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Erosion and Deposition in the Loess-Mantled Great Plains, Medicine Creek Drainage Basin, Nebraska

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Erosion and Deposition in the Loess-Mantled Great Plains, Medicine Creek Drainage Basin, Nebraska Erosion and Deposition in the Loess-Mantled Great Plains, Medicine Creek Drainage Basin, Nebraska GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 352-H Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin and part of the soil and moisture program Erosion and Deposition in the Loess-Mantled Great Plains, Medicine Creek Drainage Basin, Nebraska By JAMES C. BRICE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN A SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 352-H Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin and part of the soil and moisture program UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 55 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page -i .'. Page Abstract ______.___ _ __ _____..____ _____. ,___-_-____ ___ 255 Drainage system ______.L__£ L_____ - _ - 282 Introduction __ __________..___._____- .__.___.___..___-__. ____ -__ 255 Evolution of the drainage system ___._______-_ - 282 Climate, by Cloyd H. Scott _.__._.._._._.____ _....._.. 258 Morphometry ___ ___ _ __ _ _.__ - ~ 284 Drainage transformation and variations in drain­ Vegetation and paleoclimate ___.._______ ___ ___ ___ __ ____-____ 262 age texture _______________. __ 288 Climax plant communities ______________-__ ___-__-____ _ 262 Characteristics of native grasses _____________________________ 262 Gully erosion __._._ __.._.__..________-____ 290 Effects of drought ________.._.._______________________________.... 263 Definition and classification of gullies __________- _- 290 Effects of land use ______________________________________________________ 263 Age and activity of erosional scarps __ _____ 291 Native trees and dendrochronology _ __ _._-__ 264 Channel scarps and valley-bottom gullies .__ ___ 291 Pre-Pleistocene rocks ______ _________ _ __________________________ 264 Development of valley-bottom gullies ____________ 295 Unexposed rocks _____-__________.________________________________ ______ 264 History of late Recent gullying on Dry Creek ______ 300 Valley-head and valley-side gullies ________ __ 301 Exposed rocks - ___ _______________________________________________ 264 Niobrara Formation __________________________________________ 264 Measurement of valley-head and valley-side gullies Ogallala Formation ________________________________________ 265 on Dry Greek ____.__ __ 304 Areal distribution of gullies _.._-__ - 307 Pleistocene and Recent deposits ________________________________ 265 Formation of valley-head and valley-side gullies ___ 309 Terraces -___ ____--________________ __ ____________________________ 265 General stratigraphy of the Pleistocene and Gullying and land use ______-__ _ _ 313 Recent _ _ ._ ____-__ ____________ _______________ ____ 268 Control of gullies __________ ___ -_-_--- _ __- 314 Stratigraphy on Cedar Creek near Stockville ________ 270 Suspended sediment and the hydraulic geometry of Stratigraphy on Cut Canyon near Curtis ______________ 271 channels, by Cloyd H. Scott __ __ _ 315 Stratigraphy on Elkhorn Canyon near Maywood _ 272 Hydraulic relations at a section and in a down­ Loveland Formation and Sangamon soil ________________ 274 stream direction ___________________ 315 Peorian Loess, Brady soil, Bignell Loess, and Suspended-sediment discharge relations ___ 321 modern soil ______________________________ 275 Particle-size distributions of suspended sediment Stockville terrace deposits ________________________________ 278 and bed material _._____.__- _ __ . - 322 Mousel terrace deposits ________________________________________ 278 Relative sediment contributions of the major tribu­ Recent alluvium ________________ .________________________ ______ 278 taries _________________ -___ _ _ -_ _ 325 Significance of carbonized fragments of grass ________ 280 Geomorphic properties in relation to water and sedi­ Sand dunes _______________.______________________________________.__ 280 ment discharge _ _____________________ _ ^_ __ _ 328 Archeology and human occupation ________________________ 280 Summary and conclusions ____-___ __ 332 Results of archeologic investigations ________________________ 280 References __-_-____-_____ __ 333 Settlement and land use __________________________________ 281 Index .. _____._ ..__._______ __ 337 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 175. Regional physiographic map _ ________-._______-______ _ _ - __ __ __ - 256 176. Location map _____________________________ _______________-,,___-__ ____-_ - _ __- 257 177. Photograph of typical relief in southern part of basin _ __________ _ _ - 258 178. Graph of average monthly temperature and maximum, average, and minimum monthly precipitation at Curtis, Nebr., 1931-55 ____ ________ _ __ 259 179-180. Graph of annual precipitation, 1895-1960 179. Curtis, Nebr. _ ___ _._____ __ _ _________________________________________ 260 180. McCook, Nebr. .. _._._._. __ _. ____.._.