DOCSLIB.ORG

Lethal Love Dignity in Death Main Goal Stress Goals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lethal Love Dignity in Death Main Goal Stress Goals 1/9/2015 Lethal Love Main Goal Dignity in Death How Euthanasia Can Save Lives • Release! (Including Your Own!) Stress Goals • Minimize stress • Balance suffering with probability of release • Take care of ourselves! 1 1/9/2015 2 1/9/2015 Compassion Fatigue • What is it? • Form of secondary PTSD; also called secondary traumatic stress (STS) • Secondary traumatic stress from witnessing the suffering of others • Compassion fatigue can reduce caretakers’ empathy which can decreases the quality of care given to patients Effects of Compassion Fatigue • Normal displays of stress! 3 1/9/2015 Individual Symptoms • • Excessive blaming Organizational Symptoms • • Bottled up emotions • • Isolation from others • High absenteeism • • Receives unusual amount of complaints from others • • Constant changes in co-workers relationships • • Inability for teams to work well together • • Voices excessive complaints about administrative functions • • Desire among staff members to break company rules • • Substance abuse used to mask feelings • • Outbreaks of aggressive behaviors among staff • • Compulsive behaviors such as overspending, overeating, gambling, sexual addictions • • Inability of staff to complete assignments and tasks • • Poor self-care (i.e., hygiene, appearance) • • Inability of staff to respect and meet deadlines • • Legal problems, indebtedness • • Lack of flexibility among staff members • • Reoccurrence of nightmares and flashbacks to traumatic event • • Negativism towards management • • Chronic physical ailments such as gastrointestinal problems and recurrent colds • • Strong reluctance toward change • • Apathy, sad, no longer finds activities pleasurable • • Inability of staff to believe improvement is possible • • Difficulty concentrating • • Lack of a vision for the future • • Mentally and physically tired • • Preoccupied • • In denial about problems Cuteness Interlude • Including suicide How do we cope with compassion How do we avoid/treat compassion fatigue? fatigue? • ? • ? • Ignoring the problem/bottle • Awareness! it up poor standard of • Processing the secondary care trauma • Become detached from our • By setting limits patients – So we have time to fully • Loss of motivation ( loss process (grieve) the trauma of productivity...b/c less • Taking breaks productivity means • Balance caring with the experiencing less secondary rest of your life trauma) • BURNOUT 4 1/9/2015 Bottom Line • WRC • If you stretch your limits, the quality of care – Independent non-profit located in St Paul, MN you give ALL your patients will be LOWER – One of the largest wildlife rehabilitation centers in the country – Admit ~ 9000 animals/year – Over 160 species – 2 full-time DVMs and 2 CVTs – 8 full-time staff members – >500 volunteers 100.0% WRC Example 90.0% 80.0% • ~1500 70.0% TOTAL ECTR/yr 60.0% eoa 50.0% • 500-600 dic/e <50g/yr 40.0% released 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 How do we set limits? Guidelines for analyzing data • Dedicate time to the rest of your life know • Do NOT compare yourself to other how much time AWAY from wildlife allows you centers/rehabilitators to work optimally – Variables are usually not the same • Analyze your past data (in the off season) to • Different types of facility (home vs center) • Different budgets find your limits • Different access to resources (volunteers, veterinary services, etc) • Different amounts of available time. • Different areas of the country • Different seasons • Different species • Release rates are calculated differently!!! 5 1/9/2015 100.0% The Release Rate Riot 90.0% “Release Rate” 80.0% Carolina Raptor Center 75% -EXCLUDES those that die/euth w/in 24 hrs of admission 70.0% -INCLUDES placed raptors (100+ on site) -admit 700/year 60.0% UK Paper 42% -EXCLUDES those that died w/in 48 hours eoa 50.0% of admit dic/e WRC nursery ECTR 35% -INCLUDES ALL ECTRs admitted 40.0% released WRC nursery ECTR 60% -EXCLUDES ONLY EOA and DOA 30.0% E wild again- rehabber avg 67% -based on each rehabber, regardless of 20.0% release rate admit size E wild again-overall avg 52% -based on ALL animals admitted 10.0% release rate 0.0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 E wild again numbers-ex. of calculations 100.0% # patients/year 90.0% Jane Doesaver 