DOCSLIB.ORG

Beginning, Establishment and Early Development (1919- 1 1939)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beginning, Establishment and Early Development (1919- 1 1939) 1 IUGG: Beginning, Establishment and Early Development (1919- 2 1939) 3 Alik Ismail-Zadeh1,2 and Jo Ann Joselyn3 * 4 1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Geophysics, Karlsruhe, Germany 5 2 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Secretariat, Potsdam, Germany 6 3 Space Environment Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA 7 * Retired 8 Correspondence to: Alik Ismail-Zadeh ([email protected]); Jo Ann Joselyn ([email protected]) 9 Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of 10 already-existing international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, meteorology, 11 physical oceanography, seismology, and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a section of scientific hydrology was 12 added, making a total of seven sections of the Union. This paper introduces IUGG by presenting its current mission, structure, 13 partners, and programs; discussing various international geophysical efforts before its origin; and, describing the Union’s 14 development from the end of World War I to the beginning of World War II. During this period (1919-1939), the number of 15 member countries increased from the nine founding member countries to 35; seven general assemblies were held, each in a 16 different international venue; and the number of delegates attending the assemblies increased from a few dozen to more than 17 800 scientists. At the Fifth General Assembly in 1933, the term “section” was replaced by “international association”. Each 18 general assembly of the Union, since the First General Assembly in Rome, Italy in 1922 to the VII General Assembly in 19 Washington, D.C., USA in 1939, is summarized, and the distinguished scientists who contributed to the Union’s formation 20 and it early development are introduced. 21 22 1 Introduction 23 24 The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG; http://www.iugg.org) celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2019. 25 Under its umbrella, eight international scientific associations and several interdisciplinary bodies comprising about one 26 hundred divisions, commissions, committees, working groups and geodetic and geophysical services, cover almost all 27 disciplines of geo- and space sciences and promote research of the Earth from its core to and its space environment up to the 28 Sun. It is dedicated to advancing basic (fundamental) science and to solving challenging societal problems such as climatic 29 and environmental changes, disaster risk reduction, water security and quality, and energy, among others. 30 31 Written for the occasion of IUGG’s centennial, this and two consecutive articles in this special issue document the history, 32 current activities, and possible future development of IUGG. To appreciate the history of IUGG, we start the paper with a 33 description of the Union, its current structure, partnerships, and operating principles. Then we look back to examine the 34 founding and early history of the Union from the end of the First World War (WWI) and the beginning of the Second World 35 War (WWII) including descriptions of early General Assemblies and distinguished leaders. Two other papers cover (i) the 36 Union’s history after WWII until the end of the last century and (ii) its development in the 21st century. These papers do not 37 pretend to offer a comprehensive and definitive account of all activities of the Union for the last hundred years, but rather 38 highlight major activities of and administrative and structural changes in IUGG during that time. 39 1 40 2 IUGG today 41 42 IUGG is a dynamic non-governmental, not-for-profit, scientific organization that brings together scientists and science 43 organizations from many countries in which geophysical sciences and geodesy have a role. IUGG encompasses multiple 44 scientific disciplines through its associations and commissions, and hundreds of thousands of individuals from all over the 45 world through its Adhering Organizations (e.g., national academies, research councils, governmental agencies). IUGG has a 46 long and storied history; about 100 countries have been IUGG members for a full century, and since its founding in 1919, the 47 Union has had two official languages: English and French. The official title of the Union in French is l’Union Géodésique et 48 Géophysique Internationale (UGGI). 49 50 IUGG is governed by a Council of its Adhering Bodies, and cooperates with an impressive list of international and 51 intergovernmental organizations. Any country that has developed independent activity in geodesy and geophysics may adhere 52 to the Union. National Members (the Adhering Body) set up IUGG National Committees that organize IUGG-related activities 53 in their countries. Many scientists participate in Union activities through these National Committees and represent their 54 countries at IUGG general assemblies. 55 56 Presently, there are four categories of membership: Regular (the Adhering body has paid annual dues set by the Finance 57 Committee); Observer (payment of dues has temporarily lapsed); Associate (the Adhering Body otherwise meets the criteria 58 for regular membership but does not pay dues); and Affiliate (organizations awarded the same rights, duties and obligations 59 as Associate Members). Membership waxes and wanes for reasons including changes in financial circumstances, politics, and 60 scientific activity. For instance, financial problems experienced by a scientific institution adhering to the union may lead to 61 the loss of membership for the country involved. Many political borders have changed since 1919, which at times affects 62 member countries. Less affluent countries may lack a critical mass of scientists to share the mission and major purposes of 63 international unions, or severe political, economic, and financial problems may prevent regular membership (Ismail-Zadeh, 64 2016a). Scientists in these countries are encouraged to participate in IUGG's scientific activities for the benefit of science in 65 their countries and for their contribution to geographic coverage that is crucial for global geoscience. 