DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of the Malaria Vector Anopheles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of the Malaria Vector Anopheles Genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector Anopheles atroparvus in southern Europe José Vicente, Carla Sousa, Bulent Alten, Selim Caglar, Elena Falcutá, José Latorre, Céline Toty, Hélène Barré, Berna Demirci, Marco Luca, et al. To cite this version: José Vicente, Carla Sousa, Bulent Alten, Selim Caglar, Elena Falcutá, et al.. Genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector Anopheles atroparvus in southern Europe. Malaria Journal, BioMed Central, 2011, 10, pp.5. 10.1186/1475-2875-10-5. hal-03059510 HAL Id: hal-03059510 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03059510 Submitted on 12 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vicente et al. Malaria Journal 2011, 10:5 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/5 RESEARCH Open Access Genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector Anopheles atroparvus in southern Europe José L Vicente1, Carla A Sousa2, Bulent Alten3, Selim S Caglar3, Elena Falcutá4, José M Latorre5, Celine Toty6, Hélène Barré7, Berna Demirci3, Marco Di Luca8, Luciano Toma8, Ricardo Alves1,2, Patrícia Salgueiro1, Teresa L Silva1, Maria D Bargues5, Santiago Mas-Coma5, Daniela Boccolini8, Roberto Romi8, Gabriela Nicolescu4, Virgílio E do Rosário1, Nurdan Ozer3, Didier Fontenille6, João Pinto1,2* Abstract Background: There is a growing concern that global climate change will affect the potential for pathogen transmission by insect species that are vectors of human diseases. One of these species is the former European malaria vector, Anopheles atroparvus. Levels of population differentiation of An. atroparvus from southern Europe were characterized as a first attempt to elucidate patterns of population structure of this former malaria vector. Results are discussed in light of a hypothetical situation of re-establishment of malaria transmission. Methods: Genetic and phenotypic variation was analysed in nine mosquito samples collected from five European countries, using eight microsatellite loci and geometric morphometrics on 21 wing landmarks. Results: Levels of genetic diversity were comparable to those reported for tropical malaria vectors. Low levels of genetic (0.004 <FST <0.086) and phenotypic differentiation were detected among An. atroparvus populations spanning over 3,000 km distance. Genetic differentiation (0.202 <FST <0.299) was higher between the sibling species An. atroparvus and Anopheles maculipennis s.s. Differentiation between sibling species was not so evident at the phenotype level. Conclusions: Levels of population differentiation within An. atroparvus were low and not correlated with geographic distance or with putative physical barriers to gene flow (Alps and Pyrenées). While these results may suggest considerable levels of gene flow, other explanations such as the effect of historical population perturbations can also be hypothesized. Background still not clear, however, if the impact of climate change Under the present scenario of human-driven environ- will be beneficial or adverse. Mosquito populations may mental changes, global climate change is one the most tend to expand with warming and changes in rainfall pat- relevant concerns. Climatic predictions point to a signifi- terns, which will tend to increase disease transmission. cant increase of summer droughts in south-western Eur- On the other hand, mosquito reproduction and survival opean regions over the next 60 years, but there is also an could be impaired by altered rainfall and increased aridity increased risk for more frequent flash floods during the leading to a reduction in transmission [2]. Nonetheless, same period [1]. Since the life cycles and distribution of theoveralleffectofanthropogenicclimatechangeon many insect vector species are directly influenced by cli- vector-borne diseases remains debated, and the outcome matological conditions, climate change has the potential may vary regionally [3]. to affect the incidence, seasonal transmission and geo- Malaria is the vector-borne disease with the highest graphic range of several vector-borne diseases [2]. It is impact in the World’s human population. In 2008, there were ca. 243 million cases, and an estimated 863,000 * Correspondence: [email protected] deaths attributed to malaria [4]. Although at present 1Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais/UEI Malária, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Rua da Junqueira malaria endemic areas are mainly restricted to tropical 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal and subtropical regions, several models project a Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2011 Vicente et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vicente et al. Malaria Journal 2011, 10:5 Page 2 of 9 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/5 geographical expansion of potential malaria transmission