DOCSLIB.ORG

Background Paper 1: Agricultural Biodiversity Background Paper 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Background Paper 1: Agricultural Biodiversity Background Paper 2 Background Paper 1: Agricultural Biodiversity Background Paper 2: Bioenergy Background Paper 3: Drylands Background Paper 4: Environment and Trade Background Paper 5: Research and Technology Background Paper 6: Water Background Papers – Introduction FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land INTRODUCING THE SIX BACKGROUND PAPERS The FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land (MFCAL) will take place in Maastricht, the Netherlands from 12-18 September, 1999. Discussion will be based on a series of specially-prepared case studies and two main technical documents - Issues Paper: The Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land and Taking Stock of The Multifunctional Character of Agriculture And Land. The six Background Papers in this volume provide an additional source of information and reference. Their purpose is to stimulate thought and to illuminate the very real value of what could be called “the MFCAL Approach” for the study and analysis of specific subject areas and themes. They also demonstrate the two-way value flow, showing how the MFCAL Approach can be enriched through reference to specific examples, but similarly, highlighting the valuable contribution that the approach can make to individual subject areas and issues. The production of the papers has been overseen and coordinated by the Executive Bureau of the Conference. Each paper has been prepared by an independent group of authors and technicians from within and beyond FAO. Indeed, in providing these papers, it is important to note that the designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, The Netherlands, concerning the legal status of any country or its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. We are certain that each paper provides a valuable contribution to the ongoing development of our understanding of the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land and to the discussions at the Conference in September. For reasons of both cost and time, it has not been possible to translate the six Background Papers. Summaries in French and Spanish will be available on the internet prior to the Conference in Maastricht (http://www.fao.org/mfcal) and will be available at the Conference venue. i Background Papers – Acknowledgements FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The six Background Papers have been prepared under the overall direction of the Executive Bureau of the FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land, based at FAO in Rome, Italy. Richard Trenchard of the Executive Bureau, coordinated the production of the six documents and was responsible for their final editing and incorporation into a single volume. Louise Fresco, Director, Research, Extension and Training Division (SDR) and Gustavo Best, Head, Executive Bureau provided overall supervision and guidance. Most importantly, thanks must go for the people who acted as technical focal points for the production of the six individual documents (FAO, unless otherwise indicated): Linda Collette (Agricultural Biodiversity); Gustavo Best (Bioenergy); Dominque Lantieri and Francois Lemmans (IFAD) (Drylands); Terri Raney and Jeff Tschirley (Environment, Trade and SARD), Eric Kueneman, Michael Zoebisch(ICARDA), John Dodds (ICARDA) (Research and Technology) and Wulf Klohn (Water). They all embraced the challenge with enthusiasm, efficiency and utmost professionalism. A large and distinguished team from within FAO, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, The Netherlands, throughout the CGIAR System and from a number of universities and research institutions provided important inputs to the Background Papers. Their individual contributions are recognised in the individual acknowledgements of each paper. Important technical support and guidance was provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, The Netherlands. The production of the Background Papers would not have been possible without the valuable and generous financial support of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate-General for International Cooperation. In addition, both ICARDA (Background Paper 5) and IFAD (Background Paper 3) made important financial contributions towards the production of individual papers. ii Background Papers –Contents FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land INTRODUCING THE SIX BACKGROUND PAPERS I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II SUMMARY BACKGROUND PAPER 1 - AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY III SUMMARY BACKGROUND PAPER 2 - BIOENERGY VIII SUMMARY BACKGROUND PAPER 3 - DRYLANDS. X SUMMARY BACKGROUND PAPER 4 - ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE. XII SUMMARY BACKGROUND PAPER 5 - RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY XII SUMMARY BACKGROUND