35 80% -only does baby 80.0% mammals John Studebaker 67 70% -does everything 70.0% Mcrehabberschmidt TE HS 5000 45% -contract with city 60.0% (TakesEverything and has to take all eoa 50.0% Humane Society) widlife dic/e Total # AVG per 40.0% released admitted: 5102 rehabber: (80+70+45)/3= 30.0% 65% AVG per animal: 28, 47, 2250 20.0% (0.8*35)+(0.7*67) 10.0% +(0.45*5000)=23 25/ 0.0% 5102=45.6% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Guidelines for analyzing data Euthanasia • Do NOT compare yourself to other The “How-To” centers/rehabilitators • Compare YOUR past statistics to YOUR current statistics • Very easy and quick to do based on an electronic state/fed report....hint hint.... *coughwild-onecough* 6 1/9/2015 “Euthanasia” Indications (companion animals) • From the greek ‘euthanatos’ (Merriam-Webster, 2008): • Terminal disease – Eu= good – Thantos= death • Overpopulation • Ideal euthanasia (AVMA, 2007): • Laboratory testing – rapid loss of consciousness • Herd health – cardiac or respiratory arrest – loss of brain function. • Slaughter – + minimize distress and anxiety experienced by the animal prior to loss of consciousness **With out these requirements ‘termination of life’, NOT euthanasia** Indications (wildlife rehabilitation) Methods • Illegal • How do we know which are “best”? • Low chance/will not be able to survive in the wild • Low chance/will not be able to reproduce in the wild • Too much pain/suffering • Lack of time/resources AVMA Standards • Ability to induce loss of consciousness and death WITHOUT causing pain, distress, anxiety, or apprehension • American Veterinary Medical Association) =sufferinghappens in cerebral cortex (AVMA) reviews euthanasia in the scientific • Time required to induce loss of consciousness literature every few years and states which • Reliability methods it considers humane • Safety of personnel • (FREE) • Irreversibility • Compatibility with purpose https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Document • Emotional effect on observers or operators s/euthanasia.pdf • Compatibility with species, age and health status • Ability to maintain equipment in proper working order • Safety for predator/scavengers should the carcass be consumed 7 1/9/2015 Euthanasia Euthanasia Methods EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG This procedure involves first rendering the animal unconscious and THEN stopping the heart.... Euthanasia Euthanasia Methods • Steps: • Physical – Captive Bolt 1. Render animal • Penetrating Adjunct: • Non-penetrating Exsanguination unconscious – Gunshot 2. Stop heart – Manual blunt force trauma Pithing – Cervical dislocation KCl – Percussive stunning • Chemical – Injection – IV, IP, intra-liver, intra-kidney • Barbituates, Tributame, T-61 – Inhalation • CO2, anesthetics, nitrogen, argon, helium – Lethal dose of intoxicant to food or water 8 1/9/2015 EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG This method of euthanasia is NOT “aimed between the eyes” Euthanasia Methods- Physical Gunshot • Target (Gunshot, Captive Pros Cons Bolt) • Rapid and Humane Death • Skilled in technique – Line from the base of the • Target cerebral region and • NEVER in contact with skull horns to the lateral canthus brainstem for immediate • Appropriate equipment of the opposite eye unconsciousness – Varies by species and distance where 2 lines cross • Good for hoofstock – hollow pointed bullets; Angle so bullet will exit • No carcass residues frangible iron plastic foramen magnum composition bullets; or • Distance or close proximity (brainstem) powdered iron missiles • Silencers available • PPE – head and eye gear – NOT “middle of the eyes” NAHEMS 2011 • <400# = 300ft lbs ; >400# = • Potential for collateral – Chart of calibers online 1000ft lbs muzzle energy damage large Penetrating Captive Bolt Non-penetrating Captive Bolt Pros Cons Pros Cons • Rapid and Humane Death • Skilled in technique • Concussive trauma to brain • Must be prepared to use • Target cerebral region and • Appropriate equipment • Target cerebral region and adjunct method to ensure brainstem for immediate – Seals and stop washers brainstem for immediate rapid death unconsciousness replaced regularly unconsciousness • Neonatal animals only • Good for hoofstock • Must be in contact with without adjunct method • No carcass residues skull • Energy required is 200 J • Only more recent bolt guns kill without second step (extended