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2014, 'A Survey of the Hybridisation Status of Cervus Deer Species on the Island of Ireland', Conservation Genetics, Vol

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2014, 'A Survey of the Hybridisation Status of Cervus Deer Species on the Island of Ireland', Conservation Genetics, Vol Edinburgh Research Explorer A survey of the hybridisation status of Cervus deer species on the island of Ireland Citation for published version: Smith, SL, Carden, RF, Coad, B, Birkitt, T & Pemberton, JM 2014, 'A survey of the hybridisation status of Cervus deer species on the island of Ireland', Conservation genetics, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 823-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0582-3 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s10592-014-0582-3 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Conservation genetics Publisher Rights Statement: Open Access General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Conserv Genet DOI 10.1007/s10592-014-0582-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE A survey of the hybridisation status of Cervus deer species on the island of Ireland Stephanie L. Smith • Ruth F. Carden • Barry Coad • Timothy Birkitt • Josephine M. Pemberton Received: 15 September 2013 / Accepted: 5 February 2014 Ó The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Red deer (Cervus elaphus) did not recolonise sympatry of red deer and sika in the area, no red deer-sika Ireland after the last glaciation, but the population in Co. hybrids were detected in Co. Kerry suggesting strong Kerry is descended from an ancient (c. 5000 BP) intro- assortative mating by both species in this area. However, duction and merits conservation. During the mid-19th 80/197 (41 %) of deer sampled in Co. Wicklow and 7/15 century exotic species including North American wapiti (C. (47 %) of deer sampled in Co. Cork were red-sika hybrids. canadensis) and Japanese sika deer (C. nippon nippon) Given their proximity and that hybrids are less likely to were introduced to Ireland, mainly via Powerscourt Park, mate assortatively than pure individuals, the Co. Cork Co. Wicklow. While wapiti failed to establish, sika thrived, hybrids pose a threat to the Co. Kerry red deer. dispersed within Co. Wicklow and were translocated to other sites throughout Ireland. Red deer and sika are known Keywords Microsatellite Á Hybridisation Á Introgression Á to have hybridised in Ireland, particularly in Co. Wicklow, mtDNA Á Sika Á Red deer but an extensive survey with a large, highly diagnostic marker panel is required to assess the threat hybridisation potentially poses to the Co. Kerry red deer population. Introduction Here, 374 individuals were genotyped at a panel of 22 microsatellites and at a single mtDNA marker that are Hybridisation is the interbreeding of genetically distinct highly diagnostic for red deer and Japanese sika. The taxa, while introgression is the resultant horizontal gene microsatellites are also moderately diagnostic for red deer flow between hybridising taxa (Allendorf et al. 2001). and wapiti. Wapiti introgression was very low [trace evi- Hybridisation occurs naturally in perhaps 25 % of plant dence in 2 (0.53 %) individuals]. Despite long-standing and 10 % of animals species, where it is a natural source of new genetic variation (Mallet 2005). However, through Electronic supplementary material The online version of this hunting, habitat degradation, domestication and transloca- article (doi:10.1007/s10592-014-0582-3) contains supplementary tion, humans have brought many non-native species into material, which is available to authorized users. S. L. Smith Á J. M. Pemberton R. F. Carden Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland S. L. Smith (&) SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, B. Coad Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK Research and Environment, Coillte, Saville House, Rathdrum, e-mail: [email protected] Co. Wicklow, Ireland R. F. Carden T. Birkitt Natural History Division, National Museum of Ireland, Merrion National Parks and Wildlife Service, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Street, Dublin 2, Ireland Ireland 123 Conserv Genet contact with native heterospecifics, leading to anthropo- 1975; Goodman et al. 1999; Senn and Pemberton 2009). genically induced hybridisation, which can have various Similarly, despite a large size difference, red deer and adverse consequences. The generation of hybrids between wapiti have hybridised in the wild in Fiordland, New