1/9/2015

Lethal Love Main Goal Dignity in Death How Euthanasia Can Save Lives • Release! (Including Your Own!)

Stress Goals • Minimize stress • Balance suffering with probability of release • Take care of ourselves!

1 1/9/2015

2 1/9/2015

Compassion Fatigue

• What is it? • Form of secondary PTSD; also called secondary traumatic stress (STS) • Secondary traumatic stress from witnessing the suffering of others • Compassion fatigue can reduce caretakers’ empathy which can decreases the quality of care given to patients

Effects of Compassion Fatigue

• Normal displays of stress!

3 1/9/2015

Individual Symptoms • • Excessive blaming Organizational Symptoms • • Bottled up emotions • • Isolation from others • High absenteeism • • Receives unusual amount of complaints from others • • Constant changes in co-workers relationships • • Inability for teams to work well together • • Voices excessive complaints about administrative functions • • Desire among staff members to break company rules • • Substance abuse used to mask feelings • • Outbreaks of aggressive behaviors among staff • • Compulsive behaviors such as overspending, overeating, gambling, sexual addictions • • Inability of staff to complete assignments and tasks • • Poor self-care (i.e., hygiene, appearance) • • Inability of staff to respect and meet deadlines • • Legal problems, indebtedness • • Lack of flexibility among staff members • • Reoccurrence of nightmares and flashbacks to traumatic event • • Negativism towards management • • Chronic physical ailments such as gastrointestinal problems and recurrent colds • • Strong reluctance toward change • • Apathy, sad, no longer finds activities pleasurable • • Inability of staff to believe improvement is possible • • Difficulty concentrating • • Lack of a vision for the future • • Mentally and physically tired • • Preoccupied • • In denial about problems

Cuteness Interlude

• Including suicide

How do we cope with compassion How do we avoid/treat compassion fatigue? fatigue? • ? • ? • Ignoring the problem/bottle • Awareness! it up poor standard of • Processing the secondary care trauma • Become detached from our • By setting limits patients – So we have time to fully • Loss of motivation ( loss process (grieve) the trauma of productivity...b/c less • Taking breaks productivity means • Balance caring with the experiencing less secondary rest of your life trauma) •  BURNOUT

4 1/9/2015

Bottom Line • WRC • If you stretch your limits, the quality of care – Independent non-profit located in St Paul, MN you give ALL your patients will be LOWER – One of the largest wildlife rehabilitation centers in the country – Admit ~ 9000 animals/year – Over 160 species – 2 full-time DVMs and 2 CVTs – 8 full-time staff members – >500 volunteers

100.0%

WRC Example 90.0%

80.0% • ~1500 70.0% TOTAL ECTR/yr 60.0% eoa 50.0% • 500-600 dic/e <50g/yr 40.0% released 30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

How do we set limits? Guidelines for analyzing data • Dedicate time to the rest of your life know • Do NOT compare yourself to other how much time AWAY from wildlife allows you centers/rehabilitators to work optimally – Variables are usually not the same • Analyze your past data (in the off season) to • Different types of facility (home vs center) • Different budgets find your limits • Different access to resources (volunteers, veterinary services, etc) • Different amounts of available time. • Different areas of the country • Different seasons • Different species • Release rates are calculated differently!!!

5 1/9/2015

100.0% The Release Rate Riot 90.0% “Release Rate” 80.0% Carolina Raptor Center 75% -EXCLUDES those that die/euth w/in 24 hrs of admission 70.0% -INCLUDES placed raptors (100+ on site) -admit 700/year 60.0% UK Paper 42% -EXCLUDES those that died w/in 48 hours eoa 50.0% of admit dic/e WRC nursery ECTR 35% -INCLUDES ALL ECTRs admitted 40.0% released WRC nursery ECTR 60% -EXCLUDES ONLY EOA and DOA 30.0% E wild again- rehabber avg 67% -based on each rehabber, regardless of 20.0% release rate admit size E wild again-overall avg 52% -based on ALL animals admitted 10.0% release rate 0.0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

