidae: Hottentotta tamulus) from India Vivek Suranse1, Nitin S. Sawant2, D. B. Bastawade3 and Neelesh Dahanukar1,* 1Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), G1 Block, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India. 2Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society, No. 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore 641 035, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Institute of Natural History Education and Research (INHER), C26/9 Ketan Heights, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India. *For correspondence: [email protected] 1 Abstract The medically important Indian red scorpion, Hottentotta tamulus, is one of the most poisonous scorpions of Indian subcontinent. We studied the haplotype diversity in eight populations of H. tamulus based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) partial gene sequence. Analysis revealed 22 haplotypes with a haplotype diversity of 0.941 and nucleotide diversity of 0.023. For the first two codon positions both transition and transversion types of substitutions were equally likely and the test for neutrality was not rejected. However, codon substitution pattern indicated that the gene has experienced purifying selection. Model-based clustering method indicated that the eight populations form three groups that correspond to high, moderate and low rainfall areas, indicating that there is biogeographical separation of haplotypes. Populations from three groups formed distinct clades in maximum likelihood analysis and median joining genetic network and were statistically supported by low within group and high among group variation in analysis of molecular variance. We provide the first account of haplotype diversity in Indian red scorpions and their biogeographical separation.