summer time (June to October) between 2006 and in the next few decades, and more substantial changes 2008 in 9 collection sites from five European countries later this century [2]. (Figure 1). All sites were rural. The localities in Roma- MalariawasendemicinEuropeuntilthemid20th nia, Italy, France, Spain and three sites in Portugal (2, 3 century [5]. The eradication of malaria in the European and 5, Figure 1) are located in coastal areas character- region was largely due to a combination of changes in ized by wetlands with the presence of rice fields. Sites 1 farming and husbandry, improvement in house con- and 4 (Figure 1) are located, respectively, in drier moun- struction and vector control. However, in recent years, tainous and plain inland regions of Portugal. Mosquitoes the disease re-emerged in residual foci in Eastern Eur- were identified to species or species complex by stereo- ope (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey microscopic observation of morphologic characters and Uzbekistan), resulting in more than 30,000 malaria using identification keys [9,10]. All the specimens were cases in the year 2000 [4]. Since then, intensive control preserved individually at 4°C or room temperature in activities have been re-implemented throughout the tubes filled with silica gel, until further analysis. affected region, and the number of reported cases has been reduced substantially to 660 in 2008 [4]. Molecular identification of sibling species Although the risk of malaria re-emergence is uncer- Genomic DNA was extracted from single mosquitoes tain for Western/Southern European countries, the pre- following a phenol-chloroform procedure [11]. Species sent climate change situation gave rise to some concern. identification of four members of the An. maculipennis One of the reasons was a predicted increase in mosquito complex was carried out by PCR-RFLP using protocols vectorial capacity, especially in the southern countries of derived from those described by Proft et al [12]. The Europe and the Mediterranean [6]. This in conjunction Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal with the increasing intercontinental human movement DNA was amplified using primers for the conserved may favour the re-establishment of autochthonous regions 5.8S and 28S [13]. PCR was carried out in a 25 ® malaria transmission. μl volume containing 1X GoTaq Flexi Buffer (Promega, The former European malaria vectors were mainly USA), 2.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM dNTP’s (Promega, USA), members of the Anopheles maculipennis complex that 5 μM of each primer and 1U of Go Taq polymerase are still widely distributed throughout the continent [7]. (Promega, USA). The thermal cycling profile was as fol- This complex comprises 13 Palearctic sibling species, of lows: 94°C for 5 min; 34 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 53°C which Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles labranchiae and for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec, followed by a final exten- Anopheles sacharovi were the main malaria vectors in sion at 72°C for 7 min. A RFLP protocol allowed the the European region. In Europe, the distribution of identification of four sibling species of the An. maculi- An. atroparvus ranges from Britain to Russia (north pennis complex (An. atroparvus, Anopheles labranchiae, Caucasus). It is absent in some Mediterranean regions, Anopheles maculipennis s.s. and Anopheles melanoon). such as southern Italy, Greece and Turkey [8]. For the restriction reaction, 5 μl of each ITS2 PCR pro- Because its importance as a disease vector has declined, duct was added to 1X restriction enzyme buffer (buffer research on the biology of An. atroparvus and its sibling L, Roche Diagnostics, Germany) and 1.25U of Cfo 1 species has decreased in the last decades. However, the (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) enzyme, in a total volume concern with malaria re-emergence has resulted in a revi- of 20 μl, followed by incubation for 3 h at 37°C. valofinterestinEuropeanAnopheles mosquitoes. In this Digested fragments were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laboratory Studies of Anopheles Atroparvus in Relation To
    [ 478 ] LABORATORY STUDIES OF ANOPHELES ATBOPARVUS IN RELATION TO MYXOMATOSIS BY C. H. ANDREWES, R. C. MUIRHEAD-THOMSON AND J. P. STEVENSON* National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, N.W.I and the Infesta- tion Control Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Tolworth, Surrey Though rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus) are the principal vectors of myxomatosis in Britain (Armour & Thompson, 1955), Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus^ has been implicated in its transmission amongst domestic rabbits (Muirhead-Thomson, 1956). This mosquito was first shown to carry infection under laboratory condi- tions by Jacotot, Toumanoff, Vallee & Virat in France (1954). They found that in- fection was transmitted up to 21 days