E wild again numbers-ex. of calculations 100.0% # patients/year 90.0% Jane Doesaver 35 80% -only does baby 80.0% mammals John Studebaker 67 70% -does everything 70.0% Mcrehabberschmidt TE HS 5000 45% -contract with city 60.0% (TakesEverything and has to take all eoa 50.0% Humane Society) widlife dic/e Total # AVG per 40.0% released admitted: 5102 rehabber: (80+70+45)/3= 30.0% 65% AVG per animal: 28, 47, 2250 20.0% (0.8*35)+(0.7*67) 10.0% +(0.45*5000)=23 25/ 0.0% 5102=45.6% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Guidelines for analyzing data Euthanasia • Do NOT compare yourself to other The “How-To” centers/rehabilitators • Compare YOUR past statistics to YOUR current statistics

• Very easy and quick to do based on an electronic state/fed report....hint hint.... *coughwild-onecough*

6 1/9/2015

“Euthanasia” Indications (companion animals)

• From the greek ‘euthanatos’ (Merriam-Webster, 2008): • Terminal disease – Eu= good – Thantos= death • Overpopulation • Ideal euthanasia (AVMA, 2007): • Laboratory testing – rapid loss of consciousness  • Herd health – cardiac or respiratory arrest  – loss of brain function. • Slaughter – + minimize distress and anxiety experienced by the animal prior to loss of consciousness

**With out these requirements ‘termination of life’, NOT euthanasia**

Indications (wildlife rehabilitation) Methods

• Illegal • How do we know which are “best”? • Low chance/will not be able to survive in the wild • Low chance/will not be able to reproduce in the wild • Too much pain/suffering • Lack of time/resources

AVMA Standards • Ability to induce loss of consciousness and death WITHOUT causing pain, distress, anxiety, or apprehension • American Veterinary Medical Association) =sufferinghappens in cerebral cortex (AVMA) reviews euthanasia in the scientific • Time required to induce loss of consciousness literature every few years and states which • Reliability methods it considers humane • Safety of personnel • (FREE) • Irreversibility • Compatibility with purpose https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Document • Emotional effect on observers or operators s/euthanasia.pdf • Compatibility with species, age and health status • Ability to maintain equipment in proper working order • Safety for predator/scavengers should the carcass be consumed

7 1/9/2015

Euthanasia

Euthanasia

Methods

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG This procedure involves first rendering the animal unconscious and THEN stopping the heart....

Euthanasia Euthanasia Methods

• Steps: • Physical – Captive Bolt 1. Render animal • Penetrating Adjunct: • Non-penetrating Exsanguination unconscious – Gunshot 2. Stop heart – Manual blunt force trauma Pithing – Cervical dislocation KCl – Percussive stunning • Chemical – Injection – IV, IP, intra-liver, intra-kidney • Barbituates, Tributame, T-61 – Inhalation • CO2, anesthetics, nitrogen, argon, helium – Lethal dose of intoxicant to food or water

8 1/9/2015

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG This method of euthanasia is NOT “aimed between the eyes”

Euthanasia Methods- Physical Gunshot

• Target (Gunshot, Captive Pros Cons Bolt) • Rapid and Humane Death • Skilled in technique – Line from the base of the • Target cerebral region and • NEVER in contact with skull horns to the lateral canthus brainstem for immediate • Appropriate equipment of the opposite eye  unconsciousness – Varies by species and distance where 2 lines cross  • Good for hoofstock – hollow pointed bullets; Angle so bullet will exit • No carcass residues frangible iron plastic foramen magnum composition bullets; or • Distance or close proximity (brainstem) powdered iron missiles • Silencers available • PPE – head and eye gear – NOT “middle of the eyes” NAHEMS 2011 • <400# = 300ft lbs ; >400# = • Potential for collateral – Chart of calibers online 1000ft lbs muzzle energy damage large

Penetrating Captive Bolt Non-penetrating Captive Bolt

Pros Cons Pros Cons • Rapid and Humane Death • Skilled in technique • Concussive trauma to brain • Must be prepared to use • Target cerebral region and • Appropriate equipment • Target cerebral region and adjunct method to ensure brainstem for immediate – Seals and stop washers brainstem for immediate rapid death unconsciousness replaced regularly unconsciousness • Neonatal animals only • Good for hoofstock • Must be in contact with without adjunct method • No carcass residues skull • Energy required is 200 J • Only more recent bolt guns kill without second step (extended length penetrating bolt)

9 1/9/2015

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG This method of euthanasia requires no special equipment...

