Mapping of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks of India
A Pilot Project: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
NRSC
Dr. C. Sudhakar Reddy Dr. V.K. Srivastava Dr. S. Sudhakar Dr. M.S.R. Murthy
Mr. Shijo Joseph, JRF Mr. Ved Prakash Ola, Project Personnel
WII
Dr. V.B. Mathur
TNFD
Sri K. Sridharan Dr. S.K. Srivastava
SURVEY OF INDIA
December, 2008
Contents
Page no.
Chapter I – Introduction 1-20 1.1 Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary 3-9 1.2 Topography 10-20
Chapter II -Vegetation type mapping 21-39 2.1 Methodology 21-26 2.2 Results and Discussion 27-39
Chapter III –Forest Crown Density Mapping 40-53 3.1 Methodology 40-41 3.2 Results and Discussion 41-53
Chapter IV –Phytosociological study 54-72 4.1 Methodology 54-57 4.2 Results and Discussion 58-66 4.3 Gradients of Diversity 67-72
CHAPTER V-LAND COVER CHANGE ASSESSMENT 73-82
5.1 Methodology 74-76
5.2 Results and Discussions 77-82
Chapter VI - Conclusions and Recommendations 83-84
References 85-93 List of Figures
Figure1.1 Location Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Figure1.2 Infrastructure Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure1.3 Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Showing Reserve Forest & Section Figure1.4 Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary showing Range Boundary and Beat Boundary Figure1.5 Elevation map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure1.6 Percent Area Distribution of Elevation in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Figure1.7 Slope Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure1.8 Percent Area Distribution of Slope in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure 1.9 Aspect Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure1.10 Percent Area Distribution of Aspect in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure1.11 Drainage Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure2.1 False Colour Composite Image of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure2.2 Vegetation types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure2.3 Forest Vegetation type and Land-Use map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure2.4 Percent Area Distribution of Vegetation type and Land-Use in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure2.5 Percent area Distribution of Different forest types in different ranges. Figure 2.6 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manampally Range Figure 2.7 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range Figure 2.8 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range Figure 2.9 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range Figure 2.10 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range Figure 2.11 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range Figure 2.12 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range Figure3.1 Methodology Flow chart for Forest Type, Density & Bio- Richness Maps Figure3.2. Forest Canopy Density Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure3.3. Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure 3.4 Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density Figure3.5 Area Distribution of different Forest Canopy Density Categories in Different Ranges Figure3.6 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range Figure3.7 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range Figure3.8 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range Figure3.9 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range Figure3.10 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range Figure3.11 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range Figure3.12 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range Figure4.1. Phytosociological sampling method Figure4.2.1 Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure4.2.2 Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Figure4.3. CCA ordination diagram (Axis 1 by Axis 2) with plots (scattered points) and environmental variables (lines) in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Each circle represents partitioning of vegetation communities along environmental gradients. Figure5.1. Flow diagram depicting the details of change detection technique followed in the study Figure5.2. Map showing change areas from 1973 to 2006 in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, India. List of Tables
Table1.1 Range and Beat wise Geographical area of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Table1.2 Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.3 Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in different range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.4 Elevation Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.5. Area Distribution Slope Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.6. Area Distribution of Slope Categories in different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.7. Slope Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.8. Area Distribution Aspect Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.9. Area Distribution of Aspect Categories in different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table2.1 Forest types of Indira Gandhi Wildlife sanctuary (Champion and Seth, 1968) Table2.2 Area Statistics of Vegetation cover types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq.km) Table2.3.1 Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km) Table2.3.2 Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km) Table3.1 Area Statistics of Forest Crown density in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table3.2. Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density Table3.3.1 Range wise Forest Crown density distribution Table3.3.2 Range wise Forest Crown density distribution Table4.1 Ecological dominance of top ten species (based on IVI values) in Sanctuary Table4.2 Top 10 dominant species in Dry deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values) Table4.3 Top 10 dominant species in Moist deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values) Table4.4 Top 10 dominant species in Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values) Table4.5 Top 10 dominant species in Semi-Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values) Table4.6 Top 10 dominant species in Shola forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values) Table4.7 Top 10 dominant species in Scrub forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values) Table4.8. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Amaravathi Range Table4.9. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Manampally Range Table4.10. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Polachi Range Table4.11 Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Udumalaipettai Range Table4.12. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Ulandy Range Table4.13. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Valaprai Range Table4.14 Population structure of tree species along girth class frequencies Table4.15 Population structure of tree species across Height class intervals Table4.16 Endemic species of Study area Table4.17 Canonical correspondence analysis of 169 species in 206 plots in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Matrix presents intraset correlation between environmental variables and first three axes and weighted correlations between environmental variables.
Table4.18 Overall regression model of species richness from environmental variables in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary (R2 – 0.50, F – 39.82, df1 – 5, df2 – 199 and p - 2.98E-28). Table5.1 Land use/Land cover changes (area in hectare) in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary from 1973 to 2006
List of Annexure:
Annexure1 Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure2 Area Distribution of Forest Vegetation type & Land-Use in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure3 Area Distribution of Aspect in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure4 Area Distribution of Elevation in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure5 Area Distribution of Slope in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure6 Beat and Section wise area distribution of vegetation type and landuse & land cover in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure7 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Annexure8 Maps of Status of main Faunal Species of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Annexure9 Phytosociological Sample Point Location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Acknowledgement
The project team is grateful to Dr. V. Jayaraman, Director, NRSC, Dr. P.S. Roy, Deputy Director (RS & GIS Application Area) and Dr. R.S. Dwivedi, Group Director (LRG), NRSC for all the guidance and encouragement. We thank Director, WII for encouragement and Tamil Nadu Forest Department for cooperation in field studies. Thanks due to Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi for financial assistance. We are grateful to Mr. G. Rajasekhar and Mr. Girish S. Pujar, Scientists, NRSC for their technical cooperation and continual support. Chapter - I INTRODUCTION
India is endowed with a great variety of biological communities and is ranked among twelve mega diversity countries in the world. But India’s green mantle along with its heritage of biodiversity is in grave trouble today due to population explosion, encroachment to forest land, shifting cultivation practices and degradation caused by overgrazing, illicit felling, lopping, for fuel and folder, forest fire, etc. The formulation of Protected Area is a regular practice for the conservation of biodiversity from these threats. But many times Protected Area has not been fulfil its objectives as there is no base line data about major habitats and its species composition, ecological significance and threatening factors in the area. Wherever little data exits, it is not in a standardized form to address the management issues. The lack of baseline data is hampering the conservation and management of the protected area significantly. In this context, Ministry of
Environment and Forest, Govt. of India has planned to develop a spatial database for all Protected Areas in the country. As an initial step, Ministry has taken up five Protected Areas for the pilot study in which Indira Gandhi Wildlife
Sanctuary and National Park is one among them. National Remote Sensing
Centre has been identified as the nodal Centre for the implementation of the project in Indira Gandhi WLS & NP in collaboration with Wildlife Institute of India and Tamil Nadu Forest Department.
1 Objectives:
It is now realized that all the concerned departments are keenly interested to
work towards achieving sustainability through proper scientific and thereby to
reduce the adverse impacts of social changes to the environment. The main
objectives of the present study are:
1. Forest type map at 1: 25,000 scale
2. Forest Crown density map in five class as <20%, 20-40 %, 40-60 %,
60-80 % and >80 % at 1: 25,000 scale
3. Plant species richness, density and diversity map
4. Mammals richness, density and diversity map
5. Avian richness, density and diversity map
In addition to the above main objectives, spatial data was generated for infrastructure and topography (aspect, slope, elevation).
2 I.1. INDIRA GANDHI (ANAMALAI) WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
The sanctuary (100 12’ to 100 54’N and 76 0 44’ to 770 48’E), covering an area of about 958 sq. km., is one of the largest protected areas in Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspots. Administratively it is located in Coimbatore Disrict of
Tamil Nadu (Figure 1.1). The hills is one among the 25 Micro Centers of Diversity in the Indian Subcontinent and is one of the seven Level-II Tiger Conservation
Unit (TCU) in South East Asia. The Grass Hills in the plateau is proposed as
World Natural Heritage Site by UNESCO. The sanctuary is bordered in the south
west by Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, in the south by the reserve forest of
Chalakudy Forest Division and Eravikulam national park, in south east Chinnar
Wildlife Sanctuary all in Kerala State, and in east mostly by the cultivated plains.
These sanctuaries along with the Reserve Forest of Nelliyampathi Hills form a
large conservation area for large and wide ranging species such as elephant,
gaur and tiger.
The sanctuary is a hilly terrain with the altitude ranging from 175m at the foothills
in the north-east to 2550m in the grass hills in the south. The annual rainfall
varies from 500mm in the rain shadow eastern slopes to 5000mm in the west.
The temperature varies from < 50 C in the winter at elevation above 2000 m to
nearly 400C in the eastern plain in the summer. The lower elevation areas contain
southern tropical thorn forest, the medium altitude characterized by deciduous
forests and the upper ranges (>1000m) harbours wet evergreen forests. The
mountain slopes (>1800m) supports typical shola forests, whereas the mountain
tops are characterized by extensive stretches of grasslands, making it a typical
montane habitat.
3 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, TAMIL NADU, INDIA 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
INDIA Legend 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Boundary of IGWLS
TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E Figure1.1 Location Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
4 Administrative and Infrastructure Information:
Survey of India provided digital layers on administrative boundaries and infrastructure details of the sanctuary on 1:25,000 scale. As per the details given by SOI the sanctuary has total geographical area (TGA) of 960.21 sq km. The sanctuary has 7 no. of ranges 15 no. of Sections and 37 Beats. The TGA of different ranges and corresponding beats of the ranges is given table 1.1. S. Total Area of RANGE S.No. BEAT No. Beat (Sq.km) 1 KALLAPURAM 44.27 2 KOMBU EAST 33.86 AMARAVATHI 3 KILANAVAYAL 32.87 1 4 MANJANPATTI 34.12 5 TALINGI 56.22 Total Geographic Area of Amaravathi Range (sq 201.34 km) 1 CHINNAKALLAR 24.86 MANAMBOLY 2 PERIYA KALLAR 47.72 2 Total Geographic Area of Manamboly Range (sq 72.58 km) 1 ANALI 13.37 2 MANAMPALLI 20.32 MANAMPALLY 3 SHEIKALMUDI 19.05 3 4 URULIKAL 13.65 Total Geographic Area of Manampally Range (sq 66.38 km) 1 ALIYAR 19.21 2 ARTHANRIPALAYAM 16.63 3 VILLONNIE 23.34 POLACHI 4 MANGARAI 15.03 4 5 PACHATHANNIR 11.07 6 AYIRAMKAL 10.68 7 POTHAMADA 11.94 Total Geographic Area of Polachi Range (sq km) 107.91 1 EASAL THITTU EAST 40.11 2 EASAL THITTU WEST 29.38 3 KOMBU WEST 47.85 4 KARATTUR 15.61 UDUMALAIPETTAI 5 KARATTUR 18.02 5 6 PARUTHIYUR 17.46 7 KURUMALAI 20.03 8 THIRUMURTHI MALAI 31.55 9 VALLAKONDAPURAM 28.27 Total Geographic Area of Udumalaipettai Range (sq 248.29 km)
5 1 TOPSLIP 27.24 ULANDY 2 CHINNAR 18.91 6 3 VARAGALIYAR 34.96 Total Geographic Area of Ulandy Range (sq km) 81.11 1 AKKAMALAI 31.87 2 GRASSHILLS 36.17 3 ATTAKATTY 3.29 VALPARAI 4 ATTAKATTY 27.09 7 5 UPPER ALIYAR 33.26 6 IYERPADI 39.10 7 KAVURKAL 11.82 Total Geographic Area of Valparai Range (sq km) 182.60 Total Geographic Area of Sanctuary (sq km) 960.21
Table1.1. Range and Beat wise Geographical area of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.
The infrastructure details consists of locations of forest administrative offices, Forest Rest-House, watch towers, Check-Post, Anti-Poaching Shed, elephant camps, Rain Gauge Locations fire lines, roads, settlements etc. The infrastructure layers, sanctuary boundary, and administrative are given in figure-1.2, 1.3 & 1.4.
6 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
INFRASTRUCTURE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI
ULANDY
UDUMALAIPETTAI 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY VALPARAI
AMARAVATHI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
INDIA Legend Forest Rest-House & Office Settlements MANAMBOLY Forest Genetic Research Centre Roads
Fire Lines 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Watch Tower TAMIL NADU Boundary of IGWLS Elephant Camp Participating Organizations Range Boundary National Remote Sensing Centre Anti Poaching Shed 0 1.5 3 6 Km Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Outside Sanctuary Survey of India Check Post Funding Agency Rain Guage SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure1.2. Infrastructure Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
7 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
SETHULMADI WEST SECTION 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
ALIYAR SECTION KARATTUR SECTION SETHULMADI EAST SECTION TOPSLIP SECTION
DHALI SECTION VARAGALIYAR SECTION Unsurveyed ATTAKATTY SECTION 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N Unsurveyed MANUPATTI SECTION
TUNAKADAVU RF IYERPADI SECTION KALLAPURAM SECTION ANAIMALAI RESERVED FOREST MANAMPALLY SECTION AMARAVATHI RESERVED FOREST KARATTUR SECTION
AKKAMALAI SECTION 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
Legend MANJANPATTI SECTION
INDIA Boundary of IGWLS Reserve Forest Boundary KALLAR SECTION Amaravathi Reserve Forest
Anaimalai Reserve Forest 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N TAMIL NADU Tunakadavu Reserve Forest Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Section Boundary Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Survey of India Outside Sanctuary Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure1.3. Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Showing Reserve Forest & Section
8 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA BEAT
ARTHANRIPALAYAM BEAT 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL BEAT
ALIYAR BEATPARUTHIYUR BEAT PACHATHANNIR BEAT POLACHI MANGARAI BEAT KARATTUR BEAT TOPSLIP BEAT VILLONNIE BEAT ATTAKATTY BEATVALLAKONDAPURAM BEAT EASAL THITTU WEST BEAT ULANDY ATTAKATTY BEAT VARAGALIYAR BEAT KURUMALAI BEAT Unsurveyed UDUMALAIPETTAIEASAL THITTU EAST BEAT CHINNAR BEAT UPPER ALIYAR BEAT 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N Unsurveyed THIRUMURTHI MALAI BEAT ANALI BEAT KOMBU EAST BEAT KAVURKAL BEAT MANAMPALLI BEAT IYERPADI BEAT KALLAPURAM BEAT MANAMPALLY VALPARAI URULIKAL BEAT KARATTUR BEAT KOMBU WEST BEAT
SHEIKALMUDI BEAT AKKAMALAI BEAT AMARAVATHI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N Legend TALINGI BEAT GRASSHILLS BEAT Boundary of IGWLS Range
INDIA Amaravathi KILANAVAYAL BEAT MANJANPATTI BEAT Manamboly PERIYA KALLAR BEAT CHINNAKALLAR BEATMANAMBOLY Manampally Polachi 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Udumalaipettai TAMIL NADU Ulandy Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Valparai Wildlife Institute of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Survey of India Beat Boundary Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Outside Sanctuary
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure1.4. Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary showing Range Boundary and Beat Boundary
9 1.2 Topography:
Elevation: Survey of India provided base layers in digital format on 1:25000 scale. A DEM was prepared using line contours of 10 meter interval. While creating DEM, point height, Drainage Map for lower and higher control, and boundary of Indira Gandhi Sanctuary for extent, are also used. Elevation information was derived from high resolution Digital Elevation Model with 10 meter resolution. The whole sanctuary was classified into 5 categories (Figure1.5 & 1.6, Table1.2, 1.3 & 1.4). Below 500 meter elevation, occurs along with Northern boundary and North-West part of Sanctuary, and contributing 13.04 %. Area between500-1000 meter elevation occurs mostly in all direction except Southern part of sanctuary and contributing 41.57 %. Area Between 1000-1500 meter elevation occurs mostly in central and South-East part of sanctuary and contributing 28.01 %. Area between 1500 to 2000 meter elevations occurs mostly in Southern and some in Eastern part and contributing 13.91 %. Area between 2000-2515 meter elevation occurring only in Southern part of sanctuary and contributes 3.47 % The sanctuary has 175.86 meter minimum elevation and 2514.51 meter maximum elevation and 1120.77 meter mean elevation.