after the infective blood meal; that a single bite of the Anopheles was sufficient to produce infection and that a single mosquito could infect several rabbits one after the other at short intervals. These basic observations have been confirmed. In addition, it has been shown that infection can be produced by insertion of the mosquito's mouthparts alone, without actual feeding; that, after the first few days, virus is present only in the mouthparts of the insect; and that infected mosquitoes can remain infective for several months, much longer than is reported for this insect by the French workers or for other mosquitoes by Australian workers (Fenner, Day & Woodroofe, 1952). The possibility that myxoma virus multiplies in A. atroparvus will be discussed. METHODS We used both wild and laboratory-reared atroparvus, most frequently wild caught semi-hibernating insects. Rabbits used for feeding experiments were first anaes- thetized by intraperitoneal injection of nembutal.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes of the Maculipennis Complex in Northern Italy
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mosquitoes of the Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy Mattia Calzolari1*, Rosanna Desiato2, Alessandro Albieri3, Veronica Bellavia2, Michela Bertola4, Paolo Bonilauri1, Emanuele Callegari1, Sabrina Canziani1, Davide Lelli1, Andrea Mosca5, Paolo Mulatti4, Simone Peletto2, Silvia Ravagnan4, Paolo Roberto5, Deborah Torri1, Marco Pombi6, Marco Di Luca7 & Fabrizio Montarsi4,6 The correct identifcation of mosquito vectors is often hampered by the presence of morphologically indiscernible sibling species. The Maculipennis complex is one of these groups that include both malaria vectors of primary importance and species of low/negligible epidemiological relevance, of which distribution data in Italy are outdated. Our study was aimed at providing an updated distribution of Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy through the sampling and morphological/ molecular identifcation of specimens from fve regions. The most abundant species was Anopheles messeae (2032), followed by Anopheles maculipennis s.s. (418), Anopheles atroparvus (28) and Anopheles melanoon (13). Taking advantage of ITS2 barcoding, we were able to fnely characterize tested mosquitoes, classifying all the Anopheles messeae specimens as Anopheles daciae, a taxon with debated rank to which we referred as species inquirenda (sp. inq.). The distribution of species was characterized by Ecological Niche Models (ENMs), fed by recorded points of presence. ENMs provided clues on the ecological preferences of the detected species, with An. daciae sp. inq. linked to stable breeding sites and An. maculipennis s.s. more associated to ephemeral breeding sites. We demonstrate that historical Anopheles malaria vectors are still present in Northern Italy. In early 1900, afer the incrimination of Anopheles mosquito as a malaria vector, malariologists made big attempts to solve the puzzling phenomenon of “Anophelism without malaria”, that is, the absence of malaria in areas with an abundant presence of mosquitoes that seemed to transmit the disease in other areas1.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmodium Ovale Malaria Acquired in Central Spain
    DISPATCHES The Study Plasmodium ovale In March 2001, a 75-year-old woman was admitted to the Hospital Príncipe de Asturias in Madrid with a history of inter- Malaria Acquired in mittent fever for 1 week and no obvious infection. Intravenous treatment with ciprofloxacin was prescribed to treat provision- Central Spain ally diagnosed pyelonephritis. While in hospital, the patient Juan Cuadros,* Maria José Calvente,† had two episodes of high fever (39°C–40°C) separated by 48- Agustin Benito,‡ Juan Arévalo,* hour intervals with hypoxemia and deterioration of her general Maria Angeles Calero,* Javier Segura,† condition. On day 7 of fever, the hematologist advised the phy- and Jose Miguel Rubio‡ sician of the presence of rings inside the patient’s erythrocytes (parasitemia rate <1 %). A rapid antigen detection test (HRP2 We describe a case of locally acquired Plasmodium ovale detection; ICT Diagnostics, Amrad Corporation, Victor, Aus- malaria in Spain. The patient was a Spanish woman who had tralia) was done; the test returned negative results for Plasmo- never traveled out of Spain and had no other risk factors for dium falciparum and P. vivax. The sample was later identified malaria. Because patients with malaria may never have visited as P. ovale through microscopy and molecular studies at a ref- endemic areas, occasional transmission of malaria to Euro- erence malaria laboratory. Initial treatment with chloroquine pean hosts is a diagnostic and clinical challenge. followed by primaquine eliminated the infection successfully, and the patient recovered fully without complications. P. ovale was confirmed by semi-nested multiplex poly- n the first decades of the 20th century, malaria was a highly merase chain reaction (PCR) (8).