length penetrating bolt) 9 1/9/2015 EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS THEIR FOR SKILL OF OF AGONY PULLING THE KILL MURDER THE PLUG This method of euthanasia requires no special equipment... Cervical Dislocation Blunt Trauma by Manual Force Pros Cons Pros Cons • Immediate unconsciousness • Technique requires practice • No equipment • Aesthetically objectionable • Quick death • Aesthetically unappealing • Single sharp blow delivered • Skilled technique • No tissue contamination • Continued muscular to the central skull bones in • Requires practice • No special equipment or movement undesirable the region over the brain • Requires strength • supplies • Limited to small birds, mice, Neonates ONLY • Requires resolve immature rats, rabbits EUTH... ENDING PLANS METHODS POTPOURRI ETHICS
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Standard Operating Procedure
    Biomedical Research Support Facility Standard Operating Procedure Euthanasia by Cervical Dislocation The IACUC is specifically charged with reviewing the methods of euthanasia for each research protocol to assure compliance with the recommendations contained in the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals (2013 Edition) http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf. Since physical methods of euthanasia (such as cervical dislocation) require the most skill to perform and are most likely to be affected by human error, the AVMA recommends that such methods be used only when pharmacological methods are not appropriate. Cervical dislocation (CD) is rapid, requires neither special equipment nor transport of the animal and yields tissues uncontaminated by chemical agents. Situations where CD may be indicated in non-sedated rodents include research studies which require the harvest of drug residue- free brain tissues. The use of CD as a euthanasia method and the names of the individuals performing this procedure must be listed in the approved IACUC protocol covering the study. Acceptable Use The use of cervical dislocation in rodents is only appropriate for mice and small rats (<200g), and whenever possible the use of sedation or light anesthesia prior to euthanasia is recommended. The protocol must contain adequate scientific justification if CD must be performed on conscious animals due to study requirements. CD may also be used as a secondary means to assure death after euthanasia with CO2 or another gaseous euthanasia agent. Training Cervical dislocation (CD) euthanasia must be performed by trained individuals using appropriate equipment. The IACUC reviews all protocols using physical euthanasia techniques to assure that personnel performing the procedures are appropriately trained.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatal Basilar Artery Occlusion Following Cervical Spine Injury
    Paraplegia 17 (1979-80) 280-283 FATAL BASILAR ARTERY OCCLUSION FOLLOWING CERVICAL SPINE INJURY By ROBERT M. WOOLSEY, M.D. and HYUNG D. CHUNG, M.D. Spinal Cord Injury Service, St Louis Veterans Administration Medical Center and The Department of Neurology and Neuropathology of St. Louis University St Louis, Missouri 63I25, U.S.A. DESPITE the intimate relationship between the cervical spine and vertebral artery, symptoms referable to vertebral artery damage have rarely been reported in association with cervical spine fractures. The following case of fatal basilar artery occlusion in a patient with vertebral artery thrombosis at the site of a cervical spine fracture is somewhat unique. Case Report A 31-year-old man was injured in an automobile accident on 2715178. When examined shortly thereafter, he was found to have no sensation or movement in his lower extremities. He had intact pain sensation in his right thumb and index finger and along the lateral aspect of his arm and forearm but loss of pain sensation in his other fingers and the medial aspect of his arm and forearm. He was able to flex his right arm and abduct his right shoulder with normal strength. He could extend his right wrist with about 25 per cent normal strength. The remaining muscles of the right arm were paralysed. The left arm was completely immobile, cold and without arterial pulses. Cervical spine X-rays were 'normal'. X-rays of the chest showed fractures involving the second, fourth and fifth ribs, the clavicle and scapula on the left side. There was haziness of the left upper lobe of the lung.