10 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
ELEVATION MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI
ULANDY
UDUMALAIPETTAI 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY VALPARAI
AMARAVATHI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N Legend Elevation ( Meters ) 175-500 500-1000
INDIA 1000-1500 MANAMBOLY 1500-2000 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N 2000-2,515 Water TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Boundary of IGWLS Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Survey of India Range Boundary Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Outside Sanctuary
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure1.5. Elevation map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
11 AREA DISTRIBUTION OF ELEVATION IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
28.01 175-500 Meter
13.91 500-1000 Meter
1000-1500 Meter 3.47
41.57 13.04 1500-2000 Meter
2000-2515 Meter
Figure1.6. Percent Area Distribution of Elevation in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. ELEVATION AREA In sq km % AREA (Meters) 175-500 Meter 125.21 13.04 500-1000 Meter 399.20 41.57 1000-1500 Meter 268.92 28.01 1500-2000 Meter 133.58 13.91 2000-2515 Meter 33.31 3.47 Total Geographic 960.21 100.00 Area
Table1.2. Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Area Distribution of Elevation Categories (Meters) TOTAL AREA RANGE 500- 1500- 2000- 175-500 1000-1500 (sq km 1000 2000 2515 ) AMARAVATHI 56.16 100.20 28.82 13.49 2.67 201.34 MANAMBOLY 11.56 53.70 7.32 72.58 MANAMPALLY 53.82 11.90 0.66 66.38 POLACHI 41.82 49.36 16.46 0.26 107.90 UDUMALAIPETTAI 27.22 95.93 69.37 44.86 10.92 248.29 ULANDY 0.01 62.11 17.67 1.32 81.11 VALPARAI 0.02 150.44 106.34 68.31 19.73 344.83
Table1.3 Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in different range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
12
Min Max Mean RANGE Elevation Elevation Elevation AMARAVATHI 321.00 2351.00 1336.00 MANAMBOLY 526.00 1936.00 1231.00 MANAMPALLY 538.00 1643.00 1090.50 POLACHI 175.00 1632.00 948.93 UDUMALAIPETTAI 320.00 2261.00 1290.50 ULANDY 446.00 1737.00 1091.50 VALPARAI 560.00 2514.00 1537.00 AT SANCTUARY 175.86 2514.00 1120.77 LEVEL
Table 1.4 Elevation Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Slope: Slope information was derived from high resolution Digital Elevation Model with 10 meter resolution. The whole sanctuary was classified in 5 slope categories on the basis of Natural Breaks (Jenks) like 0-10 degree, 10-20 degree, 20-30 degree, 30-45 degree and 45-87.14 degree (Figure 1.7 & 1.8, Table 1.5, 1.6 & 1.7). Most of the sanctuary, 76.92 % area, is lies below 45 Degree slope. Slope >47degree is in only in 4.56 % area of whole sanctuary and covering 43.77 sq km. In Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, 18 Degree slope having highest area that is 32.28 sq km and 87.14 degree slope having lowest area that is 0.001. Mean Slope of the sanctuary is 43.5 Degree.
13 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
SLOPE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI
ULANDY
UDUMALAIPETTAI 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY VALPARAI
AMARAVATHI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N Legend Slope (Degree) 0-10 INDIA 10-20 20-30 MANAMBOLY 30-45
45-87 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N TAMIL NADU Water
Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Boundary of IGWLS Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Survey of India Range Boundary Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Outside Sanctuary
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E Figure1.7. Slope Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
14 AREA DISTRIBUTION OF SLOPE IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
26.32 0-10 Degree 18.52
10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree 4.56 29.27 30-45 Degree 21.33
45-87 Degree
Figure1.8 Percent Area Distribution of Slope in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary SLOPE (Degree) AREA (sq km) % of AREA 0-10 204.80 21.33 10-20 281.08 29.27 20-30 252.77 26.32 30-45 177.79 18.52 45-87.14 43.77 4.56 Total Geographic 960.21 100.00 Area
Table1.5. Area Distribution Slope Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary SLOPE (Degree) Range TOTAL 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-45 45-87.14 AMARAVATHI 71.38 52.88 44.54 27.28 5.27 201.34 MANAMBOLY 13.07 25.78 19.24 10.77 3.73 72.58 MANAMPALLY 11.72 24.80 18.92 9.67 1.28 66.38 POLACHI 21.22 24.66 28.60 25.68 7.76 107.90 UDUMALAIPETTAI 42.52 69.20 67.54 53.98 15.05 248.29 ULANDY 20.77 29.99 18.58 10.33 1.44 81.11 VALPARAI 24.13 53.78 55.35 40.09 9.25 182.60
Table1.6. Area Distribution of Slope Categories in different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
15
Min Slope Max Slope Mean RANGE (Degree (Degree) Slope(Degree) AMARAVATHI 0 86 43 MANAMBOLY 0 84 42 MANAMPALLY 0 76 38 POLACHI 0 86 43 UDUMALAIPETTAI 0 85 42.5 ULANDY 0 79 39.5 VALPARAI 0 87 43.5 AT Sanctuary Level 0 87 43.5
Table1.7. Slope Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Aspect: Slope information was derived from high resolution Digital Elevation Model with 10 meter resolution and eight classes were extracted as North, North-East, East, South-East, South, South-West, West, and North-West (Figure 1.9 &1.10, Table 1.8 & 1.9). There is only 10.19 sq km area that having 0 degree slope means flat surface. Slope is almost equally divided in all aspects except North-West direction.
16 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
ASPECT MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
POTHAMADA BEAT 10°20'0"N
10°20'0"N Legend Flat North North East INDIA East South East South South West 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N West TAMIL NADU North West Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Boundary of IGWLS Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Range Boundary Survey of India Funding Agency Outside Sanctuary 0 1.5 3 6 Km SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E Figure 1.9 Aspect Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
17 AREA DISTRIBUTION OF ASPECT IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
FLAT 13.10 10.89 NORTH 10.32 10.55 NORTHEAST
EAST
SOUTHEAST 12.09 11.42 SOUTH
13.90 1.06 16.68 SOUTHWEST WEST NORTHWEST
Figure1.10. Percent Area Distribution of Aspect in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary AREA (sq % of S. NO. Aspect km) AREA 1 FLAT 10.19 1.06 2 NORTH 133.47 13.90 3 NORTHEAST 109.61 11.42 4 EAST 101.27 10.55 5 SOUTHEAST 125.77 13.10 6 SOUTH 104.56 10.89 7 SOUTHWEST 99.14 10.32 8 WEST 116.06 12.09 9 NORTHWEST 160.15 16.68 Total Geographic Area 960.21 100.00
Table1.8. Area Distribution Aspect Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
18
RANGE ASPECT AMARAVATHI MANAMBOLY MANAMPALLY POLACHI UDUMALAIPETTAI ULANDY VALPARAI
FLAT 5.88 0.24 1.72 0.00 0.00 0.40 1.95
NORTH 27.19 7.18 7.12 24.14 32.69 9.49 25.65
NORTHEAST 20.77 5.26 5.03 17.81 32.54 5.58 22.62
EAST 14.09 5.71 6.45 12.99 39.03 5.68 17.31
SOUTHEAST 18.62 11.72 10.82 10.73 41.45 12.72 19.70
SOUTH 16.21 13.92 6.75 7.61 22.70 14.96 22.40
SOUTHWEST 23.58 10.26 5.51 7.61 19.59 10.73 21.88
WEST 34.99 8.14 8.70 8.44 25.27 9.10 21.42
NORTHWEST 40.00 10.16 14.28 18.57 35.02 12.45 29.67
TGA 201.34 72.58 66.38 107.90 248.29 81.11 182.60
Table1.9. Area Distribution of Aspect Categories in different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
19 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
DRAINAGE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI
ULANDY
UDUMALAIPETTAI 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY VALPARAI
AMARAVATHI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
Legend INDIA River & River Banks MANAMBOLY 1st Order Stream Waterfalls 2nd Order Stream
Others 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N 3rd Order Stream Water 4th & above Order Stream TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations Boundary of IGWLS National Remote Sensing Centre Aqueduct on Canals Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Canal & Canal Banks Range Boundary Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency Outside Sanctuary SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure1.11. Drainage Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.
20 Chapter - II
VEGETATION TYPE MAPPING
Forest type is defined as a unit of vegetation which possesses similar characteristics of physiognomy, structure, function, floristic composition and phenology influenced by climate and topography (Champion & Seth, 1968)). The climatic and edaphic factors coupled with biotic disturbances in the study area have given rise to a rich and varied flora. According to Champion & Seth, 1968 the forest types in the sanctuary were categorized into Tropical Evergreen, Tropical Semi evergreen, Tropical moist mixed deciduous, tropical dry mixed deciduous, Savannah-woodland forests and grasslands. An attempt has been made to derive forest type information with reference to Champion and Seth classification system using multi temporal satellite data and field species data collected distributed over entire study area.
2.1 Methodology
IRS P6 LISS IV, IRS P6 LISS III satellite datasets of 2004 pertaining to study area were procured from NRSC, Hyderabad. Remotely sensed data usually contain both systematic and non systematic geometric errors. Some of the important systematic errors are-scan skew, mirror scan velocity, panoramic distortion, platform velocity, earth rotation, perspective, altitude, etc. Because of these geometric errors, the satellite data immediately after acquisition is not planimetrically true to the ground features.
Hence, in order to measure/estimate area from the satellite data it has to be initially rectified from geometric errors and made planimetrically true to available SOI topo maps. The systematic errors can be corrected through analysis of sensors characteristics and ephemeris, these errors are corrected in the preprocessing of data after initial data acquisition from satellite. However, nonsystematic errors caused due to altitude (pitch, roll and yaw) can be corrected only through the use of common Ground control points (GCP). A GCP is a point on the surface of earth where both image coordinate and map coordinates can be identified.
21 IRS P6 LISS III scenes were enhanced using linear contrast stretching and histogram equalization to improve the image and help identify ground control points in the rectification. Accordingly the coordinates of the GCPs on georeference image data and the corresponding coordinates of the similar GCPs on the raw satellite data have been used for transformation of the uncorrected satellite data. This process of geometric correction of raw satellite data was achieved using first order polynomial transformation fit. A nearest-neighbor algorithm was used to perform the resampling procedure and the Image-to-Image registrations, which yielded a root-mean-square error of 0.30 pixels for all data. Images were projected to UTM projection and WGS84 datum using ERDAS IMAGINE.
Image was enhanced using linear contrast stretching and histogram equalization to improve the image and help to identify ground control points in the rectification. These techniques expand the range of brightness values in an image so that the image can be efficiently displayed in a manner desired by the interpreter/analysts. It has also been noticed that the identification of different forest type / density classes need thorough understanding in the field as well as with the image signatures. After keen observation of certain known areas of different forest categories, one can decide the optimum stretching parameters to identify different land use / land cover including forest categories correctly. Using such optimum stretching parameters, standard False Colour Composites (FCCs) are to be generated for ground truth collection.
Color composites of different bands can yield varied levels of information due to diverse reflectance pattern in bands. Mosaicing of satellite data, corresponding to the study area was done. By using Wildlife Sanctuary boundary as mask, study area has been extracted from IRS P6 LISS-III and LISS-IV scenes (Figure 2). The ancillary data were from field (using GPS) and the Survey of India (SOI) toposheets of 1:50,000 scale.
Standard FCC imagery generated by combining band 3, 2, and 1. In the Image, the forests are appear in dark red to light red tone. The richness of the red indicates the vigour of the leaves and their sizes. Patches of light red mottled
22 tones represent degraded forests and scrub vegetation. The light greenish to white tones are barren lands. Water bodies were indicated in blue and black tones. Supervised classification procedures are the most important analytical tools used for the extraction of more information from remotely sensed digital image data.
Prior to this, field inventory details and on the basis of tone, texture, colour, spectral reflectance pattern, homogenous training sites for classification identified on the satellite image. The mapping of vegetation and land cover was done at 1: 25,000 scale.
23 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
IRS P6 LISS IV FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE IMAGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
INDIA Legend
Boundary of IGWLS 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N
TAMIL NADU
Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India 0 1.25 2.5 5 Km Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure2.1. False Colour Composite Image of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
24 The vegetation type map has been prepared using IRS P6 LISS III and IRS P6 LISS IV satellite data of 2004 (Figure2.1). Care was taken in selection of optimal season data to delineate moist and dry vegetation formations, with reference to phenology (green wave and brown wave).
As per Transformed Divergence, best separability for vegetation classes are achieved using IRS LISS IV data. According the overall accuracy assessment also IRS LISS IV data classification along with MIR band of LISS III provides good results. Classification Accuracy was assessed as 93.4%.
Revised classification system of forest types of India prepared by Champion and Seth (1968) was consulted for mapping of forest types.
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 SUBGROUP UNDER SUBGROUP (69 Code GROUP (16) (20) SUBTYPES) 1 1A: Southern TROPICAL WET tropical wet C4 West tropical evergreen EVERGREEN FORESTS evergreen forest forests 2 2A: Southern TROPICAL SEMI tropical C2 West Coast semievergreen EVERGREEN FORESTS semievergreen forest forests 3 3B: South C2: Southern moist mixed TROPICAL MOIST Indian moist deciduous forests DECIDUOUS FORESTS deciduous
forests 4 5A: Southern C3: Southern dry mixed TROPICAL DRY tropical dry deciduous forest DECIDUOUS FORESTS deciduous forests 5 8A: Southern SUBTROPICAL subtropical C1: Nilgiri subtropical hill forest BROADLEAVED broadleaved (shola) FOREST hill forests 6 Savannah-Woodland 7 Degraded Forest 8 Scrub 9 Grassland
Table 2.1 Forest types of Indira Gandhi Wildlife sanctuary (Champion and Seth, 1968)
25
Of the 10 natural vegetation types, Savannah-woodland, degraded forest, scrub and grassland are successional/degradational or edaphic types.
Figure2.2. Vegetation types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
26 2.2 Results and Discussion
The land cover classes classified into 15 categories and area of each class has been calculated (Table:2.2 ; Figure 2.3). The sanctuary is characterized by two distinct vegetation zones, wet zone and dry zone. The wet zone is dominated by evergreen forest and Grasslands.
Of the nine natural vegetation types, moist deciduous forests occupy higher area followed by semi-evergreen, savannah-woodland and evergreen forests. There are four plantations were found in the sanctuary, viz. teak, eucalyptus, tea and cinchona.
IRS –LISS IV satellite data used for Forest and Land Use mapping provided the advantage of deriving spatial details with better delineation. On the other hand the temporal satellite data of IRS LISS-III and AWiFS have further provided information on delineation of phenological formations like evergreen and deciduous formations, grasslands. The satellite image showing, different forest types as seen by satellite data are shown in figure2.3.
Owing to the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall and high degree of topographic variations, the sanctuary exhibits diverse vegetation types. The forest types include mixed species formations of evergreen and deciduous forests, ecological unique formations like shoals and grasslands, typical edaphically controlled, low rainfall and disturbed formations like savanna woodlands, degraded forests and scrub areas.