Cervical Dislocation Blunt Trauma by Manual Force

Pros Cons Pros Cons • Immediate unconsciousness • Technique requires practice • No equipment • Aesthetically objectionable • Quick death • Aesthetically unappealing • Single sharp blow delivered • Skilled technique • No tissue contamination • Continued muscular to the central skull bones in • Requires practice • No special equipment or movement undesirable the region over the brain • Requires strength • supplies • Limited to small birds, mice, Neonates ONLY • Requires resolve immature rats, rabbits

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER Remember... THE PLUG

• Although Physical Methods of Euthanasia render unconsciousness immediately... – Should drop to the ground instantaneously – Muscles may continue to convulse

10 1/9/2015

Euthanasia Methods – Chemical

These methods • Injection – IV, IP, intrahepatic, intrarenal – Barbituates, KCl, Tributame, T-61 of euthanasia • Inhalation – CO2, anesthetics, nitrogen, argon are not physical • Lethal dose of intoxicant to food or water – None identified without risk to humans or in nature... environment • Consider cost and disposal of contaminated carcasses • May need chemical restraint beforehand

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER Euthanasia Methods - injection THE PLUG

Intra-hepatic – AVMA 2013

IC – AVMA 2013

Intra-renal – AVMA 2013

Barbituates This is the most Pros Cons • Rapidity, effectiveness • Controlled substances common type of • Chemical restraint generally – Beuthasol, FatalPlus not needed • Carcass contaminated chemical • IV injection preferred • MUST absolutely determine • IP, intra-liver, intra-kidney that death has taken place • Sodium Pentobarbital (vs deep anesthesia) euthanasia... – 1cc per 10 lbs mammals – 1cc per 2 lbs birds

11 1/9/2015

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER T-61 THE PLUG

Pros Cons • Rapid, humane death • Not available in the US • Terminal gasps not seen • Must be slow IV injection to • Works similarly well in birds avoid dysphoria • Controlled substance • IV only

Alcohols These options Pros Cons • Readily available • Dose-related irritation to do NOT require a • Inexpensive tissue • Large volumes required for controlled most animals substance license...

CO2 CO

Pros Cons Pros Cons • Not controlled • Safety equipment for gas • Loss of consciousness • Danger to humans • Easily administered • Oxygen must rapidly without pain, with minimal • Potential for explosions (chambers) decrease to <2% distress • Aversive to rodents • Nonflammable • AVMA recommends heavy • Rapid death with • Nonexplosive sedation prior concentrations of 4-6% • Use gradual increases in • Carefully regulate gas so concentrations to avoid does not freeze animal stress from hypoxemia • Time to death longer, may • Analgesic and anesthetic exhibit stress properties • Drastic species differences

12 1/9/2015

N2, Ar Helium

Pros Cons Pros Cons • Readily available • Must combine with CO2 to compressed gasses make heavier than room air • Nonflammable • Aversive to rodents • Nonexplosive • Exposure times up to >7min • Nonaversive to poultry • Even 6% O2 before death will results in immediate recovery

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG These euthanasia agents work by inhalation...

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER Anesthetics THE PLUG

Pros Cons • Easily administered • Methoxyflurane and (chambers) halothane not available in • Minimal risk to handlers vs the US physical or injectable • Enflurane can cause methods seizures • ether, halothane, • Breath holding, esp. aquatic methoxyflurane, isoflurane, or diving species sevoflurane, desflurane, • Aversive vapors enflurane • Special equipment – vaporizers • Human abuse potential

13 1/9/2015

Tricaine (MS222) These Pros Cons • Soluble in fresh water • Expensive euthanasia • Soluble in salt water • Species variability • Commercially avaiable • Retinal toxicity to humans agents can be • Not controlled • Cannot inject (rapid excretion) • Possible detrimental dissolved in environmental effects liquid...