an invasive and a native species without introgression (e.g. Zealand (Shackell et al. 2003) and in captivity, which has due to strong selection against F1 hybrids) can result in been exploited on New Zealand deer farms (Moore and substantial wasted reproduction, exemplified by the gen- Littlejohn 1989; Shackell et al. 2003). Several other hy- eration of sterile hybrids between the native bull trout bridisations between genus Cervus deer have also been (Salvelinus confluetus) and the introduced brook trout (S. observed, including sambar-red deer (Powerscourt 1884; fontinalis) in North America, leading to the displacement Gray 1971). of the former species (Leary et al. 1993). If introgression Hybridisation between Cervus deer of different species does occur, it can be highly destructive to the integrity of has substantial phenotypic consequences, which are likely locally adapted species, races or ecotypes, potentially to alter their ecology and complicate management. In a leading to their extinction (Allendorf et al. 2001). Exam- wild red-sika hybrid zone in Kintyre, Argyll (Scotland), ples include introgression between three fur seal species following genetic analysis, the proportion of red deer (Arctocephalus gazelle, A. tropicalis and A. forsterri) ancestry was estimated (‘Q’, see Methods) and its influence during recolonisation of Macquarie Island after seal har- on carcass traits was analysed (Senn et al. 2010). Carcass vesting eliminated the original population (Lancaster et al. weight, jaw length and incisor arcade breadth were all 2006), interbreeding between endemic mouse lemur spe- linearly related to Q, i.e. the more red deer genome present, cies in southern Madagascar (Microcebus spp.) where the larger the individual (Senn et al. 2010). On New Zea- deforestation and acidification has facilitated asymmetric land deer farms which predominantly farm red deer, wapiti gene flow due to the expansion of the dry spiny forest have been deliberately hybridised and introgressed to ecotone (Gligor et al. 2009), and the introgression of increase carcass and antler size of red deer (Moore and maladaptive gene complexes into wild American mink Littlejohn 1989). These points indicate that there is sub- (Neovison vison) from escaped farmed American mink, stantial additive genetic variation for quantitative traits in causing population decline (Kidd et al. 2009). hybrid deer and that detection of advanced backcrosses Deer species of the genus Cervus have been extensively from phenotype alone is likely to be hard, making selective translocated around the world for hunting, farming or culling of introgressed individuals difficult. ornamental purposes and are prone to hybridisation In Ireland, red deer were present in the last interglacial (Whitehead 1964; Ratcliffe 1987). In contrast to its current period but did not return after the last glaciation (the Younger global presence, the genus has a mainly Holartic natural Dryas). The modern red deer population is descended from distribution (Ludt et al. 2004). Mitochondrial sequence ancient and recent postglacial introductions by man (Carden information suggests the point at which the group con- et al. 2012). Currently, there are around 4,000 phenotypically taining red deer, wapiti and sika occurred *3.5 MYA red deer in Ireland (Pe´rez-Espona et al. 2009a). They are around Kyrgyzstan, following the innovative appearance of primarily present in the East (Co. Wicklow), the South West the ‘4 point’ antler structure in the early/middle Pliocene (Co. Kerry) and the North West (Co. Galway north to Co. (Di Stefano and Petronio 2002; Pitra 2005; Ludt et al. Donegal) and have shown a 6.5 % range expansion from 2004). From there a western-migrating clade became the these sites over the last 30 years (Whitehead 1964; Carden medium-sized red deer (Cervus elaphus) whilst those et al. 2011). Recent work has established that the red deer moving east bifurcated into the larger wapiti (including the centred on Killarney, Co. Kerry, are descended from a North American C. canadensis) and smaller sika which human introduction from Britain during the Neolithic period itself diversified (c. 2MYA) throughout south-eastern Asia (Carden et al. 2012). The other populations are descended including in Japan (C. nippon nippon), China (C. n. from more recent introductions from Britain and continental mantchuricus) and Taiwan (C. n. taiouanus) (Cook et al. Europe, in several cases indirectly through deer parks, pri- 1999; Kuwayama and Ozawa 2000; Pitra 2005; Ludt
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