27 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI RANGE
ULANDY RANGE UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY RANGE VALPARAI RANGE
AMARAVATHI RANGE 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
Legend Forest Type Non-Forest Scrub INDIA Evergreen Semievergreen Grassland Moist Deciduous Barren land MANAMBOLY RANGE Dry Deciduous Water Shola Plantations Cinchona Plantation
Savannah-Woodland 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Degraded Forest Eucalyptus Plantation TAMIL NADU Tea Plantation
Participating Organizations Teak Plantation National Remote Sensing Centre 0 1.5 3 6 Km Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Administrative Units Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Boundary of IGWLS Funding Agency Range Boundary SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Outside Sanctuary
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E Figure2.3. Forest Vegetation type and Land-Use map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
28 AREA ( S. NO. VEGETATION TYPE % of AREA sq km ) 1 Evergreen 101.22 10.55 2 Semi evergreen 156.72 16.34 3 Moist Deciduous 324.76 33.85 4 Dry Deciduous 63.03 6.57 5 Shola 22.31 2.33 6 Savannah-Woodland 109.85 11.45 7 Degraded Forest 51.11 5.33 8 Scrub 71.14 7.41 9 Grassland 16.05 1.67 10 Teak Plantation 9.06 0.94 11 Eucalyptus Plantation 6.72 0.70 12 Tea Plantation 3.16 0.33 13 Cinchona Plantation 1.83 0.19 14 Barren land 10.81 1.13 15 Water 11.58 1.21 Total Geographic Area 959.36 100.00
Table: 2.2 - Area Statistics of Vegetation cover types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq.km)
AREA DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPE & LANDUSE IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY Evergreen Semievergreen 33.85 Moist Deciduous 6.57 Dry Deciduous 2.33 Shola Savannah-Woodland 16.34 11.45 Degraded Forest 5.33 10.55 7.41 Scrub 0.52 1.67 Grassland 1.64 1.13 Barren land 1.21 Water Forest Plantations Agricultural Plantation
Figure2.4 Percent Area Distribution of Vegetation type and Land-Use in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
29 At sanctuary level, evergreen/semi evergreen formations together constitute 26.89% of the sanctuary area and moist deciduous formations constitute 33.85% of the total area.
Percentage Area Distribution of Different Forest Types in Different Ranges
70.00 Polachi Range
60.00 Udumalaipettai Range 50.00 Ulandy Range
40.00 Valparai Range
30.00 Manampally Range
20.00 Amaravathi Range % area of Total Geographic Area Range 10.00 Manamboly Range
0.00 Evergreen, Moist Grassland, Savannah- Semievergreen Deciduous, Dry Shola Woodland, Deciduous Degraded Forest, Scrub
Figure2.5. Percent area Distribution of Different forest types in different ranges. The evergreen and deciduous formations are prevalent in western and eastern parts of the sanctuary respectively as there exists significant less rainfall in eastern parts of the sanctuary. The percentage distribution of mixed species formations (evergreen and deciduous), ecological unique formations and disturbed formations in different ranges are given in Table2.2 and figures 2.4 & 2.5.Manamboly,Manampally,and Valparai, are the ranges having higher evergreen formations. On the other hand the disturbed formations like savanna wood lands, degraded forests and scrub are high in Polachi, Amaravathi, and Udumalaipettai ranges. The range wise forest type and land use maps are given in Figures-2.6 to 2.12.
30
S. No. VEGETATION TYPE POLACHI UDUMALAIPETTAI ULANDY VALPARAI 1 Evergreen 7.29 16.99 11.39 25.48 2 Semievergreen 7.97 34.37 17.07 41.65 3 Moist Deciduous 36.47 93.52 28.24 49.86 4 Dry Deciduous 6.23 21.58 1.18 3.49 5 Shola 8.87 13.44 6 Savannah-Woodland 17.20 25.71 10.75 18.23 7 Degraded Forest 9.33 15.56 0.68 2.54 8 Scrub 16.49 25.33 1.76 8.23 9 Grassland 0.04 2.45 0.02 13.32 10 Tea Plantation 0.31 11 Cinchona Plantation 12 Eucalyptus Plantation 5.48 13 Teak Plantation 8.60 14 Barren land 1.21 3.84 0.93 3.33 15 Water 0.07 0.02 0.40 2.19 Total Geographic Area (sq. 107.78 248.26 81.03 182.08 km.)
Table2.3.1. Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km)
S. No. VEGETATION TYPE 1 Evergreen 2 Semievergreen 3 Moist Deciduous 4 Dry Deciduous 5 Shola 6 Savannah-Woodland 7 Degraded Forest 8 Scrub 9 Grassland 10 Tea Plantation 11 Cinchona Plantation 12 Eucalyptus Plantation 13 Teak Plantation 14 Barren land 15 Water Total Geographic Area (sq. km.)
31
MANAMPALLY AMARAVATHI MANAMBOLY 15.59 4.11 20.38 16.48 13.74 25.42 21.78 77.80 17.08 3.55 26.91 0.08
3.89 32.36 1.72 0.42 21.52 1.05 1.71 17.41 0.22 0.03 0.20 2.85 1.83 1.24 0.45 0.67 0.53 0.29 1.78 6.92 0.20 66.31 201.31 72.57
Table2.3.2. Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km)
32 76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMPALLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
ANALI BEAT 10°24'0"N 10°24'0"N
Legend Forest Type Evergreen Semievergreen MANAMPALLI BEAT Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous Savannah-Woodland Degraded Forest URULIKAL BEAT Non-Forest Scrub Grassland Barren land Water Plantation 10°21'0"N 10°21'0"N Teak SHEIKALMUDI BEAT Administrative Units Range Boundary Beat Boundaries
Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Participating Organizations Tamil Nadu Sanctuary India National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI 0 0.5 1 2 Km
76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E 76°57'0"E Figure 2.6 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manampally Range
33 76°57'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°3'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMBOLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°18'0"N 10°18'0"N
Legend Forest Type Non-Forest Evergreen Scrub Semievergreen Grassland Moist Deciduous Barren land Dry Deciduous Water Savannah-Woodland Administrative Units Degraded Forest Range Boundary Plantations Beat Boundaries Cinchona Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation CHINNAKALLAR BEAT Tea Plantation PERIYA KALLAR BEAT 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N
Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Tamil Nadu India Sanctuary
Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre 0 0.5 1 2 Km Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°57'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°3'0"E Figure 2.7 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range
34 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF POLACHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
POTHAMADA BEAT
ARTHANRIPALAYAM BEAT 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL BEAT
ALIYAR BEAT PACHATHANNIR BEAT Legend MANGARAI BEAT Forest Types Non- Forest VILLONNIE BEAT Evergreen Scrub Semievergreen Grassland
0 0.5 1 2 Km Moist Deciduous Barren land Dry Deciduous Water
Savannah-Woodland Administrative Units Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Tamil Nadu Sanctuary Participating Organizations India National Remote Sensing Centre
10°25'0"N Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Degraded Forest Range Boundary Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Plantation Beat Boundaries Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Eucalyptus
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E Figure 2.8 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range
35 77°0'0"E 77°3'0"E 77°6'0"E 77°9'0"E 77°12'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
PARUTHIYUR BEAT
India
KARATTUR BEAT 10°27'0"N 10°27'0"N VALLAKONDAPURAM BEAT
Legend EASAL THITTU WEST BEAT Forest Types Tamil Nadu Evergreen KURUMALAI BEAT EASAL THITTU EAST BEAT Semievergreen THIRUMURTHI MALAI BEAT Moist Deciduous
Dry Deciduous 10°24'0"N 10°24'0"N Shola
Savannah-Woodland Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary Degraded Forest Non-Forest KOMBU WEST BEAT Scrub KARATTUR BEAT Grassland 10°21'0"N 10°21'0"N Barren land Water Participating Organizations 0 0.5 1 2 Km National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Administrative Units Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India
Range Boundary Funding Agency Beat Boundaries SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
77°3'0"E 77°6'0"E 77°9'0"E 77°12'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°18'0"E Figure 2.9 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range
36 76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E 76°57'0"E 10°30'0"N
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF ULANDY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
TOPSLIP BEAT Legend Forest Type Non-Forest
Evergreen Scrub 10°27'0"N 10°27'0"N Semievergreen Grassland Moist Deciduous Barren land Dry Deciduous Water Savannah-Woodland Plantations Degraded Forest Teak Plantation Administrative Units VARAGALIYAR BEAT Range Boundary Beat Boundary
0 0.5 1 2 Km
CHINNAR BEAT
Tamil Nadu Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Participating Organizations India Sanctuary National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India 10°24'0"N
10°24'0"N Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E 76°57'0"E Figure 2.10 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range
37 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF VALPARAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
ATTAKATTY BEAT
ATTAKATTY BEAT 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N UPPER ALIYAR BEAT
KAVURKAL BEAT
IYERPADI BEAT
AKKAMALAI BEAT
INDIA 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
GRASSHILLS BEAT
TAMIL NADU
Legend Forest Type Non- Forest INDIRA GANDHI WLS Evergreen Scrub Semievergreen Grassland 0 0.5 1 2 Km Moist Deciduous Barren land Dry Deciduous Water Shola Plantations 10°15'0"N Participating Organizations Savannah-Woodland Tea Plantation National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Degraded Forest Administrative Units Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Range Boundary Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Beat Boundary
77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E
Figure 2.11 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range
38 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF AMRAVATHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Legend Forest Type Evergreen 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous Savannah-Woodland KOMBU EAST BEAT Degraded Forest KALLAPURAM BEAT Non- Forest Scrub Grassland Barren land Water Administrative Units Range Boundary Beat Boundaries
INDIA 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
TALINGI BEAT
TAMIL NADU
KILANAVAYAL BEAT
INDIRA GANDHI WLS
MANJANPATTI BEAT 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N
Participating Organizations
National Remote Sensing Centre 0 0.5 1 2 Km Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E Figure 2.12 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range The beat wise area statistics of different forest types and land sue information is given in Annexures.
39 Chapter - III
FOREST CROWN DENSITY MAPPING
Crown density is the percentage of crown area where sunlight is blocked by crown branches, foliage, and reproductive structures. Crown density estimates crown condition relative to a typical tree for the site. Density also serves as an indicator of future growth. High-density ratings (greater than 40 percent) indicate a full, healthy, crown. Crown density is one of the primary inputs for the forest working plan preparation.
The Crown Density data set provide an input to generation of stratification base to understand the variability of growing stock at different forest beats and helps in optimally designing the ground inventory for growing stock assessment.
3.1 Methodology
The crown density has been mapped at 1:25,000 scale using IRS P6 LISS IV data with a spatial resolution of 5.6m. NDVI method is adopted for base level information. five density classes were mapped using on screen visual interpretation method (Very dense forest: >80%; Moderately Dense: 60-80%; Dense forest 40-60%; Open forest 20-40%; Degraded forest with canopy 20% canopy). (Figure3.2).
40 Topographic Thematic Mapping Field Data IRS-P6- L-IV
Slope, Aspect & Forest Density Maps Phytosociological Elevation, Drainage – 5 classes (<.2 .2-.4, Analysis (stratified Road, Settlements. .4-.6, .6-.8 and > .8) random transects )- Fire lines Forest Type maps Veg. composition Water body based on Champion Animal/ Avian & Seth’s Density Assessment
Forest Type, Density & Bio-Richness Maps
Figure3.1. Methodology Flow chart for Forest Type, Density & Bio-Richness Maps
3.2 Results and Discussion
Spatial information on Forest crown density was generated using IRS-LISS IV satellite data. The forest crown density map of the sanctuary and different ranges is shown in figures 3.2 & 3.6 to 3.12. Range wise area statistic is given in table3.3.1 & 3.3.2 and in figure3.5. The area statistics and distribution of different forest crown density classes at sanctuary level is given in table 3.1 and figure3.3. 93.78% of the sanctuary area is under forest cover, with 27.99% under >20% crown density and 32.8% under 20-40% crown density. It may be noted that forest and agriculture plantations covering 4.01% were not considered under crown density delineation. The remaining area is found under grasslands, water and barren areas. Of the five density classes, 20-40% crown class occupies 32.84% of total sanctuary area and 11.78 % area of the sanctuary, having >80 crown density. Amaravathi Range having highest area below <40% followed by Polachi and then Udumalaipettai Range. Manamboly, Manampally and Valparai Ranges having more area under category of >80% then other ranges. The sanctuary has 583.58 sq km area is under <40 % canopy density, 60.83 % of total geographic area of sanctuary, and 316.47 sq km area is under category >40 % canopy density, 32.99 % of total geographic area of sanctuary. Area statistics of percent area and total area under < 40 % canopy density and >40 % canopy density is given in table3.2 and figure3.4.