PAPER 6 - WATER XIV 1 - SUSTAINING THE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY. BACKGROUND PAPER 1: AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY: 1 INTRODUCTION 3 THE MFCAL APPROACH 3 THE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY 4 II) AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 10 III) AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT 18 UNDERLYING CAUSES OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY LOSSES 20 THE NEGLECT OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE, LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 20 THE DOMINANCE OF BLUEPRINT PARADIGMS AND POLICIES 20 CORPORTE INTERESTS 22 INEQUITABLE TENURE AND CONTROL OVER RESOURCES 23 MARKET PRESSURES AND THE UNDERVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY 23 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS 24 OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINING AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY AND ITS MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS 24 1. EXPAND KNOWLEDGE ON THE DYNAMICS OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY 26 2. INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY IN FOOD AND FIBRE PRODUCTION 27 3 PROMOTE LOCAL ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY 28 4. SUPPORT LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING, MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION 29 5. TRANSFORM BUREAUCRACIES AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 30 6. STRENGTHEN LOCAL RIGHTS AND SECURITY OF TENURE 31 7. REFORM TRADE-RELATED POLICIES, MARKETS AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES 32 REFERENCES 34 2 - THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF AGRICULTURE AND LAND: THE ENERGY FUNCTION. BACKGROUND PAPER 2: BIOENERGY. 43 1. BIOMASS ENERGY 45 1.1 TRENDS IN PER CAPITA TOTAL BIOMASS USE. 46 1.2 THE AGRICULTURAL ROLE: PAST AND PRESENT. 47 2. BIOENERGY AND THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY SCENARIO. 48 3. THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION, AND CO2 MITIGATION. 50 3.1 THE TECHNICAL DIMENSION – INCLUDING NEW PATHS 51 4. ENERGY CROPS AND RESIDUES. 53 4.1 AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES 53 4.2 ENERGY CROPS 53 4.3 FORESTRY RESIDUES 54 4.4 LIVESTOCK RESIDUES 55 5. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 55 5.1. ENVIRONMENT. 55 5.1.1 The implications of the Kyoto Protocol (KP). 56 5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMICS. 57 5.2.1 Rural infrastructure support. 59 5.2.2 Employment 59 6. AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPLICATIONS 60 7. LAND REHABILITATION, FOOD PRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY. 61 7.1 FOOD VERSUS FUEL PRODUCTION. 62 8. POLICY APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURE AND ENERGY 63 iii Background Papers –Contents FAO/Netherlands Conference on the Multifunctional Character of Agriculture and Land 8.1 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND BIOENERGY 64 8. 2 BIOENERGY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 66 9. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS. 66 9.1 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 68 Policies and institutions 68 Research, development and extension 68 Projects and financing 69 REFERENCES. 77 3 - DRYLANDS AND THE MFCAL APPROACH. BACKGROUND PAPER 3: DRYLANDS. 79 INTRODUCTION 81 1. MFCAL AND DRYLANDS: THE ISSUES AT STAKE 81 THE MFCAL APPROACH 81 1.2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRYLANDS 83 . FAO CLASSIFICATION OF DRYLANDS 84 1.3 AGRICULTURE AND LAND USES IN DRYLANDS 84 1.4 DESERTIFICATION: PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES 88 1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM 88 2. DESCRIBING THE RESPONSES 89 TABLE 3: CCD PRINCIPLES 90 1.5 MFCAL CHALLENGES FOR DRYLANDS DEVELOPMENT 90 TABLE 4:STRATEGIES FOR DRYLANDS DEVELOPMENT 91 2. THE ASSESSMENT OF CASE STUDIES 93 2.1 PRESENTATION OF CASE STUDIES 93 2.1.1 SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 93 2.1.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES 95 2.2 ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES 96 2.3 LESSONS LEARNT FROM CASE STUDY ASSESSMENT 106 3. THE MFCAL APPROACH AND DRYLANDS DEVELOPMENT: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE107 3.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT LEVEL 107 3.2 MACROECONOMIC AND POLICY LEVEL 109 3.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 110 REFERENCES 113 4 - ENVIRONMENT, TRADE AND SARD: CONCEPTS, ISSUES AND TOOLS. BACKGROUND PAPER 4: ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE. 115 INTRODUCTION 117 TRADE POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 117 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND SARD 120 THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENTS 121 GATT/WTO Principles Regarding Trade-Related Environmental Measures 121 The Agreement on Agriculture 122 Other WTO Agreements Related to Trade and the Environment 127 The Committee on Trade and the Environment 129 MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 130 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 130 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) 130 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 130 Convention on Climate Change 131 POTENTIAL CONFLICTS BETWEEN MEAS AND THE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Land-Use, Land-Cover Changes and Biodiversity Loss - Helena Freitas
    LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. I - Land-Use, Land-Cover Changes and Biodiversity Loss - Helena Freitas LAND-USE, LAND-COVER CHANGES AND BIODIVERSITY LOSS Helena Freitas University of Coimbra, Portugal Keywords: land use; habitat fragmentation; biodiversity loss Contents 1. Introduction 2. Primary Causes of Biodiversity Loss 2.1. Habitat Degradation and Destruction 2.2. Habitat Fragmentation 2.3. Global Climate Change 3. Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation 3.1. General 3.2. The European Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 4. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary During Earth's history, species extinction has probably been caused by modifications of the physical environment after impacts such as meteorites or volcanic activity. On the contrary, the actual extinction of species is mainly a result of human activities, namely any form of land use that causes the conversion of vast areas to settlement, agriculture, and forestry, resulting in habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation, which are among the most important causes of species decline and extinction. The loss of biodiversity is unique among the major anthropogenic changes because it is irreversible. The importance of preserving biodiversity has increased in recent times. The global recognition of the alarming loss of biodiversity and the acceptance of its value resultedUNESCO in the Convention on Biologi – calEOLSS Diversity. In addition, in Europe, the challenge is also the implementation of the European strategy for biodiversity conservation and agricultural policies, though it is increasingly recognized that the strategy is limitedSAMPLE by a lack of basic ecological CHAPTERS information and indicators available to decision makers and end users. We have reached a point where we can save biodiversity only by saving the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Sustainable Transitions: Institutional Innovations from India
    sustainability Article Managing Sustainable Transitions: Institutional Innovations from India Shambu Prasad Chebrolu * and Deborah Dutta * Institute of Rural Management Anand, Gujarat 388001, India * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.C.); [email protected] (D.D.) Abstract: Despite the widespread disruptions of lives and livelihoods due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it could also be seen as a gamechanger. The post-pandemic recovery should address fundamental questions concerning our food systems. Is it possible to reset existing ecologically unsustainable production systems towards healthier and more connected systems of conscious consumers and ecologically oriented farmers? Based on three illustrative cases from different parts of India, we show how managing transitions towards sustainability require institutional innovations and new intermediaries that build agency, change relations, and transform structures in food systems. Lessons from three diverse geographies and commodities in India are presented: urban farming initiatives in Mumbai, conscious consumer initiatives in semi-urban Gujarat for pesticide-free mangoes, and resource-poor arid regions of Andhra Pradesh. Through these examples, we show that, beyond the technological solutions, institutional innovations such as urban community-supported farming models, Participatory Guarantee Schemes, and Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) can enable sustainable transitions. Sustainable lifestyles in a post COVID-19 world, as the cases show, require collective experimentation with producers that go beyond changed consumer behaviour to transform structures in food systems. Citation: Chebrolu, S.P.; Dutta, D. Managing Sustainable Transitions: Keywords: institutional innovation; game changers; sustainable transitions; urban farming; con- Institutional Innovations from India. scious consumerism; farmer collectives Sustainability 2021, 13, 6076. https:// doi.org/10.3390/su13116076 Academic Editors: Christa Liedtke, 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use and Role of Animal Draught Power in Cuban Agriculture: a Field Study in Havana Province