Benzocain Hydrochloride Clove oil

Pros Cons Pros Cons • Not controlled • Does not dissolve in water • Eugenol, isoeugenol • Carcass disposal • Fast acting, effective for fish • Cost • Widely available • Some derivatives are and amphibians • Must be buffered • Not controlled potential carcinogens • Low toxicity to humans • Impact on scavengers not • Inexpensive • Impact on environment not • Little environmental risk determined • Short induction time studied • Effective at wide range of water temps

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG These euthanasia agents are ONLY secondary means...

14 1/9/2015

Euthanasia Methods - adjunct KCl

• Animal must first be rendered unconscious by Pros Cons other means • Not controlled • No analgesia – KCl injection • IV or IC = cardiac arrest • Adjunct method only, MUST be unconscious first – Exsanguination • 75-150mg/kg, 34.1- 68.2mg/lb • Muscle fasiculations, – Pithing • Also Magnesium chloride or spasms can be violent magnesium sulfate • Carcasses less toxic

Pithing Exsanguination

Pros Cons Pros Cons • Immediate unconsciousness • Technique • Not controlled • MUST be rendered • Can be used as secondary • Practice • Carotid or brachial arteries unconscious first method • MUST be rendered • Aesthetics unconscious first • Involuntary movement post-procedure

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG These species large size can make euthanasia difficult...

15 1/9/2015

Euthanasia Methods By Species Euthanasia Methods By Species

• Bovidae (deer) • Ovidae, Caprinae – Gunshot – Penetrating Captive Bolt – Penetrating Captive Bolt – Gunshot (no contact!) – Injectable • usually impractical

NAHEMS 2011 NAHEMS 2011

Euthanasia Methods By Species Euthanasia Methods By Species

• Ovidae, Caprinae, cont • Equidae – Pithing – acceptable after anesthesia (30-50mg Xylazine IV or IM, wait 20min) – Gunshot – KCl – acceptable after anesthesia – Penetrating Captive Bolt – Chloral hydrate (900mg/kg) - acceptable after – Injection (barbituates) NAHEMS 2011 anesthesia (difficult to obtain) – KCl with anesthesia first: – Injectable – usually impractical xylazine 0.5mg/lb IV or1mg/lb IM – CO2 – generally impractical due to required chamber size – Electrocution – conditionally acceptable (equip)

Euthanasia Methods By Species Euthanasia Methods By Species

• Wild Boar • Wild Boar, cont – Electrocution (specialized equipment required) – Gunshot (slug) – Injection • • 1” above brow line usually impractical • Xylazine does not work • Thicker skull NAHEMS 2011 – Penetrating Captive Bolt (.25 caliber) – Adjunct methods • Pithing – CO2 for <70 lbs (32kg) • KCl • See AASV ; concentration 80-90% for minimum 5min

NAHEMS 2011

16 1/9/2015

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG These methods are preferred for canine and feline-type species...

Euthansia Methods By Species Euthansia Methods By Species

• Coyotes, fox, bobcats, raccoons, skunks, • Canidae/Felidae, adjunct methods ferrets/ermine, mink... – KCl – Injection of barbituate preferred method – N2, Argon – Injection of non-barbituate anesthetic – Electrocution (specialized equipment required) • Ketamine/xylazine – Tributame, T-61 – not currently manufactured in US – Inhaled anesthetics, <7kgs – CO, CO2 – Gunshot, Penetrating Captive Bolt

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG These species make up the bulk of our rehabilitation mammals...