41 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI RANGE
ULANDY RANGE UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY RANGE VALPARAI RANGE
AMARAVATHI RANGE 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
0 1.5 3 6 Km
INDIA Legend Forest Canopy Density Plantations <20 % Cinchona MANAMBOLY RANGE 20-40 % Eucalyptus 40-60 % Tea 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N 60-80 % Teak TAMIL NADU >80 % Administrative Units Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Non- Forest Boundary of IGWLS Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Grass Land Range Boundary Survey of India Funding Agency Barren land Outside Sanctuary SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Water
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure3.2. Forest Canopy Density Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
42
CANOPY DENSITY% & AREA (sq km) % AREA LAND-USE <20 % 268.57 27.99 20-40 % 315.02 32.84 40-60 % 75.29 7.85 60-80 % 128.15 13.36 >80 % 113.03 11.78 Cinchona 1.83 0.19 Eucalyptus 6.72 0.70 Tea 3.18 0.33 Teak 9.09 0.95 Grass Land 16.11 1.68 Barren land 10.77 1.12 Water 11.63 1.21 TOTAL AREA 959.39 100.00 (sq km)
Table: 3.1. - Area Statistics of Forest Crown density in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
AREA DISTRIBUTION OF CANOPY DENSITY IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
<20 % Canopy Density
32.84 20-40 % Canopy Density 7.85 40-60 % Canopy Density
60-80 % Canopy Density
13.36 >80 % Canopy Density 27.99 11.78 Forest Plantations( 4.01 Eucalyptus, Teak)
1.65 Agricultural Plantations (Cinchona, Tea) 0.52 Non-Forest ( Grassland, Barren land, Water )
Figure3.3. Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
43 Percentage Area of Canopy Density of Different Range
90.00
Polachi Range 80.00
70.00 Udumalaipettai Range
60.00 Ulandy Range 50.00 Valpara Rangei 40.00
Manampally Range 30.00
20.00 Amaravathi Range % Area of Total Geographic Range 10.00 Manamboly Range 0.00 Canopy Density <40 % Canopy Density >40 %
Figure 3.4 Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density
Density Total Area under Canopy % of Area Classes Density (sq km ) <40 % >40% <40 % >40% Range Canopy D Canopy D Canopy D Canopy D Polachi 81.92 19.06 81.13 18.87 Udumalaipettai 167.62 74.34 69.28 30.72 Ulandy 42.78 28.27 60.21 39.79 Valparai 79.86 83.02 49.03 50.97 Manampally 28.70 34.71 45.27 54.73 Amaravathi 162.55 31.29 83.86 16.14 Manamboly 20.14 45.79 30.55 69.45
Table3.2.Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density
44 Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density in Different Ranges
60.00 POLACHI
50.00 UDUMALAIPETTAI
40.00 ULANDY
VALPARAI 30.00
MANAMPALLY 20.00 AMARAVATHI % Area of Canopy Density
10.00 MANAMBOLY
0.00 <20 % 20-40 % 40-60 % 60-80 % >80 % Forest Canopy Density
Figure3.5 Area Distribution of different Forest Canopy Density Categories in
Different Ranges
CANOPY UDUMALAIPETT DENSITY% & LAND- POLACHI ULANDY AI USE <20 % 52.75 79.30 15.59 20-40 % 29.17 88.32 27.19 40-60 % 7.98 24.21 1.64 60-80 % 6.94 26.88 16.20 >80 % 4.13 23.25 10.43 Cinchona Eucalyptus 5.48 Tea Teak 8.63 Grass Land 0.04 2.46 0.02 Barren land 1.21 3.83 0.93 Water 0.07 0.02 0.40 TOTAL AREA (sq 107.78 248.27 81.04 km)
Table3.3.1 Range wise Forest Crown density distribution
45
CANOPY VALPARA MANAMPALL AMARAVATH MANAMBOL DENSITY% & I Y I Y LAND-USE <20 % 34.57 7.13 75.11 4.12 20-40 % 45.29 21.58 87.44 16.03 40-60 % 11.86 3.68 14.67 11.25 60-80 % 35.13 15.63 12.41 14.95 >80 % 36.03 15.40 4.21 19.59 Cinchona 1.83 Eucalyptus 1.24 Tea 0.31 2.87 Teak 0.46 Grass Land 13.36 0.03 0.21 Barren land 3.32 0.67 0.53 0.29 Water 2.21 1.79 6.93 0.21 TOTAL AREA (sq 182.08 66.32 201.32 72.57 km)
Table3.3.2. Range wise Forest Crown density distribution
46 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF AMRAVATHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Legend
Forest Canopy Density 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N <20 % 20-40 % 40-60 % KOMBU EAST BEAT 60-80 % KALLAPURAM BEAT >80 % Non-Forest Grass Land Barren land Water Administrative Units Range Boundary Beat Boundaries 10°20'0"N
10°20'0"N INDIA
TALINGI BEAT
TAMIL NADU
KILANAVAYAL BEAT
INDIRA GANDHI WLS
MANJANPATTI BEAT 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N
Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu 0 0.5 1 2 Km Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure3.6 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range
47 76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E 76°57'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMPALLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
ANALI BEAT 10°24'0"N 10°24'0"N
Legend Forest Canopy Density <20 % MANAMPALLI BEAT 20-40 % 40-60 % 60-80 %
URULIKAL BEAT >80 % Non-Forest Grass Land Barren land Water Plantation
Teak 10°21'0"N 10°21'0"N SHEIKALMUDI BEAT Administrative Units Range Boundary Beat Boundaries
Tamil Nadu Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Participating Organizations India Sanctuary National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI 0 0.5 1 2 Km
76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E 76°57'0"E
Figure3.7 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range
48 76°57'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°3'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMBOLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°18'0"N 10°18'0"N
Legend Forest Canopy Density Plantations <20 % Cinchona Plantation 20-40 % Eucalyptus Plantation 40-60 % Tea Plantation 60-80 % Administrative Units >80 % Range Boundary Non- Forest Beat Boundaries Grassland
Barren Land CHINNAKALLAR BEAT Water PERIYA KALLAR BEAT 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N
Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Tamil Nadu India Sanctuary
Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre 0 0.5 1 2 Km Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°57'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°3'0"E
Figure3.8 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range
49 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF POLACHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
POTHAMADA BEAT
ARTHANRIPALAYAM BEAT 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL BEAT
ALIYAR BEAT PACHATHANNIR BEAT MANGARAI BEAT
Legend VILLONNIE BEAT Forest Canopy Density Non-Forest <20 % Grass Land 20-40 % Barren land 0 0.5 1 2 Km 40-60 % Water Administrative Units 60-80 % Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Tamil Nadu Sanctuary Participating Organizations India National Remote Sensing Centre Range Boundary Forest Department, Tamil Nadu
10°25'0"N >80 % Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Plantation Beat Boundaries Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Eucalyptus
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E
Figure3.9 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range
50 77°0'0"E 77°3'0"E 77°6'0"E 77°9'0"E 77°12'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE
OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
PARUTHIYUR BEAT
India KARATTUR BEAT 10°27'0"N 10°27'0"N VALLAKONDAPURAM BEAT
EASAL THITTU WEST BEAT
KURUMALAI BEAT Tamil Nadu Legend EASAL THITTU EAST BEAT THIRUMURTHI MALAI BEAT Forest Canopy Density <20 % 10°24'0"N 10°24'0"N 20-40 % 40-60 %
60-80 % Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary >80 %
Non-Forest KOMBU WEST BEAT KARATTUR BEAT Grass Land 10°21'0"N
10°21'0"N Barren land Water Participating Organizations
Administrative Units National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu 0 0.5 1 2 Km Wildlife Institute of India Range Boundary Survey of India Funding Agency Beat Boundaries SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
77°3'0"E 77°6'0"E 77°9'0"E 77°12'0"E 77°15'0"E
Figure3.10 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range
51 76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF ULANDY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Legend TOPSLIP BEAT Forest Canopy Density Non- Forest <20 %
Grass Land 10°27'0"N 10°27'0"N 20-40 % Barren land 40-60 % Water 60-80 % Plantations >80 % Teak Plantation Administrative Units VARAGALIYAR BEAT Ulandy Range Beat Boundary
0 0.5 1 2 Km
CHINNAR BEAT
Tamil Nadu Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Participating Organizations India Sanctuary National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 10°24'0"N
10°24'0"N Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°51'0"E 76°54'0"E 76°57'0"E
Figure3.11 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range
52 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E
FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF VALPARAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
ATTAKATTY BEAT
ATTAKATTY BEAT 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N UPPER ALIYAR BEAT
KAVURKAL BEAT
IYERPADI BEAT
AKKAMALAI BEAT
INDIA 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
GRASSHILLS BEAT TAMIL NADU
Legend INDIRA GANDHI WLS Forest Canopy Density Non-Forest 0 0.5 1 2 Km <20 % Grass Land 20-40 % Barren land 40-60 % Water 60-80 % Administrative Units Participating Organizations Range Boundary 10°15'0"N National Remote Sensing Centre >80 % Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India Plantations Beat Boundary Funding Agency SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI Tea Plantation
77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E
Figure3.12 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range
53 Chapter - IV
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY
The ecological, social and economic roles of the forest were of great importance. In present scenario, most of the forests are prone to high anthropogenic disturbances, which bring out loss and extinction of valuable species. Understanding of vegetation composition, diversity of species and their habitats, and comparison with similar other habitats, may become a tool to estimate the level of adaptation to the environment and their ecological significance.
4.1 Methodology
Field Sampling
Field Sampling – Line Transects with circular plot, laid in the smallest administrative unit (Beat) based on the major vegetation types, Elevation, Temperature and Precipitation.
10m 200 m 200 m 3m
Transect Shrubs
Tree Species
Figure4.1. Phytosociological Sampling method
54
Total no. of Beats - 32 Total no. of Transects - 19 Beats covered during sampling - 14 Total no. of plots - 246
Figure4.2.1. Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
55 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
SAMPLE POINT LOCATION IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 10°30'0"N 10°30'0"N
POLACHI RANGE
ULANDY RANGE UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N
MANAMPALLY RANGE VALPARAI RANGE
AMARAVATHI RANGE 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N
INDIA Legend
MANAMBOLY RANGE Boundary of IGWLS 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Range Boundary
TAMIL NADU Sample Points Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Outside Sanctuary Wildlife Institute of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Survey of India Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
Figure4.2.2. Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
56 The preliminary survey conducted in March, 2005. Based on the preliminary analysis and available literature, the sampling method has been standardized. The line transects with circular plot has been used for the main survey conducted in February and March, 2006 (Fig: 4-6). Out of 32 beats, 14 beats were selected for the main survey based on major vegetation types, elevation, temperature and precipitation. A total of 19 transects (Thirteen 2km transects + Six 1km transects) with 179 sampling plots were collected. In addition, 67 sampling plots have been collected randomly especially in shola forest and evergreen patches in both (preliminary and main) surveys. Map of sample point location is given in figure4.2.1 & 4.2.2. Table of Phytosociological sample point location with geographic coordinates is given annexure.
Data analysis:
The vegetation data were quantitatively analyzed for relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance. The importance value index (IVI) for the tree species was determined as the sum of the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance (Cottam and Curtis, 1956; Phillips, 1959). Species diversity of each forest type was determined using Shannon-Weiner Index. (H’) = -Sum ((ni/N) ln (ni/N)). (Shannon and Weiner, 1963; Odum, 1971) Where ni = IVI of individual species. N= IVI of all species.
57 4.2 Result and Discussion
FLORISTIC COMPOSITION
As typical of tropical forest ecosystem, a wide range of tree species was inventoried in the present study. About 172 tree species were found in the sampling. Vateria indica is the dominant species in study area, followed by Maesa indica, Anogeissus latifolia, Nephelium longana and Croton oblongifolius.
Sl.no. Species Relative Relative Relative IVI Density Frequency Dominanc e 1 Vateria indica 1.66 1.30 7.69 10.66 2 Maesa indica 4.90 3.08 2.29 10.28 3 Anogeissus 3.91 2.49 3.26 9.66 latifolia 4 Nephelum 2.58 2.14 3.17 7.89 longana 5 Croton 3.31 2.37 2.02 7.70 oblongifolius 6 Syzigium cumini 1.59 1.78 2.72 6.09 7 Persea macrantha 1.79 2.49 1.75 6.03 8 Vitex leucoxylon 3.31 1.66 0.92 5.90 9 Vitex altissima 1.66 2.25 1.98 5.89 10 Syzygium 2.12 1.78 1.94 5.84 caryophyllatum
Table4.1. Ecological dominance of top ten species (based on IVI values) in Sanctuary
58 Dominant species in individual forest types (Tables 4.2 to 4.7)
Sl. Relative Relative Relative Species IVI No Density Frequency Dominance Anogeissus 1 17.02 17.65 24.67 59.34 latifolia Dalbergia 2 8.51 7.35 15.07 30.93 latifolia 3 Maesa indica 9.22 5.88 4.72 19.82 Terminalia 4 6.38 2.94 9.33 18.65 paniculata 5 Albizia amara 4.96 4.41 8.69 18.06 Albizia 6 4.96 2.94 6.96 14.86 odoratissima 7 Zyzipus oenoplia 4.96 7.35 1.28 13.60 Gyrocarpus 8 2.84 2.94 5.11 10.89 americanus Barringtonia 9 4.96 4.41 1.13 10.50 acutangula Terminalia 10 2.84 4.41 2.61 9.86 bellirica
Table4.2 Top 10 dominant species in Dry deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)
Sl. Relative Relative Relative Species IVI No Density Frequency Dominance Anogeissus 9.01 4.05 8.31 21.37 1 latifolia 2 Maesa indica 8.07 6.08 4.53 18.69 Albizia 3.73 3.38 8.14 15.25 3 odoratissima Terminalia 2.48 2.70 8.67 13.86 4 crenulata 5 Zyzipus oenoplia 6.21 3.38 2.71 12.30 Terminalia 1.24 1.35 9.69 12.28 6 paniculata Dalbergia 3.42 5.41 2.52 11.34 7 paniculata 8 Tectona grandis 1.86 2.03 6.95 10.84 Barringtonia 4.97 3.38 1.60 9.94 9 acutangula Alstonia 5.59 2.70 1.41 9.70 10 scholaris
Table4.3 Top 10 dominant species in Moist deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)
59 Sl. Relative Relative Relative Species IVI No Density Frequency Dominance 1 Vateria indica 4.15 2.44 18.14 24.73 Persea 2 4.79 5.85 3.98 14.63 macrantha Croton 3 6.71 4.88 1.99 13.57 oblongifolius Eugenia 4 6.07 2.93 4.15 13.14 calophyllifolia Macrantha 5 6.07 4.88 1.68 12.63 roxburgii Syzygium 6 5.43 2.93 3.73 12.09 caryophyllatum Pallaquium 7 3.83 3.90 2.26 10.00 ellipticum 8 Mesua ferrea 2.88 3.41 3.25 9.54 9 Vitex leucoxylon 5.11 2.93 0.93 8.97 Nephelum 10 3.83 3.41 1.57 8.82 longana
Table4.4 Top 10 dominant species in Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)
Sl. Relative Relative Relative Species IVI No Density Frequency Dominance Nephelum 1 longana 4.82 3.10 5.86 13.79 2 Maesa indica 6.71 3.79 3.17 13.67 3 Vateria indica 2.31 1.72 6.39 10.42 Terminalia 4 bellirica 1.47 1.72 6.59 9.78 5 Vitex altissima 2.94 3.10 3.69 9.72 Lagerstromia 6 microcarpa 1.05 1.72 6.60 9.37 Pallaquium 7 ellipticum 2.52 1.72 3.43 7.67 Diospyros 8 paniculata 3.56 2.41 1.55 7.53 Persea 9 macrantha 2.52 3.10 1.80 7.42 Macrantha 10 roxburgii 3.14 2.41 1.45 7.01
Table4.5 Top 10 dominant species in Semi-Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)
60
Sl. Relative Relative Relative Species IVI No Density Frequency Dominance 1 Vitex leucoxylon 14.19 8.96 14.19 37.34 Croton 12.26 8.96 12.26 33.47 2 oblongifolius Dysoxylum 10.32 7.46 10.32 28.11 3 malabaricum 4 Syzigium cumini 7.74 7.46 7.74 22.95 Cinnamomum 6.45 7.46 6.45 20.37 5 sulphuratum Eugenia 7.74 2.99 7.74 18.47 6 calophyllifolia Elaecarpus 3.23 2.99 3.23 9.44 7 recurvatus Holigarna 3.23 2.99 3.23 9.44 8 arnottiana Diospyros 2.58 2.99 2.58 8.15 9 paniculata Nephelum 2.58 2.99 2.58 8.15 10 longana
Table4.6 Top 10 dominant species in Shola forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)
Sl. Relative Relative Relative Species IVI No Density Frequency Dominance 1 Albizia amara 13.68 10.94 29.71 54.34 Gyrocarpus 7.37 7.81 12.98 28.17 2 americanus Catunaregum 10.53 10.94 4.59 26.05 3 spinosa Acacia 10.53 7.81 7.61 25.95 4 planifrons Limonia 6.32 7.81 5.27 19.40 5 crenulata 6 Ficus arnottiana 6.32 4.69 6.64 17.65 7 Euphorbia 5.26 3.13 4.95 13.33 8 Zyzipus oenoplia 5.26 4.69 3.14 13.09 9 Cordia monoica 4.21 6.25 2.02 12.48 Atalantia 3.16 3.13 3.98 10.26 10 monophylla
Table4.7 Top 10 dominant species in Scrub forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)
61 Shannon-weiner index reveals that species diversity is high in semi-evergreen forest (6.2), followed by evergreen forests (5.7), moist deciduous forest (5.6), dry deciduous forest 4.3) and scrub (4.2). About 26 endemic species were recorded during sampling (Table4.16) Range wise distribution of dominant tree species (Table4.8 to 4.13)
AMARAVATHI RANGE S. Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous Scrub No. Anogeissus 1 Ixora nilgiricans Anogeissus latifolia Acacia planifrons latifolia Anogeissus Catunaregum 2 Limonia crenulata Albizia amara latifolia spinosa Dalbergia Barringtonia 3 Wrightia tinctoria Albizia amara paniculata acutangula Pongamia Strychnos Gyrocarpus 4 Gardenia turgida pinnata potatorum americanus Gyrocarpus 5 Syzigium cumini Zyzipus oenoplia Euphorbia americanus
Table4.8. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Amaravathi Range
MANAMPALLY RANGE S. Evergreen Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous No. Nephelum Terminalia 1 Vateria indica Ixora arborea longana paniculata Persea Premna 2 Vateria indica Calophyllum elatum macrantha tomentosa Nephelum Syzygium 3 Vitex altissima Dalbergia latifolia longana caryophyllatum Pallaquium Eugenia Diospyros 4 Ixora arborea ellipticum calophyllifolia montana Macrantha Dolichandrone 5 Vitex altissima Gordonia obtusa roxburgii spathacea
Table4.9. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Manampally Range
62
POLACHI RANGE S. Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Shola No. 1 Diospyros foliosa Atalantia racemosa Elaecarpus recurvatus Tabernaemontana 2 Albizia odoratissima Schefflera wallichiana dichotoma Cinnamomum 3 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Tectona grandis sulphuratum 4 Evodia lunu-ankenda Elaecarpus recurvatus Syzigium malabaricum 5 Schefflera wallichiana Terminalia crenulata Vatica chinensis
Table4.10. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Polachi Range
UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE S. Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous Scrub No. 1 Maesa indica Alstonia scholaris Maesa indica Albizia amara Catunaregum Anogeissus 2 Maesa indica Ficus arnottiana spinosa latifolia Diospyros Zyzipus 3 Zyzipus oenoplia Bassia longifolia paniculata oenoplia Hibiscus Barringtonia Catunaregum Ficus 4 surattensis acutangula spinosa microcarpa 5 Mesua ferrea Anogeissus latifolia Terminalia bellirica Maesa indica
Table4.11.Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Udumalaipettai Range
ULANDY RANGE S. Evergreen Semievergreen Moist Deciduous No. Alseodaphne Alseodaphne 1 Anogeissus latifolia semecarpifolia semecarpifolia 2 Polyalthia coffeiodes Cinnamomum sulphuratum Terminalia crenulata Terminalia 3 Vatica chinensis Diospyros foliosa paniculata Homalium 4 Aglaia tamilnadensis Aglaia roxburghiana zeylanicum 5 Tetrameles nudiflora Diospyros paniculata Tectona grandis
Table4.12. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Ulandy Range
63
VALPARAI RANGE S. Evergreen Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Shola No. Croton 1 Maesa indica Ixora arborea Vitex leucoxylon oblongifolius Eugenia Croton 2 Croton oblongifolius Maesa indica calophyllifolia oblongifolius Macrantha Albizia Dysoxylum 3 Holigarna arnottiana roxburgii odoratissima malabaricum Syzygium Eugenia 4 Vitex leucoxylon Macrantha roxburgii caryophyllatum calophyllifolia Syzygium Semecarpus Pterocarpus 5 Syzigium cumini caryophyllatum anacardium marsupium
Table4.13. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Valaprai Range
64 FOREST STRUCTURE OF STUDY AREA Population density of tree species across girth class interval shows that around 34.3% of individuals belong to 30-60 cm gbh (Table4.14). The study area represents typical mature stands with good regeneration. The mean tree height is 15m with a height range from 1 to 35m. Tree distribution by height intervals shows that around 48.3% of individuals are in the height of 10-20 m (Table4.15).