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes of the Genus Anopheles in Countries of the WHO European Region Having Faced a Recent Resurgence of Malaria
    Within the framework of the new WHO regional strategy aimed at malaria elimination, special attention is given to operational research. In order to update scientifi c knowledge on malaria, the WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe has initiated a regional programme on operational research related to malaria entomology and vector control, which is being carried out successfully with the assistance of research institutions and partners in affected countries of Middle Asia and South Mosquitoes of the genus Caucasus. The objectives of the research are closely tied to the particular situation and problems identifi ed within a single country or a group of neighbouring countries. Anopheles in countries of The identifi cation and geographical distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes, the prevalence of sibling species and their role in malaria transmission, taxonomy, biology and ecology of malaria vectors are of particular interest in the Region. the WHO European Region The results of the research presented in this paper conducted over the past fi ve having faced a recent years in countries having faced a recent resurgence of malaria in the WHO European Region, will help national health authorities to re-examine the current vector control strategies, taking into account the updated knowledge of existing and potential resurgence of malaria malaria vectors. The threat of the re-establishment of malaria transmission in the Region should not be downgraded, despite the substantial progress achieved. In this connection, further research on the taxonomy, biology, ecology, behaviour and genetics of mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus will lead to a better understanding of the nature of malaria vectors and their role in transmission in the WHO European Region, and to providing advice on the ways to best address the problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Anopheles Atroparvus from the Ebro Delta, Spain Lotty Birnberg1, Carles Aranda1,2, Sandra Talavera1, Ana I
    Birnberg et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:394 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04268-y Parasites & Vectors METHODOLOGY Open Access Laboratory colonization and maintenance of Anopheles atroparvus from the Ebro Delta, Spain Lotty Birnberg1, Carles Aranda1,2, Sandra Talavera1, Ana I. Núñez1, Raúl Escosa3 and Núria Busquets1* Abstract Background: Historically, Anopheles atroparvus has been considered one of the most important malaria vectors in Europe. Since malaria was eradicated from the European continent, the interest in studying its vectors reduced signif- cantly. Currently, to better assess the potential risk of malaria resurgence on the continent, there is a growing need to update the data on susceptibility of indigenous Anopheles populations to imported Plasmodium species. In order to do this, as a frst step, an adequate laboratory colony of An. atroparvus is needed. Methods: Anopheles atroparvus mosquitoes were captured in rice felds from the Ebro Delta (Spain). Field-caught specimens were maintained in the laboratory under simulated feld-summer conditions. Adult females were artifcially blood-fed on fresh whole rabbit blood for oviposition. First- to fourth-instar larvae were fed on pulverized fsh and turtle food. Adults were maintained with a 10% sucrose solution ad libitum. Results: An An. atroparvus population from the Ebro Delta was successfully established in the laboratory. During the colonization process, feeding and hatching rates increased, while a reduction in larval mortality rate was observed. Conclusions: The present study provides a detailed rearing and maintenance protocol for An. atroparvus and a pub- licly available reference mosquito strain within the INFRAVEC2 project for further research studies involving vector- parasite interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Windborne Long-Distance Migration of Malaria Mosquitoes in the Sahel
    1 Windborne long-distance migration of malaria mosquitoes in the Sahel 2 Huestis DLa, Dao Ab, Diallo Mb, Sanogo ZLb, Samake Db, Yaro ASb, Ousman Yb, Linton Y-Mf, Krishna Aa, Veru La, Krajacich 3 BJa, Faiman Ra, Florio Ja, Chapman JWc, Reynolds DRd, Weetman De, Mitchell Rg, Donnelly MJe, Talamas Eh,j, Chamorro Lh, 4 Strobach Ek and Lehmann Ta 5 6 a Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH. Rockville, MD, USA 7 b Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, Bamako, 8 Mali 9 c Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Inst., University of Exeter, Penryn, 10 Cornwall, UK and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China. 11 d Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, and Rothamsted Research, 12 Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 13 e Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK 14 f Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland MD, USA and 15 Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA 16 g Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA 17 h Systematic Entomology Laboratory - ARS, USDA, Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History, 18 Washington DC, USA 19 j Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Department of Plant Industry, Gainesville FL, USA 20 k Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 21 22 Over the past two decades, control efforts have halved malaria cases globally, yet burdens remain 23 high in much of Africa and elimination has not been achieved even where extreme reductions have 24 occurred over many years, such as in South Africa1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Mobile Phones As Acoustic Sensors for High-Throughput
