Articulation of Canadian Identity Through Don Cherry's Coach's Corner
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Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Teaching English Language and Literature for Secondary Schools Bc. Jan Eichler Articulation of Canadian Identity through Don Cherry’s Coach’s Corner Master’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Jan Chovanec, Ph. D 2016 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Bc. Jan Eichler 2 I would like to thank my supervisor Mgr. Jan Chovanec, Ph.D. for his invaluable advice and helpful guidance throughout the writing process. 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 2. Concept of identity ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Canadian identity ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Canadian identity: Sports and the media ........................................................................ 12 2.3 The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Hockey Night in Canada........................ 14 2.4 Coach’s Corner .............................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Don Cherry – The seventh greatest Canadian ................................................................ 17 3. Analysis & methodology .................................................................................................. 20 3.1 Critical discourse analysis .............................................................................................. 20 3.2 Media texts language analysis ........................................................................................ 22 3.3 Research objectives ........................................................................................................ 24 3.4 Transcripts ...................................................................................................................... 24 4. Audience-design ............................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Referee-design................................................................................................................ 28 5. Articulation of Canadian identity ..................................................................................... 31 5.1 Imagined community ..................................................................................................... 32 5.2. Us versus them .............................................................................................................. 37 5.2.1 Blue-collar mentality ......................................................................................... 40 5.2.2 Expert versus lay discourse ............................................................................... 46 5.2.3 Ordinariness ...................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Politics and military affairs ............................................................................................ 54 5.4 ‘Commertainment’ ......................................................................................................... 58 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 62 References ............................................................................................................................ 66 4 English Summary ................................................................................................................. 74 Resumé ................................................................................................................................. 75 Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 76 Transcription conventions (Tolson, 2006) ................................................................. 76 5 1. Introduction The discursive construction of identity, whether individual or collective, has been a consistent theme in identity studies over the years. However, the concept of identity remains difficult to delineate due to the fact that it is dynamic and it constantly changes. Media nowadays provide an interesting insight into the process of identity negotiation and also present an important platform that helps to facilitate identity articulation, both in a smaller scope and on a larger national level. In terms of national framework, it is interesting to explore, on the one hand, how nations construct their collective identity and, on the one other hand, how they differentiate themselves from other nations. The aim of the thesis is to observe which discursive strategies and linguistic devices are employed specifically to articulate Canadian national identity in the media. The locus of the thesis is Coach’s Corner, a television program running weekly on Rogers, and its main figure – Don Cherry. The program offers an opportunity to detect the aforementioned phenomena of identity articulation within Canadian context. The present thesis is divided into two parts – theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part consists of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. Chapter 2 focuses on the concept of identity and the discursive construction of national identity. Next, it presents the notion of Canadian identity in particular and it touches on the role of sports (i.e. the game of hockey) and the media in identity framework. Finally, it introduces the Coach’s Corner show more closely as well as it provides information about the show’s most prominent figure – Don Cherry. Chapter 3 then describes the methodological approach of the thesis and the concepts the thesis draws on. Moreover, research objectives are set forth. Analytical part of the thesis is also divided into two main parts. Chapter 4 provides definitions of audience-design and referee-design as delineated by Bell (1984). 6 Both of these concepts contribute to the explanation of linguistic variation in the media discourse as well as the position of the audience within the whole framework. In particular, the role of Canadian audience will be observed and the means that help to negotiate an in-group identity on the show. Chapter 5 is divided into several sections. First, Teun van Dijk’s (2000) ‘us versus them’ dichotomy is applied to find out how positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation is articulated on the show. Similarly, the dichotomy is applied in order to point out values and qualities perpetuated on the show to the audience in the following sub-chapter. Then, based on Fairclough’s (1995) observation, the following sub-chapters examine the phenomenon of mixing discourses in contemporary media language and how this factors in articulation of identity on the show. Namely, the elements of expert, lay, ordinary, and political discourses will be explored. Finally, the thesis deals with the current media language shift towards the entertainment value and commercial interests, which the thesis proposes to be referred to as ‘commertainment.’ 7 2. Concept of identity Based on the performativity and dynamicity of identity in various situations, it can be stated that both individual and collective identities are continuously recreated, highly situational and they can sometimes even be contradictory and conflicting. The concept of identity is, generally speaking, difficult to delineate as there exist many definitions of the term with each author discussing it differently. There are many definitions devised for the dictionary purposes as well. The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, defines identity1 as follows: who or what a person or thing is; a distinct impression of a single person or thing presented to or perceived by others; a set of characteristics or a description that distinguishes a person or thing from others. This dictionary definition, however, is problematic in terms of characterizing and constructing national identity. First of all, the definition shows that the focus is more on distinguishing an individual person from other individuals and thus leaves out little room for the notion of collective characteristics and for drawing any conclusions about a particular nation. Second, the dictionary definitions contradict the aforementioned situationality and fluidity of identity as they are rather fixed and consequently limited and limiting. In terms of linguistic framework, Ladegaard (Ladegaard, 2012) claims that identity research in the realm of (socio)linguistics focuses primarily on two sections. First, it is a quantitative area of identity which is signalled through, for example, phonological and morphological choices. According to Joseph (2004), even the smallest and seemingly insignificant idiosyncrasy in language can essentially manifest national 1 Oxford English Dictionary also claims that the term ‘identity’ etymologically originates partly from Latin and partly from French. 8 identity and it might help, for example, to distinguish Anglophone Canadians from Americans. Second, there is a qualitative research of pragmatic devices and discourse strategies where interlocutors may adopt different identities. The process of adopting and assuming different individual identities