Girth GBH class No. of No. of % of Class (cm) Species Individuals individuals 1 <30 96 135 8.9 2 30-60 125 518 34.3 3 60-90 99 363 24.1 4 90-120 74 170 11.3 5 120-150 61 111 7.4 6 150-180 48 85 5.6 7 180-210 30 42 2.8 8 210-240 22 28 1.9 9 240-270 11 14 0.9 10 >270 24 43 2.8 Grand Total 172 1509 100
Table4.14. Population structure of tree species along girth class frequencies
Height Height class No. of No. of % of class (m) Species Individuals individuals 1 <10 102 424 28.1 2 10-20 126 729 48.3 3 20-30 68 171 11.3 4 30-40 56 134 8.9 5 >40 28 51 3.4 Grand Total 172 1509 100
Table4.15. Population structure of tree species across Height class intervals
65
Sl. Species Name No. 1 Aglaia tamilnadensis 14 Hydnocarpus pentandra 2 Artocarpus hirsutus 15 Lagerstromia microcarpa 3 Baccaurea courtallensis 16 Litsea wightiana 4 Diospyros bourdilloni 17 Manilkara roxburghiana 5 Diospyros paniculata 18 Myristica malabarica 6 Drypetes wightii 19 Pallaquium ellipticum 7 Dysoxylum beddomei 20 Polyathia fragrans 8 Dysoxylum malabaricum 21 Symplocos candolleana 9 Glochidion ellipticum 22 Syzigium densiflorum 10 Glochidion tomentosum 23 Syzigium malabaricum Syzigium zeylanicum var. 11 Gordonia obtusa 24 ellipticum 12 Holigarna arnottiana 25 Vateria indica 13 Hopea parviflora 26 Vernonia travancorica
Table4.16. Endemic species of Study area
66 4.3 Gradients of Diversity
The analysis of species/community–environment relationship has always been a central issue in ecology. The importance of climate to explain animal and plant distribution was recognized early on (De Candolle 1855). Climate in combination with other environmental factors has been much used to explain the main vegetation patterns around the world (Holdridge 1967; Ashton 1969; Mcarthur 1972; Tilman 1982). More recently, studies have revealed species’ associations with topography, water and nutrient availability on local scales in tropical forest worldwide (Clark et al. 1998; Cannon and Leighton 2004; Valencia et al. 2004). These observations led to a variety of hypotheses to account for high diversity at local scales (Hubbell et al. 2001; Wright 2002); many of these hypotheses invoke density and frequency dependent mechanisms. The fundamental principle to these hypothesis are resource allocation and thereby niche differentiation with respect to available resources. The climate on a broad scale and topography on a fine scale are two dependent parameters which decides the resource availability and structure of climax community. Therefore, efforts have been made to characterize the vegetation communities in response to different environmental gradients and to identify the most important predictors of diversity in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.
The temperature and rain fall data collected from WORLDCLIM website (Hijmans et al. 2005) were used to analyze the role of rainfall and temperature gradients in the distribution of species diversity. The altitude, slope and aspect were generated from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) data. The temperature and rain fall data collected from WORLDCLIM website (Hijmans et al. 2005) were used to analyze the role of rainfall and temperature gradients in the distribution of species diversity. In order to investigate the relationships between species richness and environmental variables, a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was employed (ter Braak 1987), using the software PC-ORD 4.0 (McCune and Mefford 1999). As required by CCA, we set the data into two distinct matrices: the species matrix and the matrix of environment variables. The species matrix contained number of species per plot.
67 The environmental variables matrix included are elevation, slope, aspect, temperature and precipitation (Fig: 2). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the best predictor of diversity. A stepwise backward elimination approach was adopted in which the analysis started with all the continuous variables and eliminated the least significant variable in each progressive step. The variables were removed if the probability of ‘F’ exceeds 0.05. The species richness was the dependent variable and elevation, slope, aspect, rainfall and temperature were the independent variables.
Canonical correspondence analysis was performed for 169 species on 206 plots with 5 environmental variables (Fig: 3). The eigenvalues for the first three CCA axes were 0.749, 0.523 and 0.304 respectively. The cumulative percentage variance accounted for those axes was 4.0% (1.9, 1.3 and 0.8 respectively), indicating that a considerable amount of ‘noise’ still remained unexplained. However, ter Braak (1995) considers low percentage of unexplained variance as normal in vegetation data, and this fact does not weaken the significance of species–environment relationships. In fact, the CCA produced high correlations between species and environmental variables for these axes (0.943, 0.883, and 0.740 respectively). The first ordination axis was highly correlated, in descending sequence, with precipitation, temperature, elevation and slope (Table: 1). The second ordination axis has shown high correlation with elevation and temperature while the third ordination axis is correlated with slope. The weighted correlations between environmental variables showed strong interrelationships, especially between elevation and climatic variables (temperature and precipitation). Segregation of vegetation communities along the noted gradients was also observed. The left side of the ordination space is dominated with communities which are primarily evergreen species whereas the right side is occupied by deciduous species (Fig: 3). The details of the communities are further explained below.
68 P230
P229 P227 Montane shola forest communities
P222P225 P68
P228 P156 P51
P50 P43 P63 P49 P168 P46 P45P44 P167 Moist deciduous communities P48 P47 P160 P171 P169P159 P170 P165 P175 P164 P157 P163 P155 P140 P143 P161P154 Elevatio P153 P162 P152 P150 P139 P53 P54 P151 Dry deciduous communities P203 P174 P149P148 P114 P66 P67 P15 P192 P117 P101 P107 P85P69P70 P64 P52 P172 P84P82 P180P176 P206 P145 P142 P71 P204 P129 P141 P146 P100 P147 P56 P74 Precipit P119 P120 P122 P102P137 P135 P202P201 P16 P179P185 P113P126 P123P124 P193 P121 P125 P138 Scrub forest communities P196 P55 P186P178 P128P111 P86 P205 Slope P182 P195 P209 P231 P130 P109P106 P89 P198 P194 P57P181 P127 P136 P189 P93 P112 P103 P96 P134 P78 P197 P115 Axis 2 P183 P188 P92 P133 P80 P207 P241 P116 P79 P200 P208 P131 P233 P58 P94 P81 P184 P110 P97 P132 P199 P91 P72 P75 P76P77 P240 P232 P9 P59 P98
P105 P73 Evergreen communitiesP14
P8 P22 Temperat P12 P7 P1 P3 P21 P2 P11
P4 P19 P10 P23P20P24 P18 P29 P25P34 P239
P237 P31 P30 P234 P33 P27P35 P238 Semi-evergreen communities P26 P17 P235 P36 P62 P32 P40 P28 P236 P41 P37 P42 P13 P61 P39
P38 P60
Axis 1
Figure4.3. CCA ordination diagram (Axis 1 by Axis 2) with plots (scattered points) and environmental variables (lines) in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Each circle represents partitioning of vegetation communities along environmental gradients.
Variable Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Elevation Slope Aspect Precipitation Temperature
Elevation -0.662 0.734 0.063 1 0.422 0.181 0.757 -0.946 Slope -0.542 0.016 0.806 0.422 1 0.027 0.48 -0.436 Aspect -0.186 0.268 -0.123 0.181 0.027 1 0.186 -0.175 Precipitation -0.986 0.139 -0.052 0.757 0.48 0.186 1 -0.805 Temperature 0.715 -0.619 -0.131 -0.946 -0.436 -0.175 -0.805 1
Table4.17. Canonical correspondence analysis of 169 species in 206 plots in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Matrix presents intraset correlation between environmental variables and first three axes and weighted correlations between environmental variables.
69 Evergreen communities: This group is characterized by the species such as Vateria indica, Persea macrantha, Pallaquium ellipticum, Eugenia calophyllifolia and Macrantha roxburgii. This species assemblage is more or less corresponds to west coast tropical evergreen forest (1A/C4) of Champion and Seth’s (1967) classification of Indian forests. This forest occurs in relatively undisturbed area at an altitude of 950-1800 msl. They are enmarked by higher humidity, lower temperature, lower understory, low canopy openings and high leaf litter.
Montane shola forest communities: The major species in shola forests are Syzigium cumini, Vitex leucoxylon, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Cinnamomum sulphuratum and Eugenia calophyllifolia. This group corresponds to southern montane wet temperate forest (11A/C1) as per Champion and Seth’s classification. It occurs at an elevation of more than 1800m. Annual precipitation in these areas is about 5000 mm while annual temperature is approximately 5oC. Geographically the area can be distinguished from the steep slopes and mountain folding.
Semi-evergreen communities: These formations are distinguished by species such as Nephelum longana, Pallaquium ellipticum, Vateria indica, Terminalia bellirica and Vitex altissima and correspond to west coast tropical semi-evergreen forest (2A/C2). This is found on an altitudinal range of 600 - 900 m and relatively high precipitation areas.
Moist deciduous communities: They are characterized by the presence of species such as Anogeissus latifolia, Maesa indica, Albizia odoratissima, Terminalia crenulata and Zyzipus oenoplia and match up with Champion and Seth’s southern moist mixed deciduous forest (3B/C2). This forest community occurs at an altitude of 500 - 800 msl with relatively low rainfall zones.
Dry deciduous communities: This group is a composition of Anogeissus latifolia, Dalbergia latifolia, Albizia amara, Maesa indica, and Terminalia paniculata and corresponds to southern dry mixed deciduous forest (5A/C3). This is found on areas where altitude ranges of 400 - 600 m with very low precipitation.
70
Thorny Scrub forest communities: This community is formed in those areas where human disturbance is maxima and rainfall is less. This is occurring in lower altitudes (<400 m) with thorny species such as Albizia amara, Gyrocarpus americanus, Catunaregum spinosa, Acacia planifrons and Limonia crenulata. It corresponds to southern thorn scrub as per Champion and Seth’s (1967) classification of Indian forest. Canopy openings and open spaces are characteristics of the area. Cattle grazing and firewood collection is frequent in the area.
The assessment of species richness from environmental variables yielded the following model (Table: 2). The model fit was 0.50 (F – 39.82, p < 0.05). Though, the overall model was significant, the values of “t” and its significance indicate that each of these variables is not significantly contributing to the overall model. Therefore, the variable having the least partial correlation coefficient (in this case aspect) is eliminated from the model. The model is then refitted with all other variables and this procedure is repeated until only statistically significant variables are left in the model. In this case only one variable was found to be a significant predictor of species number, i.e., precipitation (equation: 1). Because of the strong correlation among variables (Table 1), this is not surprising, but it also means that it is difficult to disentangle the separate effects of the independent variables. The model fit was 0.485 (F – 192.91, p < 0.05). Species Richness = 0.004* precipitation -1.311. ------(1)
71
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t Significance Intercept 3.354 4.857 0.690 0.491 Elevation -0.002 0.001 -1.737 0.084 Slope 0.026 0.023 1.126 0.262 Aspect 0.001 0.001 0.628 0.531 Precipitation 0.004 0.000 8.248 0.000 Temperature -0.135 0.134 -1.003 0.317
Table4.18. Overall regression model of species richness from environmental variables in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary (R2 – 0.50, F – 39.82, df1 – 5, df2 – 199 and p - 2.98E-28).
72 CHAPTER – V
LAND COVER CHANGE ASSESSMENT
Land cover change is one of the most critical dynamic elements of ecosystems. Tropical forests, which play critical roles as repositories of biological diversity and regulators of global biogeochemical and hydrological cycles (Houghton 1999; Cairns et al. 2000; Myers et al. 2000) have undergone rapid land cover changes especially in the last few decades. (Bockstael et al. 1995; Pijanowski et al. 2000). Global estimates show that deforestation in the tropics during 1990-2000 was 14.2 million hectares per year while reforestation was 1.9 million hectares, which resulted in a net loss of 12.3 million hectares of forest per year (FAO 2001). South Asia experienced a negative rate (0.13 percent per annum) of forest cover change, which was approximately half the negative rate of change in the world (0.22 percent per annum) and double the negative rate of change for the whole Asian region (0.07 percent per annum). These trends point out the prevalence of complex and multidirectional changes in forest cover dynamics which could be attributed to local level management measures. Therefore, a study has been undertaken in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary with the aim of critically evaluating the effectiveness of conservation measures since it was declared as protected area in 1976. The key question was whether the declaration of a protected area was sufficient to conserve biodiversity at local scales. Specific objectives were to locate vulnerable areas of land cover change and to identify probable proximate and underlying causes of land cover change in the area in order to refine and priorities future conservation actions.
73 5.1 Methodology
Two suitable cloud-free images were available for this study, spanning the period from before the designation of protected area status to the present. A Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) image dated 9th February, 1973 was downloaded from the Global Land Cover Facility (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/) and an IRS P6 LISS III image dated 8th March, 2006 was acquired from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Data Center, Hyderabad, India. The Landsat MSS data had a spatial resolution of 80m and four wavebands (0.5 – 0.6, 0.6 – 0.7, 0.7 – 0.8 and 0.8 – 1.1mm) while the LISS-III image had a spatial resolution of 24m and four bands (0.52 – 0.59, 0.62 – 0.68, 0.77 – 0.86 and 1.55 – 1.70mm). The imagery were geometrically corrected based on Ist order polynomial regression between ground control points (RMSE<0.5 pixel) to compute the coefficients for two co-ordinate transformation equations, and registered to the UTM projection. The digital number (DN) values of the Landsat MSS and IRS P6 LISS III data were converted into radiance values using the corresponding satellite sensor parameters.