    TOOLS AND RESOURCES Using mobile phones as acoustic sensors for high-throughput mosquito surveillance Haripriya Mukundarajan1, Felix Jan Hein Hol2, Erica Araceli Castillo1, Cooper Newby1, Manu Prakash2* 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; 2Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States Abstract The direct monitoring of mosquito populations in field settings is a crucial input for shaping appropriate and timely control measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Here, we demonstrate that commercially available mobile phones are a powerful tool for acoustically mapping mosquito species distributions worldwide. We show that even low-cost mobile phones with very basic functionality are capable of sensitively acquiring acoustic data on species-specific mosquito wingbeat sounds, while simultaneously recording the time and location of the human- mosquito encounter. We survey a wide range of medically important mosquito species, to quantitatively demonstrate how acoustic recordings supported by spatio-temporal metadata enable rapid, non-invasive species identification. As proof-of-concept, we carry out field demonstrations where minimally-trained users map local mosquitoes using their personal phones. Thus, we establish a new paradigm for mosquito surveillance that takes advantage of the existing global mobile network infrastructure, to enable continuous and large-scale data acquisition in resource-constrained areas. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27854.001 Introduction Frequent, widespread, and high resolution surveillance of mosquitoes is essential to understanding *For correspondence: their complex ecology and behaviour. An in-depth knowledge of human—mosquito interactions is a [email protected] critical component in mitigating mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika (Macdon- Competing interests: The ald, 1956; World Health Organization, 2014; Godfray, 2013; Besansky, 2015; Kindhauser et al., authors declare that no 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Anopheles Daciae and Other Anopheles Maculipennis Complex Species in Serbia
    Parasitology Research (2018) 117:3277–3287 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6028-y ORIGINAL PAPER Distribution of Anopheles daciae and other Anopheles maculipennis complex species in Serbia Mihaela Kavran1 & Marija Zgomba1 & Thomas Weitzel2 & Dusan Petric1 & Christina Manz3 & Norbert Becker2 Received: 22 May 2018 /Accepted: 24 July 2018 /Published online: 28 August 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Malaria is one of the most severe health problems facing the world today. Until the mid-twentieth century, Europe was an endemic area of malaria, with the Balkan countries being heavily infested. Sibling species belonging to the Anopheles maculipennis complex are well-known as effective vectors of Plasmodium in Europe. A vast number of human malaria cases in the past in the former Yugoslavia territory have stressed the significance of An. maculipennis complex species as primary and secondary vectors. Therefore, the present study evaluates the species composition, geographic distribution and abundance of these malaria vector species. Mosquitoes were collected in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina and analysed by PCR- RFLP, multiplex PCR and sequencing of the ITS2 intron of genomic rDNA. Four sibling species of the An. maculipennis complex were identified. Both larvae and adults of the recently described species An. daciae were identified for the first time in Serbia. In 250 larval samples, 109 (44%) An. messeae,90(36%)An. maculipennis s.s., 33 (13%) An. daciae and 18 (7%) An. atroparvus were identified. In adult collections, 81 (47%) An. messeae,55(32%)An. daciae,33(19%)An. maculipennis s.s., and 3(2%)An. atroparvus were recorded. The most abundant species in Vojvodina was An.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Occurring Four Years After Leaving an Endemic Area
    Acta Clinica Belgica International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine ISSN: 1784-3286 (Print) 2295-3337 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yacb20 Plasmodium falciparum malaria occurring four years after leaving an endemic area B. Vantomme, J. Van Acker, S. Rogge, D. Ommeslag, J. Donck & S. Callens To cite this article: B. Vantomme, J. Van Acker, S. Rogge, D. Ommeslag, J. Donck & S. Callens (2016) Plasmodium falciparum malaria occurring four years after leaving an endemic area, Acta Clinica Belgica, 71:2, 111-113, DOI: 10.1179/2295333715Y.0000000063 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2295333715Y.0000000063 Published online: 09 Feb 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 52 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=yacb20 Download by: [JH Libraries] Date: 23 August 2016, At: 08:41 Case Report Plasmodium falciparum malaria occurring four years after leaving an endemic area B. Vantomme1, J. Van Acker2, S. Rogge3, D. Ommeslag4,5, J. Donck6, S. Callens7,8 1Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium, 2Department of Clinical Biology, St. Lucas General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, 3Department of Gastroenterology, St. Lucas General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, 4Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Lucas General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, 5Department of Pneumology, St. Lucas General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, 6Department of Nephrology, St. Lucas General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, 7Department of Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium, 8Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Lucas General Hospital, Belgium We present a case of a 52-year-old woman of Ghanaian origin who developed Plasmodium falciparum malaria 4 years after leaving Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Anopheles Mosquitoes Revealed New Principles of 3D Genome Organization in Insects