    [Show full text]
  • AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition*
    AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition* Members of the Panel on Euthanasia Steven Leary, DVM, DACLAM (Chair); Fidelis Pharmaceuticals, High Ridge, Missouri Wendy Underwood, DVM (Vice Chair); Indianapolis, Indiana Raymond Anthony, PhD (Ethicist); University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Samuel Cartner, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACLAM (Lead, Laboratory Animals Working Group); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Temple Grandin, PhD (Lead, Physical Methods Working Group); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Cheryl Greenacre, DVM, DABVP (Lead, Avian Working Group); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee Sharon Gwaltney-Brant, DVM, PhD, DABVT, DABT (Lead, Noninhaled Agents Working Group); Veterinary Information Network, Mahomet, Illinois Mary Ann McCrackin, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DACLAM (Lead, Companion Animals Working Group); University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Robert Meyer, DVM, DACVAA (Lead, Inhaled Agents Working Group); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi David Miller, DVM, PhD, DACZM, DACAW (Lead, Reptiles, Zoo and Wildlife Working Group); Loveland, Colorado Jan Shearer, DVM, MS, DACAW (Lead, Animals Farmed for Food and Fiber Working Group); Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Tracy Turner, DVM, MS, DACVS, DACVSMR (Lead, Equine Working Group); Turner Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Stillwater, Minnesota Roy Yanong, VMD (Lead, Aquatics Working Group); University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida AVMA Staff Consultants Cia L. Johnson, DVM, MS, MSc; Director,
    [Show full text]
  • Euthanasia of Experimental Animals
    EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS • *• • • • • • • *•* EUROPEAN 1COMMISSIO N This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-9694-9 © European Communities, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Belgium European Commission EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Document EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Report prepared for the European Commission by Mrs Bryony Close Dr Keith Banister Dr Vera Baumans Dr Eva-Maria Bernoth Dr Niall Bromage Dr John Bunyan Professor Dr Wolff Erhardt Professor Paul Flecknell Dr Neville Gregory Professor Dr Hansjoachim Hackbarth Professor David Morton Mr Clifford Warwick EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS CONTENTS Page Preface 1 Acknowledgements 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Objectives of euthanasia 3 1.2 Definition of terms 3 1.3 Signs of pain and distress 4 1.4 Recognition and confirmation of death 5 1.5 Personnel and training 5 1.6 Handling and restraint 6 1.7 Equipment 6 1.8 Carcass and waste disposal 6 2. General comments on methods of euthanasia 7 2.1 Acceptable methods of euthanasia 7 2.2 Methods acceptable for unconscious animals 15 2.3 Methods that are not acceptable for euthanasia 16 3. Methods of euthanasia for each species group 21 3.1 Fish 21 3.2 Amphibians 27 3.3 Reptiles 31 3.4 Birds 35 3.5 Rodents 41 3.6 Rabbits 47 3.7 Carnivores - dogs, cats, ferrets 53 3.8 Large mammals - pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses 57 3.9 Non-human primates 61 3.10 Other animals not commonly used for experiments 62 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Potential Killing Performance of Novel Percussive and Cervical Dislocation Tools in Chicken Cadavers
    Martin, J.E., Mckeegan, D.E.F., Sparrey, J. and Sandilands, V. (2017) Evaluation of the potential killing performance of novel percussive and cervical dislocation tools in chicken cadavers. British Poultry Science, 58(3), pp. 216-223. (doi:10.1080/00071668.2017.1280724) This is the author’s final accepted version. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/135182/ Deposited on: 07 March 2017 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk CBPS-2016-369 Ed. Kjaer, December 2016; Publisher: Edited Hocking 06/01/2017 Taylor & Francis & British Poultry Science Ltd Journal: British Poultry Science DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1280724 Evaluation of the potential killing performance of novel percussive and cervical dislocation tools in chicken cadavers J. E. MARTIN1,2,3*, D. E. F. MCKEEGAN3, J. SPARREY4 AND V. SANDILANDS1 Running title: Novel tools for despatching poultry 1 Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, 2 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, 3 Institute of Biodiversity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow and 4 Livetec Systems Ltd, Silsoe, Bedford, UK rd Accepted for publication 3 November 2016 *Correspondence to Dr Jessica Martin, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. 1. Four mechanical poultry killing devices; modified Armadillo (MARM), modified Rabbit Zinger (MZIN), modified pliers (MPLI) and a novel mechanical cervical dislocation gloved device (NMCD), were assessed for their killing potential in the cadavers of euthanised birds of 4 type/age combinations: layer/adult, layer/pullet, broiler/slaughter-age and broiler/chick.