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Minor Field Studies 100 The use and role of animal draught power in Cuban Agriculture: a field study in Havana Province. by Henriksson M and Lindholm E 2000 This document is published (with illustrations) as: Henriksson M and Lindholm E 2000. The use and role of animal draught power in Cuban Agriculture: a field study in Havana Province. Minor Field Studies 100. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. 46p. ISSN 1402-3237. 1 Acknowledgements We would like to thank: All the farmers that have patiently answered all our questions, David Gibbon, professor in small-scale farming systems, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Modesto Mojena Graverán, doctor in crop production, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Habana, Cuba, Felix Ponce Ceballos, doctor in agricultural engineering, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Habana, Cuba, Barbara Nicolás Padrón, San Nicolás, Cuba, Brian Sims and Paul Starkey, UK, and all other people involved. A special thanks to Sida who supported this study financially. 2 tjejer och en bonde, 100 % Ingen bildtext 2 Abstract The fall of the socialist bloc in 1989 resulted in a serious economic crisis for the Cuban society and not the least in agriculture, which had been dependent on cheap imported fuel, fertilisers, spare parts and fodder. New agricultural policies and strategies were developed which included a rapid increase in the use of animal traction and its infrastructure, ie ox breeding, management and training of draught-oxen. Additionally, new animal-drawn implements were developed, training of ox-handlers, blacksmiths and artisans, makers of yokes and harnesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Policy and Urbanization in the People's Republic of China
    ADBI Working Paper Series LAND POLICY AND URBANIZATION IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Li Zhang and Xianxiang Xu No. 614 November 2016 Asian Development Bank Institute Li Zhang is an associate professor at the International School of Business & Finance, Sun Yat-sen University. Xianxiang Xu is a professor at the Lingnan College, Sun Yat-sen University. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. ADBI encourages readers to post their comments on the main page for each working paper (given in the citation below). Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Suggested citation: Zhang, L., and X. Xu. 2016. Land Policy and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper 614. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: https://www.adb.org/publications/land-policy-and-urbanization-prc Please contact the authors for information about this paper. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Unless otherwise stated, figures and tables without explicit sources were prepared by the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Strategy Planning in a Sustainable Development Context
    BiodiversityBiodiversity StrategyStrategy PlanningPlanning inin aa SustainableSustainable DevelopmentDevelopment ContextContext • PLANNING GUIDE • BIODIVERSITY PLANNING MATRIX • NATIONAL CASE STUDIES • SYNERGY BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS UNEP Forthcoming Biodiversity Strategy Planning in a Sustainable Development Context Jacques Prescott Benoît Gauthier Jonas Nagahuedi Mbongu Sodi Institut de l’énergie et de l’environnement de la Francophonie (IEPF) Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) September 2000 PRODUCTION TEAM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors: Jacques Prescott, M. Sc. The publication of this paper was made possible by Direction du patrimoine écologique the financial assistance of the United Nations et du développement durable Development Programme’s Biodiversity Planning Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec Support Programme, United Nations Environment Benoît Gauthier, Ph. D. Programme’s, the Institut de l’énergie et de l’envi- Direction du patrimoine écologique ronnement de la Francophonie and the Ministère de et du développement durable l’Environnement du Québec. The authors wish to Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec thank all those who have contributed to the deve- Jonas Nagahuedi Mbongu Sodi, Ph. D. lopment of this document with their comments and Coordinator of the Convention suggestions with a special consideration for the on Biological Diversity national planning teams that have used the proposed Democratic Republic of Congo methodology
    [Show full text]
  • Land Consumption and Land Take: Enhancing Conceptual Clarity for Evaluating Spatial Governance in the EU Context
    sustainability Article Land Consumption and Land Take: Enhancing Conceptual Clarity for Evaluating Spatial Governance in the EU Context Elisabeth Marquard 1,* , Stephan Bartke 1 , Judith Gifreu i Font 2 , Alois Humer 3 , Arend Jonkman 4 , Evelin Jürgenson 5, Naja Marot 6, Lien Poelmans 7 , Blaž Repe 8 , Robert Rybski 9, Christoph Schröter-Schlaack 1, Jaroslava Sobocká 10, Michael Tophøj Sørensen 11 , Eliška Vejchodská 12,13 , Athena Yiannakou 14 and Jana Bovet 15 1 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Economics, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (C.S.-S.) 2 Faculty of Law, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Universitaetsstrasse 7/5, 1010 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 4 Department of Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands; [email protected] 5 Chair of Geomatics, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] 6 Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 7 VITO—Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek, Unit Ruimtelijke Milieuaspecten, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Land Degradation Knowledge Base: Policy, Concepts and Data
