Summary of Junior MARSIPAN: Management of Really Sick Patients Under 18 with Anorexia Nervosa
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CR168s Summary of Junior MARSIPAN: Management of Really Sick Patients under 18 with Anorexia Nervosa COLLEGE REPORT College Report 168s October 2015 Approved by: Policy and Public Affairs Committee (PPAC), November 2014 Due for revision: 2016 © 2015 The Royal College of Psychiatrists College Reports constitute College policy. They have been sanctioned by the College via the Policy and Public Affairs Committee (PPAC). For full details of reports available and how to obtain them, visit the College website at http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/publications/ collegereports.aspx The Royal College of Psychiatrists is a charity registered in England and Wales (228636) and in Scotland (SC038369). Contents Authors 2 Key recommendations 3 Risk assessment: how ill is the patient? 4 Location of care 9 Management in specific healthcare settings 11 Management in specialist eating disorders beds 18 Audit and review 20 Resources and further guidance 21 References 22 Contents 1 Authors The authors of this report are multidisciplinary, Dr Jane Whittaker, Consultant Child and independent, and have no conflicts of interest to Adolescent Psychiatrist, Manchester Children’s declare relating to the report. Hospital, Manchester Dr Agnes Ayton, Consultant Psychiatrist, Dr Damian Wood, Consultant Paediatrician, Cotswold House, Oxford Chair of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health’s Young People’s Health Special Dr Rob Barnett, General Practitioner, Liverpool Interest Group, Nottingham University Hospital, Dr Mark Beattie, Consultant Paediatric Nottingham Gastroenterologist, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton Organisations that Dr Barbara Golden, Specialist Paediatrician, Honorary Senior Lecturer in Nutrition, University endorse CR168 of Aberdeen, Aberdeen BEAT Dr Lee Hudson, Consultant Paediatrician, Feeding and Eating Disorders Service, Great Ormond British Paediatric Mental Health Group Street Hospital, London British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Ms Sarah Le Grice, Specialist Paediatric Dietician, Hepatology and Nutrition Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent Faculty of Eating Disorders, Royal College of Dr Colin Michie, Consultant Senior Lecturer in Psychiatrists Paediatrics, Ealing Hospital, Southall Nutrition Group of the Royal College of Paediatrics Dr Gail Moss, Consultant Paediatrician, Sheffield and Child Health Children’s Hospital, Sheffield Royal College of Psychiatrists Dr Dasha Nicholls, Consultant Child and Young People’s Special Interest Group, Royal Adolescent Psychiatrist, Feeding and Eating College of Paediatrics and Child Health Disorders Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London Dr Graeme O’Connor, Specialist Dietitian, Feeding Acknowledgements and Eating Disorders Service, Great Ormond With thanks to Dr Simon Chapman, Ms Sarah Street Hospital, London Cawtherley and Dr Sarah Ehtisham for comments Dr Paul Robinson, Consultant Eating Disorders on this summary. Psychiatrist, St Ann’s Hospital Eating Disorders Service, London Dr Francine Verhoeff, Consultant General Paediatrician, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool 2 College Report 168s Key recommendations 1 All health professionals should be aware that 7 The key tasks of the in-patient paediatric/ anorexia nervosa is a serious disorder with medical team are to: life-threatening physical and psychological { safely re-feed the patient, avoiding re-feed- complications, and patients require the same ing syndrome or underfeeding level of care and should be subject to the { manage, with CAMHS support, the same emergency protocols as a child with behavioural manifestations of anorexia any other serious illness. nervosa 2 Some risk parameters need to be adjusted for { use appropriate legal frameworks to treat age and gender, including body mass index patients under compulsion if needed (BMI). { arrange appropriate transfer to CAMHS 3 Parents/carers play a central role in care and as soon as it is safe to do so. decision-making until the patient is 18 years of 8 Health commissioners should: age, with increasing autonomy for the young person according to age, developmental { commission adequately resourced acute stage and capacity. paediatric services and appropriately skilled mental health services for the care 4 The role of primary care is to monitor patients of young people with anorexia nervosa and refer early to specialist services. { support joint working between services 5 A lead consultant paediatrician and a lead (e.g. fund CAMHS nursing staff during consultant psychiatrist should be identified to admission) coordinate care for Junior MARSIPAN patients and build working partnerships and develop { be aware of gaps in