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.114017; this version posted May 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Anopheles mosquitoes revealed new principles of 3D genome organization in insects Varvara Lukyanchikova1,2,3,4,+, Miroslav Nuriddinov3,+, Polina Belokopytova3,4, Jiangtao Liang1,2, Maarten J.M.F. Reijnders5, Livio Ruzzante5, Robert M. Waterhouse5, Zhijian Tu2,6, Igor V. Sharakhov1,2,7,*, Veniamin Fishman3,4,* 1 Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 2 Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 3 Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 4 Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 5 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 6 Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 7 Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia + co-first authors * correspondence to I.V.S. ([email protected]) and V.F. ([email protected]) Abstract Chromosomes are hierarchically folded within cell nuclei into territories, domains and subdomains, but the functional importance and evolutionary dynamics of these hierarchies are poorly defined. Here, we comprehensively profiled genome organizations of five Anopheles mosquito species and showed how different levels of chromatin architecture influence contacts between genomic loci. Patterns observed on Hi-C maps are associated with known cytological structures, epigenetic profiles, and gene expression levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Migration, Mosquitoes and the Evolution of Plasmodium Falciparum
    144 Review TRENDS in Parasitology Vol.19 No.3 March 2003 Human migration, mosquitoes and the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum Jennifer C.C. Hume, Emily J. Lyons and Karen P. Day Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Dept of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK To date, coalescent analysis of the Plasmodium falci- The first asserts that the lack of synonymous polymorph- parum genome sequence has failed to provide a unify- ism in some genes [8] and relative absence of single ing theory regarding the parasite’s evolution. While a nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in housekeeping gene better understanding of the evolution of the malaria introns [9] are indicative of a recent expansion from a genome will undoubtedly clarify the current contro- single or limited number of progenitors, and that regions of versy, the importance of the parasite’s interplay with diversity can be explained by positive selection [4,9]. The both the human host and mosquito vector cannot be opposing view asserts that the parasite is ancient due to underestimated. Changes in the population biology or extensive polymorphism observed in some genes [10–12]. ecology of either one of these species have conse- Thus, it is apparent that the genetic data proves contra- quences for malaria transmission and this was never dictory and needs to be explained further. Some researchers more apparent than in the environmental changes have proposed that selective sweeps [7,12] are the most brought about by the advent of agriculture. likely reason for the monomorphism observed in parts of the genome, while others think the most probable Bioinformatic analysis of the malaria genome has allowed explanation is a parasite bottleneck [8,9].
    [Show full text]
  • Small Rnas Virome Characterization Reveals Arthropod-Associated Viruses in Anopheles Atroparvus from the Ebro Delta, Spain †
    Abstract Small RNAs Virome Characterization Reveals Arthropod-Associated Viruses in Anopheles atroparvus from the Ebro Delta, Spain † Lotty Birnberg 1, Francisco M. Codoñer 2, Raúl Escosa 3, Carles Aranda 1, Ana Isabel Núñez 1, Sandra Talavera 1 and Núria Busquets 1* 1 IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (A.I.N.); [email protected] (S.T.); [email protected] (N.B.) 2 Lifesequencing, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain; current address: Danone, Nutricia Research, 30th Biopolis Street, Matrix Building, 138671, Singapore; [email protected] 3 Consorci de Politiques Ambientals de les Terres de l’Ebre (COPATE), Plaça de Lluis Companys, 43870 Amposta, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Presented at Viruses 2020—Novel Concepts in Virology, Barcelona, Spain, 5–7 February 2020. Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: Even though malaria was eradicated from Europe after the mid-20th century, in 2017, more than 8000 imported cases were reported in the continent. Due to travel routes to endemic areas, climate change, and the presence of native vector mosquitoes (genus Anopheles), the re- establishment of autochthonous malaria transmission is a current concern. Anopheles atroparvus (Van Thiel, 1972) is one of the 11 sibling species within the Palearctic Anopheles maculipennis complex, which formerly were considered the main vectors of the disease in the European continent. The microbiota (bacteria and viruses) of vector species has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the biology of these organisms, including their infection susceptibility and their capacity to transmit disease-causing agents.
    [Show full text]