    [Show full text]
  • 11312 Cavka.Vp
    Coll. Antropol. 36 (2012) 1: 281–286 Original scientific paper A Probable Case of Hand-Schueller-Christian’s Disease in an Egyptian Mummy Revealed by CT and MR Investigation of a Dry Mummy Mislav ^avka1,2, Anja Petaros3, Gordana Ivanac1,2, Lejla Aganovi}4, Ivor Jankovi}5, Gert Reiter6, Peter Speier7, Sonja Nielles-Vallespin8,9 and Boris Brklja~i}1,2 1 University of Zagreb, Dubrava University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Zagreb, Croatia 2 University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia 3 University of Rijeka, School of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Rijeka, Croatia 4 University of California, San Diego Department of Radiology, San Diego, CA, USA 5 Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia 6 Siemens AG Healthcare, Graz, Austria 7 Siemens AG Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany 8 Royal Brompton Cardiovascular MR Unit, London, UK 9 Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ABSTRACT The challenging mission of paleopathologists is to be capable to diagnose a disease just on the basis of limited infor- mation gained by means of one or more paleodiagnostic techniques. In this study a radiologic, anthropologic and pa- leopathologic analysis of an ancient Egyptian mummy through X-rays, CT and MR was conducted. An Ancient Egyptian mummy (»Mistress of the house«, Archeological Museum, Zagreb, Croatia) underwent digital radiography, computed to- mography and magnetic resonance imaging employing 3-dimensional ultra-short-echo time (UTE) sequence, that allows to image ancient dry tissue. Morphological observations on the skull and pelvis, the stages of epiphyseal union and den- tal wear indicated that the remains are those of a young adult male.
    [Show full text]
  • Bone Marrow Transplantation in Mice
    From: Mike McGarry Ph.D, Consultant to Rad Source Technologies BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN MICE The ability to engraft mice with a hematopoietic system derived from another mouse provides the opportunity to study a variety of cell functions. Genetic disparities between donor and host owing to mutation, gene extinction, overexpression or selected insertions have provided models to unravel pathways of differentiation, function and even pathology. Prerequisite to success, however, is the application of specialized husbandry technologies. These preferably include HEPA-filtered air and individually ventilated microisolator cages, sterilized food, water and bedding, strict barrier procedures and a pathogen-free environment certified through a sentinel monitoring program. Prospective pathogen free recipient mice should be kept in these conditions from at least 3 days prior to irradiation. All animal transfers and any access to the cages during the study should be done in a BSC or LAF Transfer Station with full garbing and handling standards for barrier maintenance of pathogen free mice. Additionally, recipient mice may be maintained from the three days prior to irradiation on sterile water acidified with approximately 1 ml of 1 N HCl in a 16 oz. water bottle. This is done to reduce bacterial growth in water bottles from regurgitated food. Intestinal ulceration from supralethal whole body irradiation can result in peritonitis and septicemia. This reduces the risk. Irradiation Recipient mice are given 850-1100 r whole body lethal irradiation from an x-ray or gamma irradiation source. Commonly, irradiators produce or may be set to deliver about 85 - 165 cGy/min. The RAD SOURCE Technolgies RS2000 is an excellent device to accomplish this.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Resources Center NEWSLETTER