______.__ ________.___._ 261 181. Graph of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves for Curtis, Nebr., 1951-58 ____ 262 182. Photographs showing effect of land use on native vegetation _______________________ 264 183. Geologic section across lower tip of basin ___________________________________________________._._.._ 266 184. Geologic section across the basin _______________________________________________________________________________ 267 185. Section showing general topographic and stratigraphic relations of Pleistocene and Recent deposits .__________ ____________ _______________________________________________________________ 268 186. Channel profile, valley flat profile, and terrace profiles along the main course of Medicine Creek ________ _________________ ___.-________ ___________________.________________________.___.... 270 ill IV CONTENTS Page FIGURES 187-189. Profile and geologic section 187. On Cedar Creek _______________________________________________________ 271 188. Along road entering Cut Canyon _ __ __ ____________ ________ _...__ 272 189. On Elkhorn Canyon ______ __________._ ___ __ ___ __ _ ______________.___ 273 190-193. Photographs showing 190. Terrace sequence and valley fills along Elkhorn Canyon ____ _.____________ 273 191. Valley fill of the Peorian Loess set unconformably against Sangamon soil and Peorian Loess _ _-___ __ __ _-_ _________._.__-______-____ 274 192. Peorian Loess overlying A horizon of Sangamon soil ___ _ _ ___________ _ 276 193. Banding in Recent alluvium, Dry Creek ____________________________.___ __ 279 194. Block diagram showing evolution of the relief since deposition of the Peorian Loess... - 283 195. Photographs of remnants of the side slopes and valley flats of former drainage systems ____________________ ____-______ ___________.______________ 284 196. Map showing area of capture of North Plum Creek by Deer Creek _________________. 285 197. Maps showing variations in drainage texture ________________- ____________ __ __ 287 198. Graph showing mean channel length in relation to channel order ____________________ 289 199. Graph showing number of channels of each order in relation to channel order __ __ _ 290 200. Composite sketch showing varieties of valley-bottom gullies ______________________ 292 201. Map of head scarps in major valley-bottom gullies ____________________________________ 293 202. Profiles of valley and channel for some major tributaries __ ____ ___ _____ . 295 203. Graph showing local valley slope in relation to drainage area ___ __ 296 204. Photographs of typical valley-bottom gullies ________________________ ________________ 297 205. Profile showing changes in a large valley-bottom gully on Dry Creek ________ __ __ 298 206. Profiles of a large valley-bottom gully in a tributary of Curtis Creek Canyon ___ . 299 207. Profile showing changes in a gullied tributary of Dry Creek ___ _. _____ __ ____ - 300 208. Profiles of channel, valley flat, and terraces on Dry Creek ________________ ___ 301 209. Cross profiles of Dry Creek ___________ _________________________ __________________________-_ 302 210. Photographs showing downstream changes in channel of Dry Creek _____ __ ______ 303 211. Composite sketch showing varieties of valley-head and valley-side gullies ________ 304 212. Photographs of valley-head and valley-side gullies __ __ _.___________________ ____-__- 305 213. Graph of cumulative frequency distribution of enlargements of valley-head and valley- side gullies on Dry Creek _ ._ _ ________ _ _ __-___ ___.__ __ _ ___ __ 306 214. Aerial photograph of a severely gullied area on upper Dry Creek ___________________ 308 215. Map showing areal frequency distribution of active valley-head and valley-side gullies _ _____._-_______ ______ ______________________ __-__-________________ 310 216. Graph showing frequency of active valley-head and valley-side gullies in relation to area of upland and adjusted frequency of first-order channels _____ _ ______. 311 217. Profiles and plan view of a large valley-head gully ______________________________ _ _ 312 218. Profile of a large valley-head gully _______________________________________________________ 313 219. Photograph of the head scarp of a small valley-head gully on Dry Creek ________________ 314 220. Hydrographs of daily mean flows equaled or exceeded about 1 percent of time _________ 316 221. Graph showing change of width, depth, and velocity with increasing discharge at a section,
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