17 1/9/2015

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER Euthansia Methods By Species THE PLUG

• Rodentia/Lagomorphs (muskrats, woodchucks, squirrels, mice, bunnies...) – Injectable (barbituates, barbituate derivatives, dissociatives agent combinations) – Inhaled anesthetics (not N2O alone) – CO2, CO (CO not rabbits) – Tribromo-ethanol (not currently avail in US) – Cervical Dislocation, <200g – Decapitation – Penetrating Captive Bolt

Euthanasia Methods By Species The preferred • Avian – Injection (barbituates, barbituate derivatives, method of dissociative agent combinations) • IV preferred euthanasia for • IP if necessary – prolonged time • Intrahepatic in small birds birds is... – Cervical dislocation, decapitation (<200g) – Manually applied blunt force trauma (<200g) – Gunshot (larger birds, use appropriate shot)

EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER Euthanasia Methods By Species THE PLUG

• Avian, cont. – CO2, CO, N2, Argon • Latter 3 with CO2 combinations only – Adjunct Methods • Exsanguination • KCl • Thoracic compression

18 1/9/2015

Euthansia Methods By Species These • Aquatics – Tricaine (MS222) difficulties – Benzocaine – CO2-saturated water present when – Ethanol (concentrations of 10-30mL of 95% ethanol per Liter) under water... – Eugenol, isoeugenol, clove oil – Isoflurane, sevoflurane liquids added to water

Euthansia Methods By Species Euthanasia Methods By Species

• Aquatics, cont. • Marine Mammals – Injectable (barbituates, barbituate derivatives, – Injectable anesthetics (barbituates, barbituate dissociative agent combinations) derivatives, dissociative agent combinations) – Decapitation followed by pithing – Gunshot – Cervical transection followed by pithing – Implosive decerebration (not practical) – Manually applied blunt force trauma followed by – Adjunctive pithing • KCl or succinylcholine – Captive Bolt (larger fish) – Unacceptable – Electrocution • Inhalant anesthetics (remember they’re divers) – Percussive stunning • Exsanguination

End of Jeopardy Cuteness Interlude...

19 1/9/2015

Chelonian Euthanasia “Euthanasia” (review)

• From the greek ‘euthanatos’ (Merriam-Webster, 2008): – Eu= good – Thantos= death • Ideal euthanasia (AVMA, 2007): – rapid loss of consciousness  – cardiac or respiratory arrest  – loss of brain function. – + minimize distress and anxiety experienced by the animal prior to loss of consciousness

**With out these requirements ‘termination of life’, NOT euthanasia**

Why am I concerned? Why am I concerned? • “Evidence suggests that biochemical and • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_8p8sg3r electrical activity persists within an anoxic Sk turtle brain for some considerable time. This • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmhBEeE means that euthanasia with some agents MqYo could result in unexpected recovery due to the ability of chelonian brains to survive prolonged anoxia.” (McArthur et al, 2004, page 398)

Why am I concerned? Why am I concerned?

• Google search “how to kill a turtle” – Drowning: “check on it every hour-MAKE SURE IT’S DEAD” TURTLES ARE HARD TO KILL! – Freezing: “I’ll have to make room in the deep freeze” – “a .44 mag to the head will quickly incapacitate the critter”

20 1/9/2015

Outline Turtle Physiology

• Basics of euthanasia • Turtles can tolerate anoxia for longer periods of time than other vertebrates • Turtle physiology • Not all turtles tolerate anoxia to the same degree (not much is known) • Analyze suggested methods of euthanasia • Painted turtles and sliders (Chrysemys picta, Pseudemys scripta/Trachemys scripta) tolerate exceptionally long periods of time without oxygen and have been studied the most (Lutz, 1992, Johlin & Moreland, 1933)

Turtle physiology EEG in turtles

• The brain of the freshwater turtle Trachemys • EEG of turtles does not fluctuate throughout the scripta [slider] is able to withstand anoxia for same range across states as in mammals (declining in frequency and amplitude during days at room temperature (Lutz et al., 2003; Bickler et al., 2002) sleep)…spikes and sharp waves during sleep (Eiland et al 2001) • The anoxic turtle suppresses brain activity to • Anoxic turtle brains had 3-8Hz EEG (~human such a degree that it becomes virtually sleep), about 20% of normoxic control with mixed comatose (Nilsson, G.E., and P.L. Lutz, 2004) bursts of activity – Via releasing GABA (and conserving adenosine • =turtle brain down-regulates in anoxia receptors) • Can the anoxic turtle brain feel pain????