74 Geocorrected MSS Data Geocorrected LISS III Data
MSS DN to Radiance LISS III DN to Radiance Conversion Conversion
Image Regression
MSS comparable radiance with respect to LISS III radiance
NDVI MSS NDVI LISS III
Delineation of Forest/Non forest area by Thresholding Techniques.
Mask (Binary Map) T > T Mask (Binary Map) for Time T1 2 1 for Time T2
Boolean AND
No Change Areas
(Mask (T1) – No change Area) > 0 (Mask (T2) – No change Area) > 0
Negative Change (Vegetation à Positive Change (other landcover other landcover) à Vegetation)
Change Map
Figure5.1. Flow diagram depicting the details of change detection technique followed in the study.
The first stage of the change analysis was to perform a radiometric intercalibration of the first three bands of the Landsat MSS and IRS P6 LISS III images. This was done by identifying spatially homogenous calibration sites in both the images where no land cover changes had taken place. For the calibration sites, radiance values were collected from the two images and a least square regression was performed. The radiance values of the entire MSS image were transformed based on the regression model. The LISS III data, having a spatial resolution of 24m, was resampled to 80 m, the original spatial resolution of MSS data, for further analysis. Since the objective was to study the vegetation condition changes over a period of time, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index
75 (NDVI) images were generated from the Landsat MSS and IRS P6 LISS III data. The NDVI images were examined, mean and standard deviation values were calculated and a thresholding technique (Tunf Fung and Ellesworth 1988) was applied to separate vegetation from other land cover. Threshold values of ‘k’ standard deviations from the mean was iteratively selected. The ‘k’ value was 0.1 in the first iteration, which was increased in increments of 0.1 in subsequent iterations, until an acceptable ‘k’ value of 0.7 was reached and this was applied to both images. Binary images having values of 0 and 1 representing non- vegetation and vegetation respectively were generated for the two different years. A boolean operation ‘AND’ was applied between the two binary images to identify the unchanged areas. Change due to conversion of vegetation to non-vegetation was defined as a negative change while non-vegetated area converted into vegetated area was defined as positive change. The positive change area was determined by subtracting the unchanged areas from the 2006 dataset and subtracting the same area from the 1973 data produces negative change. The detailed methodology is explained in Fig. 2. The derived positive and negative change images were filtered using neighborhood majority function through a 3x3 kernel in order to reduce errors from geometric correction. The filtered images were overlaid on the original images in order to visually confirm the changes in land cover from one category to other. A vector layer depicting land cover change was generated and area statistics calculated.
76 5.2 Results and Discussions
The land cover change map and area matrix are given in Fig. 4 and Table 2, respectively. An area of 1046 ha undisturbed (intact) forest formations was converted into disturbed forest formations between 1973 and 2006. Other important transitions were from undisturbed forest to non forest categories, with 19 ha being converted into plantations, 28 ha to agriculture/fallow/barren lands and 91 ha to water bodies. A significant positive change was also observed from 1973 to 2006, as an area of 1183 ha disturbed forest formations was converted to intact/undisturbed forest formations. The term intact/undisturbed forest formation is relative here. Actually it is a successional stage recovering from a previous disturbances or secondary forest. Grasslands have undergone several transitions, with 1558 ha being converted into plantations and another 29 ha converted into agriculture and fallow lands. Some of the plantations (197 ha) were converted to fallow lands while the inverse (104 ha) has happened in some other areas.
Agricult Disturbed/Se Undisturbed/In ure/Fall Water condary tact Forest Grasslands Plantations ow/Barr bodies Forest Formation en Formations Lands Undisturbed/Int act Forest - 1046 0 19 28 91 Formation Disturbed/Seco ndary Forest 1183 - 0 0 0 0 Formations Grasslands 0 155 - 1558 29 0 Plantations 0 0 0 - 197 29 Agriculture/ Fallow/Barren 0 0 0 104 - 0 Lands Water Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 -
Table5.1. Land use/Land cover changes (area in hectare) in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary from 1973 to 2006.
The result indicated that the natural forest cover in the area during the study period was degrading at a rate of 0.07% annually while regenerating at a rate of 0.03% per year. This resulted a negative rate of change of 0.04% per year. This was far lower than previous estimates available for the region. For example, Menon
77 and Bawa (1997) estimated an annual rate of decline of 0.57% in the whole Western Ghats during 1920 – 1990 and Jha et al. (2000) estimated a decline of 1.16% per year during the period of 1973–1995 in southern Western Ghats. Prasad et al. (1998) estimated an amount of 0.9% (during 1961–1988) in the Kerala part of Western Ghats (an adjacent area near to study area). These studies, conducted on a regional basis, incorporated largely unprotected areas. Hence, the present results demonstrate that designation of protected area status has been effective in reducing rates of degradation and deforestation, though current conservation strategies within the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary may be in need of some refinement.
The next step was to understand the proximate and underlying causes of land cover change. Broadly speaking, two major and divergent trends, degradational and successional, were observed in the study. The degradational trend indicators are the transformation of undisturbed forest to disturbed forest and other non-forest land covers. The spatial location of land cover change indicated that most of these transformations have occurred on the fringes of the sanctuary or near to settlements inside the sanctuary. These changes could generally be attributed to four clusters of causes: livelihood dependence of local people, infrastructure development, agricultural expansion and forestry operations, at the proximate level.
A number of villages on the fringes of the sanctuary mainly depend on the sanctuary for their livelihood. The population in these villages is over one hundred thousand and the main occupation is agriculture. In addition, there are about 36 tribal settlements, two privately owned tea plantations and one area of revenue land inside the sanctuary. It has been observed that there is a high population growth rate in these settlements and their economic condition is far below satisfactory (Sajeev et al. 2002). The major demands of the population on the forest of the sanctuary are timber for building construction, small timber for agricultural implements, huts and fencing purposes, firewood for domestic consumption, grasses for rearing goats and cattle and for roofing of houses. In addition, infrastructure developments like construction and maintenance of roads and buildings for the support of people who are residing inside the sanctuary and
78 associated movement of machinery are contributing to the degradation of a system which was already under pressure. Another major threat is grazing. The tribes settled in the dry forests on the eastern side maintain large stocks of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses and ass. There has been an alarming increase in the number of livestock that graze in the forests (Kumar et al. 2002) and this is probably playing an important role in the degradation of undisturbed or intact forest.
Agriculture is the most common occupation of the villagers. Towards higher elevation in the Valparai region, people are more occupied with the plantation crops of tea, coffee and cardamom, whereas the north-eastern portion in the lower reaches is dominated by rice (Oryza sativa), ground nut (Arachis hypogaea), sorghum (Zea mays), ragi (Eleusine coracana), tapioca (Manihot esculenta) and banana (Musa acuminata) cultivation. Before the declaration of protected area status, villagers used to cultivate millet and tubers using a shifting cultivation method. The restriction on shifting cultivation has caused an expansion of cultivation near to settlements, observed in the present study as an area increment of 0.6 km2 in agriculture/fallow/barren lands since 1973 at the expense of forest and grasslands. Geist and Lambin (2002) made a similar observation that agricultural expansion is, by far, the most important land use change associated with deforestation globally.
79
Figure5.2. Map showing change areas from 1973 to 2006 in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, India.
Underlying driving forces often underpin the more obvious or proximate causes of tropical deforestation (Geist and Lambin 2001). In this respect, the land cover change in Anamalai Hills can be seen as resulting from a complex set of social, political, economic and cultural variables. The high population growth rate and the associated pressure on the sanctuary is one of the major reasons for land cover change in the area. It has been widely recognized that population growth or pressure is a significant driver and often the primary underlying cause of deforestation (Wibowo and Byron 1999; Sandler 1993; Vanclay 1993). However, within the sanctuary a whole series of other factors have been influential in modifying patterns of land use, such as the drastic changes have taken place in tribal social customs (Sajeev et al. 2002). Importantly, there have been uncoordinated development policies of the various government agencies which have conflicted with conservation efforts. Notable examples are the
80 provision of grants for goat grazing and lemon grass collection while these activities are prohibited within the sanctuary.
Positive land cover changes or successional trends in vegetation at the study site were indicated by the conversion of disturbed forests and plantations to the undisturbed forest category which was observed particularly in the western part of the sanctuary. The abandonment of teak and coffee plantations and the efforts of the forest department to plant indigenous species as well as natural regeneration, a high level of protection and favourable climatic conditions might have contributed to the positive land cover changes. This provides some indication of the natural resilience of the system even after the prolonged human disturbances.
Conservation Implications
There is a need to support successional indicators while controlling degradational indicators. Increasing the level of protection especially in vulnerable areas should be a priority for conservation. Increasing the pace of planting of indigenous species in abandoned plantations could considerably enhance the positive land cover changes. At the same time, it is essential to reduce the livelihood over-dependence of people from outside and inside the sanctuary on forest. Small scale encroachments and agriculture expansion should be prevented. Sustainable infrastructure development by different government agencies should be coordinated and monitored by a single nodal agency.
81 Conclusion
This study has demonstrated that remotely-sensed based assessments of land cover dynamics can have an important contribution to monitoring the consequences of land management strategies and deepening our understanding of the processes that underpin land use changes. Land cover change assessment for a period of 33 years helped to identify the rates and characteristics of land cover transformations. Two major and divergent trends, degradational and successional, were observed in the study. The degradational trend was indicated by the transformation of undisturbed forest to disturbed forest and other non-forest categories. These changes can be attributed to a number of causes, principally livelihood dependence, agricultural expansion and infrastructure development resulting from population growth in and around the area and uncoordinated policies of the different government agencies. The positive successional changes resulting from protection of the area showed the resilience of the system even after prolonged disturbances on vegetation cover. The observed degradational transitions exceed the rates of successional changes. Hence, the sanctuary appears susceptible to continuing disturbances under the current management regime, however, the impacts of such processes are substantially lower than in surrounding unprotected areas.
82 Chapter VI
Conclusions and Recommendations
The tropical rain forests are the most species rich terrestrial environments with multi-layered arrangement. In recent times the forest are being destroyed through forest cutting for fire wood or to make away for agriculture leading to high fragmentation of forest of virgin areas. Such forest fragmentation not only leaves the organisms that remain within them a smaller habitat but also exposes them to stressful environment conditions, particularly at the forest edge, that differ from those deeper within the forest.
The Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil nadu was selected for the study due to its high biological richness having distribution in variety of vegetation types such as Evergreen, Shola, Semi-evergreen, Moist, Dry deciduous to scrub forests.
Study has developed forest type map, crown density map and other land cover details on 1:25,000 scale using IRS P6 LISS IV data. Spatially explicit database developed would stand as baseline for subsequent monitoring and assessment.
The sanctuary is a main wildlife corridor in Western Ghats fulfilling Species and Ecosystem based criteria to be considered as one of the Ecologically Sensitive Area. Covering the entire Wildlife Sanctuary, stratified transect method data was collected from 210 plots. It was observed that the biodiversity index derived from Shannon and Weiner index was high in Tropical semi evergreen forests followed by evergreen forests. The high value of Shannon-weiner index in case of semi evergreen forest was likely due to the association of various species of evergreen, deciduous and riparian elements.
Forest fires were limited to only deciduous forests and scrub areas mainly in eastern part of sanctuary. Besides the sanctuary is experiencing very high anthropogenic activities in eastern part thereby high fragmentation and disturbances were observed. Hence such areas need to be understood to
83 prioritize potential areas for conservation and prepare management plans for restoration and rehabilitation of endangered species. Further the degraded areas are to be restored through intensive afforestation programmes by introducing locally growing plant species thereby protecting biodiversity and also restore the ecological stability to the area under study.
Phytosociological data (forest type-wise), topographical variables (elevation, slope, aspect), infrastructure data and drainage can be used as baseline information for further studies in this protected area, through suitably average weighted approach using RS & GIS techniques.
It is recommended for regular geospatial monitoring system integrating spatial datasets with bio-physical, socio-economic, meteorological, ecological observations along with forest management prescriptions, would pave the way for a state-of-the-art decision support system for regular and contingent decision making, in the context of increasing concerns about biotic pressures and vulnerability to global changes.