    Animal Resources Center NEWSLETTER Spring 2007 ARC Website: www.utexas.edu/research/arc/ AAALAC SITE VISIT: A SUCCESS WORLD LABORATORY ANIMAL LIBERATION WEEK During Oct. 31st -Nov. 2nd 2006 a site visit team from the nd th Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Sunday April 22 – Saturday April 28 Laboratory Animal Care, International (AAALAC) toured REVIEW SECURITY PRECAUTIONS! vertebrate animal care and use areas on the main Austin campus and the marine science and aquaculture locations in The last week in April (also known as World Week for Port Aransas. A large number of UT-Austin faculty, staff, Animals in Laboratories) is promoted by anti-research and students participated by explaining their research, activists around the world as a time for protests, media describing their procedures, providing examples of their events, and other actions against the use of animals in documentation, and answering questions. The site visitors biomedical research. Historically, student groups at UT- thoroughly reviewed the Program Description (a 140-page Austin have marched or protested at locations along Dean document prepared by the institution) and met with the Keeton/Speedway or set up tables at the South or West Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) as Mall. However, based on past experiences at other well as key representatives from the administration and the institutions, other activities can sometimes occur during Animal Resources Center (ARC). this week, including direct confrontation, harassment, property damage, or attempts at research lab break-ins. We recently received the official notice of the review from the AAALAC Council. Based on the triennial site visit, the This is an opportune time for investigators to assure that institution was given the continuing status of “Full their staff understands the serious responsibilities that go Accreditation.” Areas that were specifically commended along with access to campus animal facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical and Bioethical Issues in Laboratory Animal
    10 Medical and Bioethical Issues in Laboratory Animal Matilde Jiménez-Coello, Karla Y. Acosta-Viana, Antonio Ortega-Pacheco and Eugenia Guzmán-Marín Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México 1. Introduction Euthanasia in laboratory animals is a routinely procedure to properly complete the tests and experiments in which these models have a key role for the precise evaluation of various issues during the development of a scientific activity (Van Zutphen, 2001). The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu meaning good and thanatos meaning death (Webster, 1990). It is a necessary and accepted procedure in all aspects of veterinary medicine and many aspects of scientific procedures involving animals (Reilly, 2001). A “good death” would be one that occurs with minimal pain and distress. It has been estimated that 75 to 100 million vertebrates are used per year worldwide in research, teaching and testing activities for a wide range of purposes. Only in Europe 10.7 million vertebrates are used annually for research purposes (Van Zutphen, 2001). Drug research, testing of vaccines and other biologicals, and cancer research account for about 70% of the animals used, while the remaining 30% are used for purposes such as fundamental research, for diagnostic purposes, for teaching, etc. (Fig. 1) (Baumans, 2005) therefore, animals need to be killed for various reasons, including the collection of blood and tissues, culling of breeding stock, disposal at the end of an experiment and in those circumstances where animals are experiencing pain and distress which cannot be alleviated (Reilly, 2001). Euthanasia techniques should result in rapid loss of consciousness followed by cardiac or respiratory arrest and the ultimate loss of brain function.