Physiology summary Questions so far?

• Apnea alone may not be enough to cause death (McArther, 2004) • Whether the brain is actually conscious and/or feeling pain in the anoxic state is still unknown

21 1/9/2015

Methods of Euthanasia Volatile Anesthetic

• Volatile anesthetic (ie isoflurane) • Turtles will hold their breath for a • Freezing loooooooong time doesn’t work (Mader, 2006) (AVMA, 2007) • Captive bolt • Decapitation • Pithing • Sodium Pentobarbital injection • Combo

Freezing Captive bolt

Rapid freezing: • Diagrams and manuals exist for • (ie dipping in liquid nitrogen) for turtles less than 40 landmarks on where to place a grams (AVMA, 2007) captive bolt gun Putting turtles in the regular freezer: • Should only be performed by a • Animals may experience pain as ice crystals form trained individual (Mader, 2006) within tissues and skin (Cooper et al 1984) (AVMA, 2007) • Only penetrating should be used • This is not an acceptable or humane method of euthanasia, even if combined with other methods (ie anesthesia, stunning, etc) (AVMA, 2007) (McArthur, 2004) (Mader, 2006)

Decapitation Pithing

• Because the central nervous system of reptiles, fish, • Definition: to destroy the brain or spinal cord and amphibians is tolerant to hypoxic and by passing a pick or wire into it hypertensive conditions  death is not immediate  Cooper et al (1989) believes decapitated reptiles • Because the animal may still be conscious, may still be able to perceive pain for up to an hour pithing should only be performed by trained after the spinal cord has been severed individuals (National Research Committee on Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals, 1992) – Must be followed by pithing (AVMA, 2007) • No other source talked about pithing as a sole – Needs to be preceeded by anesthesia (Mader, 2006) method • Personally, pithing without prior anesthesia is inhumane

22 1/9/2015

Pithing sites Sodium Pentobarbital • Action: GABA-like – Mammals: (Rhoades, R., 2002, Lumb & Jones, 2007) • CNS is more sensitive, so causes unconsciousness first • Then acts on the medulla oblongata to depress vital signs stops breathing  BP drops heart stops – Turtles: ??? • Heart often beats for considerable time after administration of euthanasia agent (Frye, 1991) possibility of metabolism of agents and recovery (McArthur, 2004) • If the heart does stop since their brains can tolerate anoxia, are they feeling pain??

Sodium Pentobarbital Combo Euthanasia

• If dehydrated, cold, or moribund circulation Ideal may be poor delay/inhibit absorption (Mader, • Anesthetic plus pithing/intracranial injection 2006) (try placing the animal on a heating pad to increase circulation) of formalin • Site: • Anesthetic plus sodium pentobarbital plus – Intracardiac (only if anesthetized first) (Mader, 2006) pithing – Intracoelomically (slow acting) • Sodium pentobarbital plus cardiotoxic agent – Dorsal tail vein plus pithing – Subcarapacial sinus

Small?

23 1/9/2015

Cuteness Interlude... Questions?

Pre-fabricated topics Nonindigenous Species

• Allocation of resources • Euthanasia on admission • Specialized individual rehabilitators

Obtaining Euthasol Dealing with Volunteers

• Vet relationship • Who are very attached to specific animals • ALL VETS CAN EUTHANIZE ANYTHING • Being able to explain reasons for euthanasia – Can choose not to • Being confident that euthanasia IS an appropriate treatment option

24 1/9/2015

Dealing with the Public Dealing with the Emotion

• Nuisance species • Compassion Fatigue – “please euthanize this healthy raccoon” • Coping Mechanisms • Animal rights groups with problems that you euthanize at all

Struggling with when… Specific Injuries

• How long do you “give them a chance”? • Go to Triage lecture on Saturday... • Who do you decide to “give a chance”? • No orthopedic vet nearby, to rehab or not? • Why? • Why not?

Keeping the Goal in Mind…

• Remember why you’re doing what you’re doing • Learn from euthanasias • Learn from successes • Learn from mistakes • Use that knowledge to help the next ones…

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