local resources and protocols to support admission, including pro- support referral to national centres for tocols for transition for young people 16–18 advice or treatment when necessary. years of age. 6 The clinical condition of the patient, the quality of liaison between paediatric and child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) eating disorder services and the clinican’s experience in managing malnutrition should be the primary factors in deciding appropriate location of care. Key recommendations 3 Risk assessment: how ill is the patient? Risk assessment combines clinical assessment underlying physical illness, it is important not to with investigations, assessment of motivation and delay re-feeding. engagement with treatment plans, and available Cardiologists increasingly use the ‘tangent method’ parent or carer support to determine the risk of to calculate the QTc interval (Postema et al, 2008). serious complications to a young person. For A tangent is drawn to the steepest slope of the example, some (but not many) people are healthy last limb of the T wave in lead II or V5. The end of and menstruating at low weights, and medi- the T wave is the intersection of the tangent with cally unstable patients can be a normal weight. the baseline. QTc is defined as QT/√RR (Bazett’s Behaviours associated with eating disorders are formula; Fig. 1). often covert, and children and pre-pubescent ado- lescents can present with atypical features. The Sick children and adolescents with eating disorders risk assessment framework presented in Table who need admission require the same level of 1 is intended as a guide to level of concern. The care as with any other serious illness. Decisions rationale for the parameters can be found in the about cardiac monitoring and admission to a full Junior MARSIPAN report (Royal College of high-dependency unit or psychiatric intensive care Psychiatrists, 2012a). The framework can be used unit are made by the admitting team. A sick child to assess and grade concern, but are not a sub- with an eating disorder needs senior paediatric stitute for assessment by an experienced clinician. review on admission and at least daily if there are paediatric (medical) issues. Eating disorders are relatively common, but many of the possible differential diagnoses are Physical assessment parameters and actions to not. If, after a careful clinical history, examina- take are presented in Table 2. tion and initial investigations, there is no obvious RR interval Tangent T P U Lead II or V5 Baseline QRS QTc = QT / √RR (sec) QT Fig. 1 Calculating the QTc interval. Reproduced with permission from Postema et al (2008). 4 College Report 168s Table 1 Risk assessment framework for patients with anorexia nervosa <18 years old Red (high risk) Amber (alert to high concern) Green (moderate risk) Blue (low risk) Body mass • % median BMI < 70% (~below • % median BMI 70-80% (~between • % median BMI 80–85% (~between • % median BMI > 85% (~above 9th 0.4th BMI centile) 2nd and 0.4th BMI centile) 9th and 2nd BMI centile) BMI centile) • Recent loss of ≥ 1 kg for 2 • Recent loss of ≥ 500–999 g/week • Recent loss of < 500 g/week for 2 • No weight loss over past 2 weeks consecutive weeks for 2 consecutive weeks consecutive weeks Cardiovascular • Heart rate (awake) < 40 bpm • Heart rate (awake) 40–50 bpm • Heart rate (awake) 50–60 bpm • Heart rate (awake) > 60 bpm health • Marked orthostatic changes (in • Moderate orthostatic • Pre-syncopal symptoms but • Normal orthostatic cardiovascular systolic BP of ≥ 20 mmHg, or in cardiovascular changes (in normal orthostatic cardiovascular changes heart rate > 30 bpm) systolic BP of ≥ 15 mmHg, or changes • Normal heart rhythm • History of recurrent syncope diastolic BP fall of ≥ 10 mmHg • Sitting blood pressure: • Normal sitting blood pressure for • Irregular heart rhythm (does not within 3 min of standing, or in – systolic <2nd centile age and gender with reference to include sinus arrhythmia) heart rate ≤ 30 bpm) (88–105mmHga) centile chartsa • Occasional syncope – diastolic <2nd centile • Sitting blood pressure: (40–45mmHga) – systolic <0.4th centile • Cool peripheries. Prolonged (84–98 mmHg) peripheral capillary refill time – diastolic <0.4th centile (normal central capillary refill time) (35–40 mmHga) ECG • All patients < 15 years: QTc • All patients < 15 years: QTc • All patients < 15 years: QTc 440– • All patients < 15 years: QTc abnormalitiesb > 460 ms > 460 ms 460 ms < 440 ms Risk assessment: how illisthepatient? • Females > 15 years: QTc > 460 ms • Females > 15 years: QTc > 460 ms • Females > 15 years: QTc 450– • Females > 15 years: QTc < 450 ms • Males > 15 years: QTc > 450 ms • Males > 15 years: QTc > 450 ms 460 ms • Males > 15 years: QTc < 430 ms • With evidence of bradyarrhythmia • Males > 15 years: QTc 430–450 ms or tachyarrhythmia (excludes • And taking medication known to sinus bradycardia