    ETC/ULS Report | 01/2019 Land degradation knowledge base: policy, concepts and data ISBN 978-3-200-06666-3 Authors: Authors: EvaEva Ivits Ivits (EEA (EEA),), Simone Simone Verzandvoort, Verzandvoort, Rudi Hessel,Rudi Hessel, Henk Wösten Henk Wösten (Wageningen Env. Research(Wageningen), Gergely Env. Tóth Research (Hungarian), Gergely Academy Tóth of Sciences),(Hungarian Mélanie Academy Weynants, of Michiel CherletSciences), (JRC) Mélanie, Stépha nieWeynants, Horion (Univ. Michiel of Copenhagen) Cherlet (JRC), Gergely, Stépha Mauchanie Horion (Lechner Non- profit(Univ. Ltd of), Copenhagen)Gundula Prokop, Gergely (Environment Maucha Agency (Lechner Austria), non Mirko-profit Gregor ltd), (space4environment)Gundula Prokop (Environment. Agency Austria), Mirko Gregor (space4environment). ETC/ULS consortium partners: Environment Agency Austria, ALTERRA Research Institute, Department of Remote Sensing, Lechner Non-profit Ltd space4environment, GISAT, The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), Universitat Autonònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Ecologic Cover photo © vadimgouida ‒ Fotolia.com Showing erosion control on a slope with straw sock catch, silt fence Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency, the European Topic Centre on Urban Land and Soil Systems nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency or the Topic Centre is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. Copyright notice © European Topic Centre on Urban, Land and Soil Systems (2018) Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. More information on the ETC-ULS is available on the Internet at http://uls.eionet.europa.eu/.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Development Inspector I
    Code: C715 CITY OF ROSWELL, GEORGIA FLSA: N WC: 9410 CLASSIFICATION SPECIFICATION PG: 507 EEO: 3 CLASSIFICATION TITLE: LAND DEVELOPMENT INSPECTOR I PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION The purpose of this classification is to perform technical inspections of development sites and construction projects to determine compliance with all City, County, State and Federal codes and regulations regarding erosion and sediment control, grading, clearing, drainage, landscaping, infrastructure, wetlands, and stream buffers. Provides interpretations and explanations of codes, regulations and ordinance and corrective requirements. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS The following duties are normal for this position. The omission of specific statements of the duties does not exclude them from the classification if the work is similar, related, or a logical assignment for this classification. Other duties may be required and assigned. Interacts and communicates with numerous groups and individuals on various inspection related topics; provides interpretation and assistance with code definitions to the public, staff, developers, and related parties; conducts construction meetings with property owners, developers and contractors; responds to reports of alleged ordinance or code violations and drainage issues; advises utility company subcontractors on erosion control requirements; assists in presenting educational information concerning erosion control, environmental impact of storm water pollution, and other topics; works with City and State DOT to ensure project compliance. Performs
    [Show full text]
  • A Fresh Look on Agricultural Mechanisation. How Adapted Financial Solutions Can Make a Difference
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Ströh de Martínez, Christiane; Feddersen, Marietta; Speicher, Anna Research Report Food security in sub-Saharan Africa: a fresh look on agricultural mechanisation. How adapted financial solutions can make a difference Studies, No. 91 Provided in Cooperation with: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn Suggested Citation: Ströh de Martínez, Christiane; Feddersen, Marietta; Speicher, Anna (2016) : Food security in sub-Saharan Africa: a fresh look on agricultural mechanisation. How adapted financial solutions can make a difference, Studies, No. 91, ISBN 978-3-96021-009-2, Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/199216 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Farm Mechanization Leading to More Effective Energy- Utilization for Cassava and Yam Cultivation in Rivers State, Nigeria