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93 Annuxre1
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
20-40 % Canopy Density
40-60 % Canopy Density 48.95 27.07 60-80 % Canopy Density
>80 % Canopy Density
7.41 Forest Plantation 1.22 5.08 3.83 6.44 Non-Forest
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
20-40 % Canopy Density 35.57
40-60 % Canopy Density 9.75
60-80 % Canopy Density
31.94 10.83 >80 % Canopy Density 2.54 9.36
Non-Forest
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
20-40 % Canopy Density
10.65 1.67 19.23 40-60 % Canopy Density 12.87
60-80 % Canopy Density
>80 % Canopy Density 19.99 33.56 2.02 Forest Plantation
Non-Forest
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
20-40 % Canopy Density
6.51 19.30 40-60 % Canopy Density 24.88
60-80 % Canopy Density
19.79 >80 % Canopy Density
18.99 0.17 10.37 Agricultural Plantation
Non-Forest
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
20-40 % Canopy Density 5.54
32.53 23.57 40-60 % Canopy Density
60-80 % Canopy Density
>80 % Canopy Density
10.75 23.22 3.71 0.69 Forest Plantation
Non-Forest
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
43.43 20-40 % Canopy Density
40-60 % Canopy Density
37.31 60-80 % Canopy Density
7.29 3.72 2.09 6.16 >80 % Canopy Density
Non-Forest
Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
<20 % Canopy Density
20-40 % Canopy Density
40-60 % Canopy Density 15.51 20.60
60-80 % Canopy Density
>80 % Canopy Density
26.99 22.09 Agricultural Plantation 5.67 6.48 Forest Plantation 0.96
1.71 Non-Forest
Annuxre2
Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Evergreen
Semievergreen Moist Deciduous 6.09 35.65 16.81 Dry Deciduous Savannah-Woodland
Degraded Forest
Scrub 9.13 7.79 Grassland 7.12 5.36 16.12 Barren land 0.07 0.04 Water 1.19 Forest Plantation
Area Distribution of Vegetation Type & Land-Use in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Evergreen
1.55 Semievergreen 0.01 0.99 Moist Deciduous 10.20 6.84 13.85 Dry Deciduous 6.27 Shola 10.36 Savannah-Woodland
Degraded Forest 3.57 Scrub 8.69 37.67 Grassland
Barren land
Water
Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Evergreen 2.43 Semievergreen 0.02 Moist Deciduous 1.28 Dry Deciduous 0.94 0.55 Savannah-Woodland 14.84 11.88 1.64 Degraded Forest 15.73 Scrub
Grassland
Barren land 38.99 23.57 Water
Forest Plantation
Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Evergreen 0.17 Semievergreen 1.21 Moist Deciduous 1.83 4.53 Dry Deciduous 7.33 14.02 1.40 Shola 10.03 Savannah-Woodland Degraded Forest 22.92 7.39 Scrub Grassland 1.92 27.43 Barren land Water Agricultural Plantation
Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
0.00 Evergreen 2.59 1.02 Semievergreen 0.63 2.70 Moist Deciduous 5.39 5.90 0.69 23.66 Dry Deciduous Savannah-Woodland
Degraded Forest
33.08 Scrub Grassland 25.02 Barren land
Water Forest Plantation
Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Evergreen 0.26 0.01 3.44 Semievergreen Moist Deciduous 8.65 2.04 6.82 10.69 Dry Deciduous
Savannah-Woodland
Degraded Forest 16.07 38.65 Scrub
13.37 Grassland Barren land
Water
Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
1.58 Evergreen Semievergreen 0.33 Moist Deciduous 0.29 Dry Deciduous 0.44 2.57 Savannah-Woodland 0.31 0.13 Degraded Forest 7.02 1.87 25.62 Scrub Grassland Barren land 30.58 Water Agricultural Plantation 38.15 Forest Plantation
Annuxre3
Area Distribution of Aspect in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
FLAT
NORTH 2.92 19.87 13.51 NORTHEAST
10.31 EAST
SOUTHEAST
SOUTH 17.38 7.00 SOUTHWEST 9.25 11.71 8.05 WEST
NORTHWEST
Area Distribution of Aspect in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
FLAT NORTH
14.00 0.33 9.90 NORTHEAST 7.25 EAST 11.21 7.86 SOUTHEAST
SOUTH SOUTHWEST 14.13 16.15 WEST 19.18 NORTHWEST
Area Distribution of Aspect in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
FLAT
NORTH
2.59 NORTHEAST 21.51 10.72 7.58 EAST
SOUTHEAST
SOUTH 9.72 13.11 SOUTHWEST
WEST 8.30 16.29 10.17 NORTHWEST
Area Distribution of Aspect in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
NORTH
NORTHEAST 17.21 22.37 EAST 7.82 SOUTHEAST
SOUTH
7.05 SOUTHWEST 16.51 7.06 WEST 9.95 12.04 NORTHWEST
Area Distribution of Aspect in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
NORTH
NORTHEAST
14.10 13.17 EAST
10.18 13.11 SOUTHEAST
SOUTH
SOUTHWEST 7.89 WEST 15.72 9.14 NORTHWEST 16.70
Area Distribution of Aspect in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
FLAT
NORTH
NORTHEAST 15.35 0.49 11.70 6.88 EAST 11.22 7.01 SOUTHEAST
SOUTH
SOUTHWEST 13.22 15.68 WEST 18.45 NORTHWEST
Area Distribution of Aspect in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
FLAT
NORTH 16.25 1.07 14.05 NORTHEAST 12.39 11.73 EAST
SOUTHEAST
SOUTH 11.98 9.48 SOUTHWEST 12.27 10.79 WEST
NORTHWEST
Annuxre4
Area Distribution of Elevation in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
175-500 Meter 6.70 1.32 27.89 14.32 500-1000 Meter
1000-1500 Meter
1500-2000 Meter
49.77 2000-2514 Meter
Area Distribution of Elevation in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
10.09 15.92 500-1000 Meter
1000-1500 Meter
1500-2000 Meter
73.99
Area Distribution of Elevation in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuar
1.00 500-1000 Meter 17.92
1000-1500 Meter
1500-2000 Meter
81.08
Area Distribution ofElevation in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
175-500 Meter 15.26 0.24
38.76 500-1000 Meter
1000-1500 Meter
1500-2000 Meter 45.75
Area Distribution of Elevation in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
175-500 Meter 4.40 10.96 18.07 500-1000 Meter
1000-1500 Meter
38.64 1500-2000 Meter 27.94 2000-2514 Meter
Area Distribution of Elevation in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
175-500 Meter
76.57 500-1000 Meter
1000-1500 Meter
21.79 1500-2000 Meter 1.63 0.01
Area Distribution of Elevation in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
5.72 500-1000 Meter 19.81 43.63 1000-1500 Meter
1500-2000 Meter
30.84 2000-2514 Meter
Annuxre5
Area Distribution of Slope in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
2.62 13.55 0-10 Degree 35.45 10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree
22.12 30-45 Degree
26.26 45-87 Degree
Area Distribution of Slope in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
5.14 0-10 Degree 18.00 14.84 10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree
30-45 Degree
26.51 35.51 45-87 Degree
Area Distribution of Slope in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
1.92 14.57 17.66 0-10 Degree
10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree
28.50 30-45 Degree 37.35 45-87 Degree
Area Distribution in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
7.19 19.66 0-10 Degree 23.79 10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree
22.85 30-45 Degree 26.50 45-87 Degree
Area Distribution of Slope in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
6.06 17.12 0-10 Degree 21.74 10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree
27.87 30-45 Degree
27.20 45-87 Degree
Area Distribution of Slope in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
0-10 Degree
12.74 1.78 25.60 10-20 Degree
20-30 Degree
22.91 30-45 Degree
36.97 45-87 Degree
Annuxre6
6.1 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range: Polachi Section Name ALIYAR SETHULMADI EAST SETHULMADI WEST ALIYA ARTHANRIPALAYA VILLONNI MANGARA PACHATHANNI AYIRAMKA POTHAMAD Beat Name R M E I R L A Vegetation Type & Land-
Use Evergreen 0.06 0.10 2.53 1.63 2.65 0.32 0.01 Shola Semievergreen 0.20 0.32 2.86 2.39 1.67 0.48 0.05 Moist Deciduous 4.31 3.63 9.22 7.11 5.26 4.10 2.85 Dry Deciduous 1.99 0.72 1.71 0.32 0.07 0.38 1.04 Savannah-Woodland 4.88 4.71 2.17 1.55 0.88 1.20 1.82 Teak Plantation Grassland 0.01 0.03 Degraded Forest 3.03 3.38 1.58 1.21 0.02 0.02 0.10 Scrub 4.57 3.69 2.76 0.61 0.11 0.51 4.24 Barren land 0.12 0.06 0.45 0.14 0.01 0.13 0.29 Water 0.04 0.03 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation 0.39 3.55 1.54 Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 19.21 16.62 23.34 15.03 11.07 10.69 11.94
6.2 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range : Udumalaipettai Section Name MANUPATTI KARATTUR DHALI EASAL EASAL KOMBU THIRUMURTHI THITTU THITTU KARATTUR KARATTUR PARUTHIYUR KURUMALAI VALLAKONDAPURAM WEST MALAI Beat Name EAST WEST Vegetation Type &
Land-Use Evergreen 0.11 0.62 2.73 0.78 5.19 0.11 2.14 4.26 1.03 Shola 2.50 3.00 0.01 3.36 Semievergreen 3.39 4.29 11.22 0.82 6.22 0.22 3.04 3.73 1.44 Moist Deciduous 18.65 16.45 14.74 6.58 1.66 3.79 9.48 9.74 12.42 Dry Deciduous 6.25 2.14 2.77 2.98 1.98 1.30 1.70 2.47 Savannah-Woodland 4.25 2.48 5.69 1.11 0.26 2.71 1.80 3.80 3.59 Teak Plantation Grassland 0.02 1.07 1.08 0.29 Degraded Forest 3.86 1.68 5.15 1.03 0.08 0.82 0.56 1.16 1.22 Scrub 3.55 1.53 1.70 2.27 0.44 7.20 1.56 3.25 3.83 Barren land 0.03 0.13 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.63 0.13 0.26 2.27 Water 0.02 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 40.11 29.39 47.85 15.61 18.02 17.46 20.03 31.55 28.27
6.3 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of ValparaiRange of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range: Valparai Section Name AKKAMALAI ATTAKATTY IYERPADI UPPER AKKAMALAI GRASSHILLS ATTAKATTY ATTAKATTY IYERPADI KAVURKAL Beat Name ALIYAR Vegetation Type &
Land-Use Evergreen 3.18 9.66 0.01 3.13 1.47 6.48 1.55 Shola 7.57 4.25 1.62 Semievergreen 2.35 9.65 0.15 7.36 3.34 15.36 3.44 Moist Deciduous 2.27 2.76 1.38 13.27 14.92 10.28 4.99 Dry Deciduous 0.88 0.05 2.56 0.00 0.00 Savannah-Woodland 5.26 3.42 0.33 1.23 5.20 2.36 0.44 Teak Plantation Grassland 8.85 3.59 0.10 0.79 Degraded Forest 0.54 0.32 0.03 0.17 1.11 0.19 0.19 Scrub 0.97 0.78 0.52 0.86 3.97 0.75 0.38 Barren land 0.89 1.43 NIL 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.70 Water 0.65 0.53 1.01 Tea Plantation 0.31 Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 31.86 36.17 3.29 27.10 33.26 39.10 11.82
6.4 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range: Amaravathi Section Name KALLAPURAM MANJANPATTI Beat Name KALLAPURAM KOMBU EAST KILANAVAYAL MANJANPATTI TALINGI Vegetation Type & Land-Use Evergreen 0.07 0.02 2.74 1.23 0.05 Shola Semievergreen 2.42 1.15 3.78 3.73 2.66 Moist Deciduous 18.75 10.13 13.77 12.76 22.39 Dry Deciduous 4.60 1.95 5.26 5.35 9.75 Savannah-Woodland 6.43 4.72 3.54 6.05 11.63 Teak Plantation Grassland 0.02 0.01 Degraded Forest 6.95 6.97 1.09 0.97 5.54 Scrub 4.46 2.64 2.67 3.70 3.94 Barren land 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.30 0.11 Water 0.57 6.22 0.13 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 44.27 33.87 32.87 34.12 56.22 6.5 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range:Ulandy Sections Name TOPSLIP VARAGALIYAR Beat Name TOPSLIP CHINNAR VARAGALIYAR Vegetation Type & Land-Use Evergreen 1.95 0.25 9.19 Shola Semievergreen 4.44 1.48 11.16 Moist Deciduous 13.94 4.78 9.52 Dry Deciduous 0.73 0.33 0.13 Savannah-Woodland 3.80 4.02 2.93 Teak Plantation 1.38 6.79 0.44 Grassland 0.02 Degraded Forest 0.31 0.09 0.28 Scrub 0.54 0.67 0.56 Barren land 0.14 0.12 0.68 Water 0.00 0.40 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 27.24 18.91 34.96
6.6 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range: Manamboly Section Name KALLAR Beat Name CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR Vegetation Type & Land-Use Evergreen 0.56 19.82 Shola Semievergreen 9.43 16.00 Moist Deciduous 11.91 5.17 Dry Deciduous 0.08 0.01 Savannah-Woodland 1.30 0.41 Range: Manamboly Section Name KALLAR Beat Name CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR Vegetation Type & Land-Use Teak Plantation Grassland 0.09 0.11 Degraded Forest 1.02 0.04 Scrub 0.16 0.06 Barren land 0.20 0.09 Water 0.07 0.13 Tea Plantation 0.03 2.82 Eucalyptus Plantation 1.24 Cinchona Plantation 1.83 Total Area (sq km) 24.86 47.72
6.7 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range: Manampally Section Name MANAMPALLY Beat Name ANALI MANAMPALLI SHEIKALMUDI URULIKAL Vegetation Type & Land-
Use Evergreen 3.31 2.23 3.77 6.28 Shola Semievergreen 6.59 3.42 3.87 2.60 Moist Deciduous 2.55 7.89 7.06 4.29 Dry Deciduous 1.50 1.85 0.19 Savannah-Woodland 0.38 2.44 0.90 0.17 Teak Plantation 0.45 Grassland Degraded Forest 0.07 0.29 0.05 0.01 Scrub 0.16 0.95 0.51 0.08 Barren land 0.26 0.08 0.32 0.01 Water 1.06 0.71 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 13.37 20.32 19.05 13.65 Annuxre7
7. 1 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range POLACHI Forest Crown Section ALIYAR SETHULMADI EAST SETHULMADI WEST Density Levels Beat ALIYAR ARTHANRIPALAYAM VILLONNIE MANGARAI PACHATHANNIR AYIRAMKAL POTHAMADA <20 % 13.99 13.13 9.11 5.40 2.65 2.16 6.31 20-40 % 2.48 1.45 7.12 5.80 4.76 4.10 3.45 CANOPY 40-60 % 2.37 1.65 2.51 0.49 0.42 0.23 0.30 PERCENTAGE 60-80 % 0.17 0.29 2.36 2.19 1.47 0.41 0.04 >80 % 0.01 0.04 1.70 0.92 1.36 0.10 0.01 Cinchona Eucalyptus 0.39 3.55 1.54 PLANTATIONS Tea Teak Grass 0.01 0.03 Land Barren NON-FOREST 0.13 0.06 0.45 0.14 0.01 0.13 0.29 land Water 0.05 0.02 Total Geographic Area (sq 19.21 16.62 23.29 14.97 11.07 10.69 11.94 km)
7.2 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range UDUMALAIPETTAI Section MANUPATTI KARATTUR DHALI Forest Crown EASAL Density EASAL THITT KOMBU KARAT KARATT PARUT KURUMAL THIRUMURT VALLAKOND Levels Beat THITTU U WEST TUR UR HIYUR AI HI MALAI APURAM WEST EAST <20 % 12.91 8.67 13.62 6.03 2.02 11.50 4.74 9.98 9.83 CANOPY 20-40 % 21.28 11.58 15.90 5.80 0.76 3.48 8.64 8.82 12.07 PERCENTAG 40-60 % 2.67 5.62 1.54 2.84 3.21 1.66 2.02 2.38 2.30 E 60-80 % 3.12 2.79 10.38 0.74 3.54 0.18 2.48 2.74 0.92 >80 % 0.10 0.56 5.08 0.17 7.32 0.02 2.03 7.08 0.89 Cinchona Eucalyptu PLANTATION s S Tea Teak Grass 0.02 1.07 1.08 0.29 Land NON- Barren FOREST 0.03 0.13 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.62 0.12 0.26 2.27 land Water 0.02 Total Geographic Area 40.10 29.38 47.85 15.60 18.02 17.46 20.03 31.55 28.27 (sq km)
7. 3 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range VALPARAI Forest Crown Section AKKAMALAI ATTAKATTY IYERPADI Density Levels UPPER Beat AKKAMALAI GRASSHILLS ATTAKATTY ATTAKATTY IYERPADI KAVURKAL ALIYAR <20 % 7.55 6.19 0.96 2.85 11.54 4.19 1.28 CANOPY 20-40 % 2.02 2.51 1.43 11.98 13.53 9.35 4.47 PERCENTAGE 40-60 % 0.66 0.84 0.77 2.16 3.54 3.13 0.77 60-80 % 1.69 8.77 0.13 6.12 2.69 12.78 2.95 >80 % 10.18 12.54 0.00 2.94 1.26 7.57 1.53 Cinchona PLANTATIONS Eucalyptus Tea 0.31 Teak Grass 8.87 3.59 0.10 0.80 Land NON-FOREST Barren 0.89 1.42 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.70 land Water 0.65 0.55 1.02 Total Geographic Area (sq 31.86 36.17 3.29 26.71 33.26 39.08 11.70 km)
