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The Ecological Niche of Invasive Gobies at the Lower Rhine in Intra- and Interspecific Competitive and Predatory Interactions

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The Ecological Niche of Invasive Gobies at the Lower Rhine in Intra- and Interspecific Competitive and Predatory Interactions The ecological niche of invasive gobies at the Lower Rhine in intra- and interspecific competitive and predatory interactions I n a u g u r a l – D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Svenja Gertzen aus Rhede Bocholt 2016 Berichterstatter (Gutachter): PD. Dr. habil. Jost Borcherding Prof. Dr. Hartmut Arndt Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.04.2016 1 2 «Bei einem Fluss ist das Wasser das man berührt das letzte von dem was vorübergeströmt ist und das erste von dem was kommt. So ist es auch mit der Gegenwart.» Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) «Es gibt Menschen, die Fische fangen und solche, die nur das Wasser trüben.» Chinesische Weisheit 3 DANKSAGUNG / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mein ausdrücklicher Dank gilt PD Dr. habil. Jost Borcherding, für die Überlassung eines faszinierenden Themas, die Ermöglichung der Promotion, ausdauernde Geduld und das in mich gesetzte Vertrauen. Ohne seinen fachkundiger Rat, die intensiven Diskussionen und sein unendliches Verständnis gäbe es diese Arbeit nicht. Danke, dass du dich jederzeit für mich eingesetzt hast. Prof. Dr. Hartmut Arndt möchte ich für die Begutachtung dieser Promotion und seine Unterstützung danken. Ohne die finanzielle Unterstützung des Ministeriums für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Natur- und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalens wäre die Arbeit an diesem spannenden Thema nicht möglich gewesen. Da die Arbeit aus Mitteln der Fischereiabgabe finanziert wurde, danke ich hiermit insbesondere den Fischereiverbänden NRWs, sowie dem LANUV, für die stets gute Kooperation, viele wichtige Informationen und Diskussionen. I would like to thank Dr. Pavel Jurajda and his team for nice and intensive field trips, expertise in goby handling and for sharing his fascination on fish sampling. His indefatigability is incredible and contagious. Děkuji! Ich danke Iris und Christoph Schiavo, die die Station zu einem zu Hause haben werden lassen und die immer für uns da waren. Danke Christoph, dass du bei den Befischungen eingesprungen bist, wann immer es sein musste. Danke, für das Reagieren auf „Notfallanrufe“ zu jeder (un-)möglichen Uhrzeit. Danke Iris, für ein immer offenes Ohr. Ohne dich wäre die Station so viel kälter. Ich möchte mich bei allen „Buschkindern“ bedanken, die nicht nur Studenten oder Mitbewohner waren, sondern Freunde geworden sind. Grietherbusch ist ein ungewöhnlicher Ort, der enge und intensive Zusammenarbeit erfordert und sicherlich nicht für jeden geeignet ist. Ein Hoch auf die „Busch-Familie“, ohne die die Feldarbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Vielen Dank für eine unglaubliche Zeit, spannende Befischungen, Zerstreuung, Diskussionen und unvergessliche Partyabende. Mit jedem von euch war es eine grandiose Zeit, die mich geprägt hat: Lisa, Flo, Sven B., Manu, Martina, Ulrike, Steffi, Sylvie, Philipp, Anne, Jörn, Silvan, Micha, Ruben, Sven M., Miri, Siobhan, Clara, Sören, Lea, Laura, Kristan, Faby, Vilja, Amrei, Sebi, Anka, Linda, Jan, Sylvester, Leon, Maxim, Marlene, Vicky, Gerrit. DANKE für Tränen, Schweiß und Bier! Mein Dank geht auch an das „Team Tübingen“ Dr. Katja Heubel und Dr. Karen de Jong, die frischen Wind und Herzlichkeit in die Station gebracht haben und immer hilfreich und aufmunternd zur Seite stehen. Schön, dass ihr da seid! 4 Danke an alle Mitarbeiter des Naturschutzzentrums Kreis Kleve e.V. für viele nette Unterhaltungen. Besonderer Dank an Achim für das Squash Training und die Möglichkeit an spannenden Projekten jenseits der Fische mitzuarbeiten. Ich danke Basti Kaiser, der den Mut hatte mir zu sagen, dass ich mich zusammenreißen soll, wenn die Motivation sank. Danke für viele aufbauende Gespräche. Es ist immer noch unfassbar, dass gerade du den Mut zu Leben verloren hast. Ich danke meinem Bruder Ken Gertzen von ganzem Herzen, der mich ständig und äußerst spontan bei den Befischungen unterstützt hat und mich in das Zanderangeln eingewiesen hat. Dank an meine Mutter Petra Gertzen und ihren Lebensgefährten Klaus Betcke, für das Ermutigen, Durchhalteparolen und das Rückenfreihalten, wenn es stressig wurde. Danke, für zahlreiche Auto-springt-nicht-an/ist-liegen-geblieben Rettungsaktionen und einen grandiosen Kaninchenstall. Ich danke meinem Vater Dieter Gertzen, der mir nicht glauben wollte, dass mir das Fischen ein Leben lang Spaß machen würde. Danke an meine Oma Ingrid, die auf viele Besuche verzichten musste und die ständig befürchtet, dass ich doch niemals davon leben kann. Dank auch an die gesamte Familie Storm, die mir mit sonntäglichem Kaffee und Kuchen den Kopf für die wichtigen Dinge befreiten. Meinem Freund Thomas Storm, für unendliches Verständnis, das Ertragen meiner Launen in der letzten Schreibphase, das Einspringen bei Befischungen, Korrekturlesen und die Freiheiten, die mir das Schreiben ermöglichten. Ich kann es kaum erwarten mit dir unsere „Post-Thesis-List“ abzuarbeiten. 