    FARM MECHANIZATION LEADING TO MORE EFFECTIVE ENERGY- UTILIZATION FOR CASSAVA AND YAM CULTIVATION IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA S.O. Nkakini a, M.J. Ayotamunoa, S.O.T. Ogajib+, S.D. Probertb a Agricultural & Environmental Engineering Department, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, Port Harcourt. P.M.B. 5080, Rivers State, Nigeria b School Of Engineering, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire. United Kingdom. MK43 OAL + Corresponding author ABSTRACT Surveys have been conducted, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs), in the 23 local-government areas of the Rivers State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire, personal visits to farms and interactions with information repositories were used. The quantities of energy consumed by tractors used in activities associated with the growing of cassava and yam crops in those areas were compared with traditional operations, using just manual labour. Within the period of 1986 → 2004, the total energy utilizations in the production of these crops, in the 23 local government areas, were 2738.87 MJ and 33.5 MJ for traditional manual and tractor power operations respectively. The tractorization intensity (TI) dropped from 0.352 hp/ha in 1986 to 0.345 hp/ha in 2004. This result was below the presently advocated 0.5 hp/ha for agricultural operations in order to increase crops production. This study identified the causes of this shortfall and recommended, at least for the short-term future, that farm industrialization of all sectors should be subsidized.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors and Risks Associated with Integrated, Conventional and Sustainable Agribusiness Farming
    International Scholars Journals International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Taxation ISSN: 2756-3634 Vol. 6 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2019. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Full Length Research Paper Factors and risks associated with integrated, conventional and sustainable agribusiness farming F. D. K. Anim* and B. Mandleni Department of Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6 Johannesburg, Florida 1710, South Africa. Accepted 11 October, 2018 A multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the impact and risks associated with integrated, conventional and sustainable agribusiness farming. The results of the study suggested that farmers operating on conventional and sustainable agribusiness farming were more likely to be those with knowledge of technology and diversified agribusiness farming. Compared with integrated agribusiness farming, these farmers were those with low levels of education and less access to information with higher business risks. In conclusion, the study suggested that in developing areas dominated by farmers with low levels of education and access to information, integrated agribusiness farming would be appropriate. Key words: Sustainable, integrated and conventional agribusiness farming, risks, multinomial logit model. INTRODUCTION Sustainable Agribusiness Farming (SAF) has been also defines SAF
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanization on the US Landscape: Looking Ahead in the 21St Century
    Available online at .sciencedirect.com 1 LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING Landscape and Urban Planning 69 (2004) 23 9-234 This article is also available online at: ~.elsevier.com/locate~landurbplan Urbanization on the US landscape: looking ahead in the 21st century Ralph J. Alig a**, Jeffrey D. Kline a, Mark Lichtenstein VSDAForest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jeflerson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Training Support Division-Natural Resources Branch, US Army Environmental Center, 5179 hadley Road, Aberdeen Proving Gro~md,n/fD 21010, USA Accepted 30 July 2003 Abstract Conversion of rural lands to urban and other built-up uses affects the mix of commodities and services produced from the global land base. In the United States, there was a 34% increase in the amount of land devoted to urban and built-up uses between 1982 and 1997. This increase came predominantly from the conversion of croplands and forestland, with the largest increases in deveIoped area happening in the southern region of the country. In an analysis of drivers influencing developed land uses in the US. we found results that were consistent with hypothesized relationships, including significant increases in development as a result of increases in population density and personal income. From these results, we projected changes in potential future urbanization and development by 2025 given estimated increases in population and real personal income. The projections suggest continued urban expansion over the next 25 years, with the magnitude of increase varying by region. US developed area is projected to increase by 7996, raising the proportion of the total land base that is deveIoped from 5.2 to 9.2%.
    [Show full text]