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Diets of Freely Grazing and Captive Reindeer During Summer and Winter

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Diets of Freely Grazing and Captive Reindeer During Summer and Winter Diets of freely grazing and captive reindeer during summer and winter Mauri Nieminen & Ulla Heiskari Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Reindeer Research, Koskikatu 33 A, SF-96100 Rovaniemi, Finland Summary: The chemical composition and nutritive value of different forage plants and commercial feeds of reindeer were studied by standard methods in the Finnish reindeer herding area during 1980-86. The nutritive values, particularly the protein and mineral contents, of ground lichens (Cladina spp.) and arbo• real lichens (Alectoria spp.) were very low compared to forest wiregrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), summer forage plants and commercial feeds. The crude protein and mineral content of reindeer summer food was very high. The energy content of lichens and commercial feeds was high and they are an important sour• ce of energy for reindeer in winter. Key words: reindeer, forage plants, lichens, commercial feeds, seasons. Rangifer,9(l): 17-34 Nieminen, M. & Heiskari, U. 1988. Vapaasti laiduntavien ja tarhaporojen ravinto kesa 11a ja talvella. Yhteenveto: Poron ravintokasvien ja kaupallisten rehujen kemiallista koostumusta ja ravintoarvoja tutkittiin vakiomenetelmin Suomen poronhoitoalueella vuosina 1980-86. Poronjakalien {Cladina spp.) ja luppojen {Alec• toria spp.) ravintoarvot ja valkuais- ja kivennaisainepitoisuudet olivat hyvin alhaiset verrattuna metsalauhaan {Deschampsia flexuosa), kesaravintokasveihin ja kaupallisiin rehuihin. Poronjakalien ja kaupallisten rehujen energiapitoisuus oli kuitenkin korkea ja niista poro saa nopeasti tarvitsemaansa energiaa talvella. Rangifer,9(l): 17-34 Nieminen, M. & Heiskari, U. 1989. Fritt betande och inhagnade renars matsedel under sommar och vinter i Finland. Sammandrag: Man har undersokt den kemiska sammansattningen och naringsvardet av olika foderplanter och kommerciella fodermedel under åren 1980-86. Naringsvardet, sarskilt innhållet av protein i renlavar {Cladina spp.) och tradlavar {Alectoria spp.) var mycket lågt sammanliknat med smyla {Deschampsia flexu• osa), sommarbetes-planter och kommerciella fodermedel. Råprotein och mineralinnehåll i renenes som- marbetes-foder var mycket hogt. Energiinnehållet av lavar och kommerciella fodermedel var ho gt och dessa år viktiga energikallor for renen i vintern. Rangifer,9(l): 17-34 Introduction Under natural conditions the diet of the semi- the most important, including 13 lichens, 36 domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus ta- grasses, 29 herbs, 14 woody species, 8 randus L.J is comprised of about 250 different mushrooms, 5 shrubs and 1 horsetail (Skunc- plants, but an additional 200 may be acceptab• ke 1958). In winter, the basic types of fodder le. A total of 106 species have been listed as are lichens and some wintergreen plants. Li- Rangifer,9 (1), 1989 17 chens are a food specific to the reindeer, and chemical composition of different important in many arctic areas lichens constitute nearly forage plants were determined by standard 2/3 of the entire vegetable mass consumed by methods (AOAC 1980). The feed values (feed the reindeer during the year. Reindeer prefer units, energy values, digestible crude protein, fruticose lichens of the genus Cladina. The digestible organic matter and digestible ener• most important wintergreen plants are forest gy values) were calculated according to Salo wiregrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), cottongrass et al. (1982). (Eriophorum spp.), horsetails (Equisetum spp.) Forage samples were collected from several and sedges (Carex spp.). Arboreal lichens different plants of each species. Grasses and (Alectoria and Bryoria sp.) are important in forbs were cut at ground level. Only current the central and southern parts of the reindeer annual growth was collected from the shrubs herding area in Finland. Reindeer eat mush• and live part from lichens. rooms towards the end of summer, the most important being Boletus sp. The snow-covered period is nutritionally Results the most critical part of the year, and during The dry matter (DM) (36-49 %), crude pro• recent winters many reindeer in Finland have tein and crude fat contents of Cladina lichens been given supplementary rations of dry hay, was very low. Slightly higher values, especial• grains, molasses and commercial feeds. The ly dry matter (84-89 %) and crude protein, objective of this study was to compare the were measured in arboreal lichens (Alectoria chemical composition and nutritive values of spp.) growing on pines and birches (Table 1). the most important forage plants and com• Low crude fibre contents were measured in mercial feeds of the reindeer. Cetraria nivalis and in Alectoria lichens. Sugar content was higher in ground than in arbore• Material and methods