    [Show full text]
  • CCAC Guidelines On: Euthanasia of Animals Used in Science
    Canadian Council on Animal Care in science CCAC guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science This document, the CCAC guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science , has been developed by the ad hoc subcommittee on euthanasia of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) Guidelines Committee. Dr. Ronald Charbonneau, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Dr. Lee Niel, University of Toronto Dr. Ernest Olfert, University of Saskatchewan Dr. Marina von Keyserlingk, University of British Columbia Dr. Gilly Griffin, Canadian Council on Animal Care In addition, the CCAC is grateful to Dr. Andrew Fletch, McMaster University, and Ms. Joanna Makowska, University of British Columbia, who provided considerable assistance in the development of this docu - ment. The CCAC also thanks the many individuals, organizations and associations that provided com - ments on earlier drafts of this guidelines document. © Canadian Council on Animal Care, 2010 ISBN: 978-0-919087-52-1 Canadian Council on Animal Care 1510–130 Albert Street Ottawa ON CANADA K1P 5G4 http://www.ccac.ca Table of Contents TAbLE OF CONTENTS 1. PREFACE ..................................................................................................................1 SUMMARY OF THE GUIDELINES LISTED IN THIS DOCUMENT ................................3 2. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................5 3. GENERAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES ..........................................................................7 4.
    [Show full text]
  • AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition*
    AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition* Members of the Panel on Euthanasia Steven Leary, DVM, DACLAM (Chair); Fidelis Pharmaceuticals, High Ridge, Missouri Wendy Underwood, DVM (Vice Chair); Indianapolis, Indiana Raymond Anthony, PhD (Ethicist); University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska Samuel Cartner, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACLAM (Lead, Laboratory Animals Working Group); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Temple Grandin, PhD (Lead, Physical Methods Working Group); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Cheryl Greenacre, DVM, DABVP (Lead, Avian Working Group); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee Sharon Gwaltney-Brant, DVM, PhD, DABVT, DABT (Lead, Noninhaled Agents Working Group); Veterinary Information Network, Mahomet, Illinois Mary Ann McCrackin, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DACLAM (Lead, Companion Animals Working Group); University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Robert Meyer, DVM, DACVAA (Lead, Inhaled Agents Working Group); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi David Miller, DVM, PhD, DACZM, DACAW (Lead, Reptiles, Zoo and Wildlife Working Group); Loveland, Colorado Jan Shearer, DVM, MS, DACAW (Lead, Animals Farmed for Food and Fiber Working Group); Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Tracy Turner, DVM, MS, DACVS, DACVSMR (Lead, Equine Working Group); Turner Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Stillwater, Minnesota Roy Yanong, VMD (Lead, Aquatics Working Group); University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida AVMA Staff Consultants Cia L. Johnson, DVM, MS, MSc; Director,
    [Show full text]
  • Euthanasia of Mouse Fetuses and Neonates
    Euthanasia of Mouse Fetuses and Neonates BRENDA A. KLAUNBERG, MS, VMD,1 JAMES O’MALLEY, DVM, MPH,2 TERRI CLARK, DVM,3 AND JUDITH A. DAVIS, DVM, MS2* We sought to determine whether any of the common methods of euthanasia for adult rodents would lead to an acceptable death for fetuses or neonates. We wanted to identify a method that was rapid, free of signs of pain or distress, reliable, and minimally distressful to the person performing the procedure and that minimized the amount of handling required to perform the procedure. We evaluated six methods of euthanasia, with and without anesthesia, in three age groups of mice: gravid mice (E14-20) and neonatal pups (P1-P7 and P8- P14). Euthanasia methods included: halothane inhalation, carbon dioxide inhalation, intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital, intravenous potassium chloride, and cervical dislocation with and without anesthesia. Noninvasive echocardiography was used to assess heartbeat during euthanasia. With cardiac arrest as the definition of death, no method of euthanasia killed fetal mice. Halothane inhalation (5% by vaporizer) was not an acceptable method of euthanasia for mice of the age groups tested. Intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital for euthanasia required a higher dose than the previously established dose, and there is a risk of reduced efficacy in pregnant animals due to potential intrauterine injection. Carbon dioxide asphyxiation was the most efficient method of euthanasia for neonatal mouse pups P1-14. For pregnant adult mice, intravenous potassium chloride under anesthesia, carbon dioxide asphyxiation, and cervical dislocation alone or under anesthesia were excellent methods of euthanasia. Timed-pregnant animals constitute a predominant percentage of methods of euthanasia for adult rodents would also result in an ac- animal use for basic research in our institute.
    [Show full text]