7.4 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range AMARAVATHI Forest Crown Section KALLAPURAM MANJANPATTI Density Levels Beat KALLAPURAM KOMBU EAST KILANAVAYAL MANJANPATTI TALINGI <20 % 19.04 14.81 8.63 10.96 21.66 20-40 % 19.06 11.36 14.13 15.49 27.40 CANOPY 40-60 % 3.21 0.27 4.19 3.00 4.00 PERCENTAGE 60-80 % 2.29 1.12 2.90 3.39 2.71 >80 % 0.06 0.01 2.99 0.96 0.19 Cinchona Eucalyptus PLANTATIONS Tea Teak Grass Land 0.02 0.01 NON-FOREST Barren land 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.31 0.11 Water 0.57 6.23 0.13 Total Geographic Area (sq 44.27 33.86 32.86 34.12 56.21 km)
7.5 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range MANAMPALLY Forest Crown Section MANAMPALLY Density Levels Beat ANALI MANAMPALLI SHEIKALMUDI URULIKAL <20 % 0.79 4.23 1.66 0.45 20-40 % 2.38 8.00 7.28 3.91 CANOPY 40-60 % 0.15 1.11 1.79 0.63 PERCENTAGE 60-80 % 6.46 3.25 3.51 2.41 >80 % 3.28 2.11 3.77 6.24 Cinchona Eucalyptus PLANTATIONS Tea Teak 0.46 Grass
Land NON-FOREST Barren 0.26 0.07 0.33 0.01 land Water 1.08 0.71 Total Geographic Area (sq 13.32 20.32 19.05 13.64 km)
7.6 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range ULANDY Forest Crown Section TOPSLIP VARAGALIYAR Density Levels Beat TOPSLIP CHINNAR VARAGALIYAR <20 % 5.54 5.21 4.84 20-40 % 13.72 4.80 8.67 CANOPY 40-60 % 0.93 0.15 0.55 PERCENTAGE 60-80 % 4.00 1.28 10.92 >80 % 1.50 0.14 8.79 Cinchona Eucalyptus PLANTATIONS Tea Teak 1.38 6.80 0.45 Grass Land 0.02 NON-FOREST Barren land 0.14 0.12 0.67 Water 0.00 0.40 Total Geographic Area (sq km) 27.24 18.91 34.89
7.7 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Manambolly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Range MANAMBOLY Forest Crown Section KALLAR Density Levels Beat CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR <20 % 2.48 1.63 20-40 % 11.19 4.84 CANOPY 40-60 % 10.00 1.25 PERCENTAGE 60-80 % 0.23 14.72 >80 % 0.55 19.03 Cinchona 1.83 Eucalyptus 1.24 PLANTATIONS Tea 0.03 2.84 Teak Grass Land 0.10 0.11 NON-FOREST Barren land 0.20 0.09 Water 0.07 0.14 Total Geographic Area (sq km) 24.85 47.72
Annuxre8
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF BARKING DEER IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS Legend
Boundary of IGWLS KILANAVAYAL Barking Deer MANJANPATTI INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) PERIYA KALLAR Absent 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Low (1-2)
TAMIL NADU Medium (3-4) Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu High (5) Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF CHITAL IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Chital PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Medium (3-4) Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency High (5)
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF ELEPHANT IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Elephant PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Medium (3-4) Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India High (5) 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF GAUR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Gaur PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Absent
TAMIL NADU Low (1-2) Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Medium (3-4) Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF HARE IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL MANJANPATTI Boundary of IGWLS INDIA CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR Hare
Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Absent
TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations Low (1-2) National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Medium (3-4) Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF LEOPARD IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Leopard PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Medium (3-4) Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India High (5) 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF SAMBAR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Sambar PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Medium (3-4) Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency High (5)
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF SLOTH BEAR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI Sloth Bear INDIA CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2)
TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations Medium (3-4) National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India High (5) Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF TIGER IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Tiger PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N
10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Medium (3-4) Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India High (5) 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF ALL PREY OF TIGER IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR All Prey of Tiger PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Absent
TAMIL NADU Low (1-2) Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Medium (3-4) Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency High (5)
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF WILD BOAR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Wild Boar PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Medium (3-4) Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency High (5)
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E 76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E
STATUS OF WILD DOG IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY POTHAMADA
ARTHANRIPALAYAM 10°30'0"N
10°30'0"N AYIRAMKAL PARUTHIYUR ALIYAR PACHATHANNIR MANGARAI KARATTUR TOPSLIP VILLONNIE ATTAKATTYVALLAKONDAPURAM EASAL THITTU WEST VARAGALIYAR KURUMALAI EASAL THITTU EAST
ATTAKATTYUPPER ALIYAR 10°25'0"N 10°25'0"N CHINNAR THIRUMURTHI MALAI ANALI KOMBU EAST KAVURKAL MANAMPALLI IYERPADI KALLAPURAM URULIKAL KOMBU WEST KARATTUR SHEIKALMUDI AKKAMALAI 10°20'0"N 10°20'0"N TALINGI GRASSHILLS
Legend KILANAVAYAL Boundary of IGWLS MANJANPATTI
INDIA CHINNAKALLAR Wild Dog PERIYA KALLAR Encounter Rate (Animal/km) 10°15'0"N 10°15'0"N Absent Low (1-2) TAMIL NADU Participating Organizations National Remote Sensing Centre Forest Department, Tamil Nadu Medium (3-4) Wildlife Institute of India Survey of India 0 1.5 3 6 Km Funding Agency High (5)
SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI
76°50'0"E 76°55'0"E 77°0'0"E 77°5'0"E 77°10'0"E 77°15'0"E 77°20'0"E Annuxre9
Phytosociological Sample Point Location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary
Sl. Uniq_no. Vegetation type Longitude Latitude Elevation (m) No. 1 1 Moist Deciduous 76.8521 10.4441 693 2 2 Semievergreen 76.8876 10.3569 798 3 3 Evergreen 76.8883 10.3570 828 4 4 Evergreen 76.8876 10.3531 879 5 7 Semievergreen 76.8951 10.3576 804 6 8 Semievergreen 76.8346 10.4766 792 7 9 Semievergreen 76.8365 10.4733 780 8 10 Semievergreen 76.8317 10.4753 780 9 11 Semievergreen 76.8299 10.4794 810 10 12 Semievergreen 76.8302 10.4838 837 11 13 Semievergreen 76.8479 10.4900 486 12 14 Shola 76.8351 10.5024 1205 13 15 Shola 76.8340 10.5016 1237 14 16 Shola 76.8363 10.5011 1187 15 17 Moist Deciduous 76.8462 10.4849 635 16 18 Moist Deciduous 76.8431 10.4809 709 17 19 Semievergreen 76.8355 10.4615 699 18 20 Evergreen 76.8324 10.4267 799 19 21 Evergreen 76.8355 10.4268 786 20 22 Semievergreen 76.8371 10.4258 786 21 23 Moist Deciduous 76.8391 10.4271 774 22 24 Evergreen 76.8313 10.4214 735 23 25 Semievergreen 76.8311 10.4219 753 24 26 Evergreen 76.8276 10.4205 744 25 27 Evergreen 76.8277 10.4210 723 26 28 Moist Deciduous 76.8777 10.3570 605 27 29 Evergreen 76.8751 10.3605 609 28 30 Semievergreen 76.8761 10.3634 590 29 31 Semievergreen 76.8781 10.3662 613 30 32 Semievergreen 76.8711 10.3636 622 31 33 Evergreen 76.8794 10.3665 627 32 34 Evergreen 76.8769 10.3657 603 33 35 Semievergreen 76.8766 10.3721 590 34 36 Semievergreen 76.8764 10.3568 604 35 37 Semievergreen 76.8778 10.3569 600 36 38 Semievergreen 76.8794 10.3565 611 37 39 Moist Deciduous 76.8792 10.3556 631 Sl. Uniq_no. Vegetation type Longitude Latitude Elevation (m) No. 38 40 Semievergreen 76.8751 10.3571 600 39 41 Evergreen 76.8742 10.3578 623 40 42 Semievergreen 76.8741 10.3593 627 41 43 Evergreen 77.0241 10.3299 1668 42 44 Evergreen 77.0249 10.3286 1660 43 45 Evergreen 77.0270 10.3286 1668 44 46 Evergreen 77.0298 10.3296 1725 45 47 Evergreen 77.0323 10.3297 1783 46 48 Semievergreen 77.0431 10.3330 1857 47 49 Semievergreen 77.0469 10.3321 1916 48 50 Semievergreen 77.0405 10.3314 1820 49 51 Semievergreen 77.0405 10.3313 1766 50 52 Shola 77.0353 10.3296 1690 51 53 Shola 77.0259 10.3278 1643 52 54 Evergreen 76.9822 10.4129 1468 53 55 Moist Deciduous 76.9875 10.4308 1186 54 56 Moist Deciduous 76.9889 10.4318 1073 55 57 Semievergreen 76.9847 10.4391 936 56 58 Moist Deciduous 76.9839 10.4384 972 57 59 Moist Deciduous 76.9835 10.4376 981 58 60 Moist Deciduous 76.9707 10.4549 410 59 61 Dry Deciduous 76.9720 10.4520 468 60 62 Moist Deciduous 76.9698 10.4528 450 61 63 Moist Deciduous 76.9916 10.3749 1306 62 64 Scrub 77.3093 10.4232 355 63 66 Scrub 77.3074 10.4202 360 64 67 Scrub 77.3068 10.4184 362 65 68 Scrub 77.3061 10.4171 366 66 69 Scrub 77.3057 10.4151 382 67 70 Scrub 77.3047 10.4144 380 68 71 Scrub 77.3035 10.4126 399 69 72 Scrub 77.3016 10.4124 397 70 73 Scrub 77.3000 10.4118 430 71 74 Scrub 77.2982 10.4119 433 72 75 Dry Deciduous 77.2731 10.4168 346 73 76 Moist Deciduous 77.2739 10.4152 354 74 77 Scrub 77.2749 10.4135 359 75 78 Scrub 77.2756 10.4120 362 76 79 Scrub 77.2763 10.4105 364 77 80 Scrub 77.2775 10.4087 357 78 81 Scrub 77.2784 10.4074 356 79 82 Scrub 77.2794 10.4061 360 80 84 Scrub 77.2813 10.4030 367 Sl. Uniq_no. Vegetation type Longitude Latitude Elevation (m) No. 81 85 Scrub 77.2825 10.4012 376 82 86 Scrub 77.2215 10.3595 470 83 89 Scrub 77.2261 10.3568 457 84 91 Dry Deciduous 77.2295 10.3553 451 85 92 Scrub 77.2310 10.3544 447 86 93 Scrub 77.2326 10.3535 443 87 94 Dry Deciduous 77.2344 10.3528 436 88 96 Semievergreen 77.2379 10.3529 431 89 97 Scrub 77.2541 10.3028 561 90 98 Dry Deciduous 77.2551 10.3016 566 91 100 Scrub 77.2567 10.2985 606 92 101 Dry Deciduous 77.2570 20.2975 659 93 102 Dry Deciduous 77.2582 10.2960 659 94 103 Scrub 77.2596 20.2948 631 95 105 Scrub 77.2606 20.2909 663 96 106 Scrub 77.2613 10.2892 692 97 107 Dry Deciduous 77.2616 10.2874 709 98 109 Scrub 77.2599 10.3062 563 99 110 Scrub 77.2618 10.3072 582 100 111 Scrub 77.2632 10.3079 665 101 112 Scrub 77.2648 10.3096 690 102 113 Scrub 77.2655 10.3108 716 103 114 Dry Deciduous 77.2729 10.2594 745 104 115 Dry Deciduous 77.2748 10.2602 736 105 116 Moist Deciduous 77.2763 10.2608 737 106 117 Semievergreen 77.2781 10.2613 721 107 119 Dry Deciduous 77.2811 10.2630 749 108 120 Dry Deciduous 77.2861 10.2764 661 109 121 Moist Deciduous 77.2880 10.2784 680 110 122 Moist Deciduous 77.2882 10.2786 676 111 123 Dry Deciduous 77.2896 10.2798 678 112 124 Moist Deciduous 77.2899 10.2823 685 113 125 Moist Deciduous 77.2902 10.2832 687 114 126 Dry Deciduous 77.2914 10.2854 721 115 127 Moist Deciduous 77.2923 10.2868 729 116 128 Dry Deciduous 77.2932 10.2883 728 117 129 Dry Deciduous 77.2943 10.2901 746 118 130 Dry Deciduous 77.2945 10.2919 772 119 131 Dry Deciduous 77.1518 10.4651 431 120 132 Scrub 77.1501 10.4649 452 121 133 Scrub 77.1483 10.4648 475 122 134 Scrub 77.1464 10.4645 532 123 135 Scrub 77.1452 10.4640 547 Sl. Uniq_no. Vegetation type Longitude Latitude Elevation (m) No. 124 136 Dry Deciduous 77.1433 10.4636 592 125 137 Semievergreen 77.1526 10.4424 674 126 138 Scrub 77.1515 10.4415 682 127 139 Moist Deciduous 77.1508 10.4392 706 128 140 Moist Deciduous 77.1501 10.4375 733 129 141 Moist Deciduous 77.1492 10.4358 750 130 142 Dry Deciduous 77.1496 10.4344 778 131 143 Moist Deciduous 77.1504 10.4306 832 132 145 Dry Deciduous 77.1498 10.4292 871 133 146 Semievergreen 77.1488 10.4278 946 134 147 Moist Deciduous 77.1488 10.4262 1016 135 148 Semievergreen 77.1303 10.4333 1048 136 149 Dry Deciduous 77.1288 10.4349 1052 137 150 Moist Deciduous 77.1291 10.4368 1065 138 151 Dry Deciduous 77.1269 10.4373 1087 139 152 Dry Deciduous 77.1280 10.4396 1106 140 153 Dry Deciduous 77.1275 10.4413 1116 141 154 Moist Deciduous 77.1278 10.4431 1133 142 155 Moist Deciduous 77.1280 10.4451 1170 143 156 Dry Deciduous 77.1284 10.4466 1183 144 157 Semievergreen 77.1287 10.4484 1168 145 159 Moist Deciduous 77.1237 10.4450 1177 146 160 Semievergreen 77.1235 10.4433 1182 147 161 Dry Deciduous 77.1231 10.4415 1169 148 162 Semievergreen 77.1218 10.4403 1175 149 163 Moist Deciduous 77.1209 10.4389 1176 150 164 Moist Deciduous 77.1193 10.4377 1181 151 165 Semievergreen 77.1176 10.4368 1181 152 167 Moist Deciduous 77.1159 10.4343 1188 153 168 Moist Deciduous 77.1148 10.4326 1216 154 169 Dry Deciduous 77.1146 10.4310 1226 155 170 Moist Deciduous 77.0977 10.4506 1015 156 171 Scrub 77.0975 10.4523 1024 157 172 Scrub 77.0973 10.4540 1020 158 174 Dry Deciduous 77.0958 10.4571 1034 159 175 Scrub 77.0952 10.4586 1028 160 176 Semievergreen 77.0130 10.4435 902 161 178 Moist Deciduous 77.0164 10.4423 893 162 179 Semievergreen 77.0186 10.4420 886 163 180 Moist Deciduous 77.0204 10.4415 902 164 181 Semievergreen 77.0213 10.4415 882 165 182 Semievergreen 77.0236 10.4408 868 166 183 Semievergreen 77.0253 10.4406 875 Sl. Uniq_no. Vegetation type Longitude Latitude Elevation (m) No. 167 184 Semievergreen 77.0269 10.4402 819 168 185 Semievergreen 77.0286 10.4396 850 169 186 Moist Deciduous 77.0304 10.4390 867 170 188 Dry Deciduous 77.0063 10.4334 886 171 189 Dry Deciduous 77.0071 10.4318 899 172 192 Dry Deciduous 77.0075 10.4262 980 173 193 Semievergreen 76.9960 10.3690 1362 174 194 Evergreen 76.9979 10.3673 1335 175 195 Evergreen 76.9979 10.3673 1345 176 196 Semievergreen 76.9980 10.3672 1397 177 197 Evergreen 76.9999 10.3668 1355 178 198 Evergreen 76.9998 10.3668 1480 179 199 Evergreen 77.0020 10.3655 1425 180 200 Semievergreen 77.0024 10.3651 1392 181 201 Moist Deciduous 77.0045 10.3633 1405 182 202 Semievergreen 77.0054 10.3625 1424 183 203 Semievergreen 77.0054 10.3624 1410 184 204 Evergreen 76.9944 10.3709 1393 185 205 Evergreen 76.9910 10.3724 1306 186 206 Evergreen 76.9929 10.3726 1378 187 207 Evergreen 76.9912 10.3719 1253 188 208 Evergreen 76.9895 10.3735 1212 189 209 Evergreen 76.9893 10.3736 1210 190 222 Shola 77.0733 10.3227 1910 191 225 Shola 77.0790 10.3223 1977 192 227 Shola 77.0807 10.3220 1981 193 228 Shola 77.0756 10.3303 1924 194 229 Shola 77.0829 10.3216 2002 195 230 Shola 77.0832 10.3218 2011 196 231 Semievergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1138 197 232 Evergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1044 198 233 Evergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1047 199 234 Semievergreen 76.8794 10.3592 599 200 235 Semievergreen 76.8797 10.3606 604 201 236 Semievergreen 76.8801 10.3624 635 202 237 Dry Deciduous 76.8810 10.3643 672 203 238 Dry Deciduous 76.8814 10.3656 666 204 239 Semievergreen 76.8811 10.3663 662 205 240 Semievergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1131 206 241 Semievergreen 76.9966 10.3559 1274