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbreviations and terms ............................................................................................. 7 Teilpublikationen ......................................................................................................... 8 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 10 Material and Methods ............................................................................................... 19 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ 31 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER IV .......................................................................................................... 142 CHAPTER V ........................................................................................................... 173 KURZZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................ 199 ERKLÄRUNG ......................................................................................................... 201 Curriculum vitae ...................................................................................................... 202 6 Abbreviations and terms Abbreviations and terms 0+ description of an age class, same as YOY, fishes that had hatched within that year ANOVA analysis of variance ANCOVA analysis of covariance ISF index of stomach fullness [%] Nf monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis Nm round goby Neogobius melanostomus Pk bighead goby Ponticola kessleri PPR prey predator ratio SD standard deviation SE standard error TL total length [mm] YOY young of the year, fishes that had hatched within that year Species list (species, English, German) Aspius aspius asp Rapfen Barbus barbus barbel Barbe Neogobius fluviatilis monkey goby Flussgrundel Neogobius melanostomus round goby Schwarzmaulgrundel Perca fluviatilis Eurasian perch Flussbarsch Ponticola kessleri bighead goby Kesslergrundel Rutilus rutilus roach Rotauge Sander lucioperca pikeperch Zander 7 Teilpublikationen Teilpublikationen • Borcherding, J., Dolina, M., Heermann, L., Knutzen, P., Krüger, S., Matern, S., van Treeck, R., Gertzen, S., 2013. Feeding and niche differentiation in three invasive gobies in the Lower Rhine, Germany. Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters 43, 49-58. Chapter I • Gertzen, S., Fidler, A., Kreische, F., Kwabek, L., Schwamborn V., Borcherding, J., 2016. Reproductive strategies of three invasive Gobiidae co- occurring in the Lower Rhine (Germany). Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters 56, 39-48. Chapter II Submitted manuscripts • Borcherding, J., Arndt, H., Breiden, S., Brenner, K., Heermann, L., Höfer, S., Leistenschneider, C., Lindner, L., Staas, S., Gertzen, S. (submitted). Drift of fish larvae and juveniles in the Rhine before and after goby invasion. Chapter III • Gertzen, S., Borcherding, J. (submitted). Measuring dietary competition from field data – Dietary competition between native and invasive juvenile fish species at the Lower Rhine (Germany). Chapter IV 8 Abstract Abstract Biological invasions represent a fascinating process with potentially severe consequences, as the displacement of native species. Therefore, determining the impact on natives and the whole ecosystem is inevitable to protect the endemic biodiversity. At the Lower Rhine a special situation has arisen from three congeneric fish species of the family Gobiidae establishing populations with high densities in a strongly anthropogenic altered habitat, which is additionally limited in dietary resources. Mechanisms of niche separation for the three goby species could be shown on a spatial and temporal axis. Although high dietary overlaps were obtained between the three goby species, ontogenetic dietary shifts in combination with habitat shifts reduced levels of competition. Fine-tuned niche differentiation was also displayed in reproductive traits by temporal separation of
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