al lichens. The lowest sugar content was mea• The forage plants of reindeer were collected sured in Cetraria nivalis. N-free extract con• during 1980-86 from different sampling areas tent of Cladina lichens was rather high. in the reindeer herding area in Finland. The Slightly higher values were measured in Alec• sampling was done during June and July. The toria lichens (Table 1). Table 1. Crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, sugar and N-free extract contents (% DM) in different li• chens from the Finnish reindeer herding area. Tabell 1. Rdprotein, rdfett, vdxttrdd, socker och kvavefria extraktivåmnen (% av torrsubstansen) i olika lavarter inom Finlands renskotselomrdde. Species Crude Crude Crude Sugar N-free protein (%) fat (%) fibre (%) (%) extract (%) Cladina spp. 2.9-4.5 3.3-3.9 20.0-34.9 1.2-2.0 54.6-69.6 Cladina rangiferina 1.7-3.3 1.4 38.3 1.2 56.2 Cladina arbuscula 3.4 2.9 30.1 1.8 62.4 Cladina mitis 2.3-2.9 Cladina stellaris 2.6-3.0 3.3 39.8 1.7 52.7 Cetraria nivalis 2.6 2.9 6.4 0.4 84.8 Stereocaulon spp. 6.2-7.1 Parmelia spp. 7.0 Alectoria spp. on pine 5.8 2.0 8.1 0.8 82 on birch 6.3 2.6 7.6 0.5 83 18 Rangifer,9(l), 1989 The ash, Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cu and Zn con• tents in Cladina lichens were very low com• txlO pared to other food plants (Tables 2 and 4). ON Similar low values were measured in arboreal rsl o ON o o O sO S 6 ON \D lichens. Fe and Mn contents were higher in Cladina lichens than in Alectoria lichens. i\ The feed unit values of Cladina lichens J* 1 were on average 3.9 kg/feed unit (NKF) and m OO o OO ON 1.4 kg DM/feed unit. The digestible organic N S m ^t- 00 matter in lichens was 691 g/kg DM and the crude energy content on average 18.8 MJ/kg o bX) l\ DM. Slightly lower feed unit values were I measured in Alectoria lichens growing on pi• ON ON 00 O i\ Hi G rsl ON nes and birches (1.21 and 1.13 kg/feed unit, and 1.01 and 1.01 kg DM/feed unit, respecti• vely). The digestible crude protein (DCP) bfl ON content was virtually zero in Cladina lichens. I CNj ON cn 00 o Slightly higher values were measured in Alec• u a 00 m" m* toria lichens. The crude energy content in Alectoria lichens growing on pines and bir• ches were on average 19.2 and 20.1 MJ/kg ^-001^ o ctf H <N t-H DM. o o OOOO The crude protein content of reindeer sum• mer forage plants varied slightly in different sampling areas and was 7.1-16.3 % DM in D. m b£ I flexuosa, 8.5-18.2 % in Equisetum fluviatile, s0 00 00 9.3-21.7 % DM in E. sylvaticum, 8.9-14.7 % DM in Carex spp., 10.6-16.2 % DM in Epilo- bium angustifolium, 9.4-15.2 % DM in Meny- bJD o anthes trifoliata, 10.3-25.5 % DM in Potentilla rn in rsl so m palustris, 11.3-23.0 % DM in leaves of Betula S^b 0 o o o O o o pubescens, 10.1-14.7 % DM in B. nana, 15.2¬ 19.3 % DM in B. tortuosa, 9.3-20.2 % DM in Salix phylicifolia and 6.6-14.9 % DM in S. lap- oJO o rn ON \0 ON ponum (Table 3). PL, ^Sb o o o o o O The digestible crude protein values were high in reindeer forage plants during summer and values varied between 50 and 200 g/feed I o i\ unit. The highest values were measured in Po• U^b tentilla palustris, B. pubescens, Equisetum spp. and S. phylicifolia (Table 3). The crude fibre OO content varied between 3.1-41.2 % DM in in different plants. The crude fat content varied CsJ ON between 0.7-15.5 % DM. The highest crude <N O fat values were measured in E. angustifolium and M. trifoliata. The content of N-free ex• tract varied between different plants (range bO S Ou, 43.6-71% DM). The sugar content varied be• a, a, tween 0.1-24.4 % DM, and the highest values OH 2 c/5 were measured in D. flexuosa, S. lapponum, B. © .5 .5=! nana, Carex spp. and Equisetum spp. during a, ^ a a 00 0 a Q o o summer. The feed unit values of different plants var- Rangifer,9(l), 1989 rt ON ON m ON ON oo oo oo i\ sO ON l\ 00 ON T-H rsi 1 CN 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 i l\ l\ ON OO r-H rsi I\ ON o ÖJD Jl G l\ o T-H ON rso j O o ON ON °. o ON T-H T-H ö T-H CN o T-H T-H T-H ö ö oo oo m sD m o o m <N sO sp o rsj rsj l\ m o m T-H od i< od r< T-H T-H 1 I 1 1 1 I OO sD O ON l\ 1 ^J- T-H sD I rsj m m sD T—m1 Ln r\ l\ ON rsj ON sd m m" m' rsi rsi rsi rsi m' m oo m oo sO rsj m OO TT ON rsi sd rsi m 5-! o Ö m' m' m rsi rsi rsi T-H T-H T-H T-H CS • 1 rsj rsi I 1 1 1 1 i oo xt- oo ô <N rii LH sO rsj osdo sd sd r\ od m K <N T-; oo o sO rsj m rt- in T-H sp T-H rsi ON ON m' sd m' od m l\ i\i sO sD sD sD sD s£> 1 1 1 sD i ON m o m ON OO vi o O in 00 <js ^-" osdo m ON m' T-H K rt-' in o m' LH m m m ^ in o o o m rsj rsi in in o in cg rsi ON T-H T-H T-H •™1 m' ON od I 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 i sD oo oo o rsj ON rsj l\ ON rsj in o T-Î T-H rsi m" Ö rsi T-H T-H m' in" m' in rsi l\ o o m ^t- oo m oo o K od rsi rsj vd rsi rsi rsj rsmi" rsmi" 1 rsi rsinj rsi 1 sD ON 1 1 T-H 1 1 1 i\ r\ T-H ON rsj SD m ON oo ON rsj T-H o T-H l\ od od rsi od T-H ON T-H od m' T-H T-H T-H o oo rsi m T-H o o sD y <L> (p Qj ON m m rsj o o T-H ON
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