66 67 Between face-to-face meetings of the Council that take place at quadrennial General Assemblies of the Union, the affairs of 68 the Union are vested in the Bureau and the Executive Committee (Fig. 1). The Bureau consists of the President, President- 69 Elect, Secretary General, Treasurer, and three additional Members, elected by the Council. The Executive Committee consists 70 of the Bureau, the Presidents of the International Associations, and the immediate Past President of the Union. The Executive 71 Committee coordinates the scientific work of the Associations and formulates the general policies that guide the scientific 72 objectives of the Union. At each General Assembly, a Finance Committee of three members is elected also by the Council. 73 Besides advising the Council, Bureau, and the Executive Committee on financial matters, the Finance Committee receives and 74 reviews audits of the accounts, advises the Treasurer on preparing the budget and on raising funds to support Union and 75 Association activities, and reviews the category of membership of National Members. Also at each General Assembly, the 76 Council adopts resolutions, i.e., statements affirming a scientific finding or plan of action. These findings are generally 77 recommended to the Council Members by the Associations, which must first adopt the matter at their Association Scientific 78 Assemblies. These resolutions are powerful endorsements of scientific viewpoints that have been used to establish standard 79 nomenclature and methods of measurement, support international scientific campaigns, align global scientific opinion, and 80 obtain funding from governmental and non-governmental agencies. From time to time, between General Assemblies, the IUGG 81 Bureau may issue statements expressing a unanimous opinion on a topic of scientific significance. The most recent statement 2 82 issued 12 June 2017 was entitled “The Earth’s climate and responsibilities of scientists and their governments to promote 83 sustainable development”. 84 85 2.1 Union structure 86 87 IUGG is dedicated to advancing, promoting, and communicating knowledge of the Earth system, its space environment, and 88 the dynamical processes causing change. IUGG is a confederation of eight semi-autonomous international scientific 89 associations, each having its own executives, and is responsible for a specific domain of topics or themes within the overall 90 scope of Union activities. These associations are: 91 • International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) 92 • International Association of Geodesy (IAG) 93 • International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) 94 • International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) 95 • International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) 96 • International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) 97 • International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) 98 • International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) 99 100 Within the framework of the Union’s statutes and by-laws, its International Associations adopt their own statutes and by-laws 101 and control their administration and finance. The beginning, establishment, and historical development of the Union 102 Associations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 100 YEARS the Lightning Task Force THANK YOU to OUR SPONSORS!
    VOL. 100 • NO. 1 • JAN 2019 Finding the Source of Dead Sea Sinkholes Want Tenure? Maybe It’s Time to Go Back to High School 100 YEARS The Lightning Task Force THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSORS! AGU would like to thank all of our generous partners and sponsors, whose contributions helped support Fall Meeting 2018. FROM THE EDITOR Editor in Chief Heather Goss, AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; [email protected] Editors Christina M. S. Cohen David Halpern 100 Years of Advancing Science California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, Calif., USA Pasadena, Calif., USA cohen@srl .caltech.edu davidhalpern29@gmail .com n 1919, two small science committees National Climate José D. Fuentes Carol A. Stein merged with the goal of supporting and Assessment was Department of Meteorology Department of Earth Pennsylvania State University and Environmental Sciences promoting geoscience research. Soon after, released recently, we University Park, Pa., USA University of Illinois at Chicago I [email protected] Chicago, Ill., USA the newly named American Geophysical published an exclu- [email protected] Union held its first meeting, with 25 mem- sive from the Wendy S. Gordon Ecologia Consulting bers, all elected to the society. About a decade report’s authors that Austin, Texas, USA later, membership restrictions lifted, and the put numbers to the wendy@ecologiaconsulting .com organization grew rapidly, creating a commu- deaths and costs we Editorial Advisory Board nity that embraced both the joy of science and could see if we don’t Mark G. Flanner, Atmospheric John W. Lane, Near-Surface its practical applications in fostering a sus- curb greenhouse gas Sciences Geophysics Nicola J.
    [Show full text]
  • National Center for Atmospheric Research 2018 Annual Report
    2018 NCAR Annual Report National Center for Atmospheric Research 2018 Annual Report 2018 NCAR ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS 2018 NCAR Annual Report A Message from the Interim NCAR Director New Approach to Geoengineering Simulations is Significant Step Forward North American storm Clusters Could Produce 80 Percent More Rain US Gains in Air Quality are Slowing Down Scientists Fly into the Heart of Smoke Plume The Climate Secrets of Southern Clouds New Model Reveals Origins of the Sun's Seasons NCAR-Based Climate Model Gets a Significant Upgrade The Entire Atmosphere in a Single Model Groundbreaking Data Set Gives Unprecedented Look at Future Weather New Climate Forecasts for Watershed - and the Water Sector NCAR 2018 Metrics & Publications A MESSAGE FROM THE INTERIM NCAR DIRECTOR The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is one of the world’s premier scientific institutions. With a strong focus on the atmospheric and related sciences we have an internationally recognized staff and research program dedicated to advancing knowledge, providing community- based resources, and building human capacity. In this Annual Report, and in the accompanying Laboratory Reports, I invite you to learn more about NCAR, see how we are collaborating internally and with the worldwide research community to drive advances in our understanding of fundamental processes in our atmosphere and how the atmosphere interacts with, and is influenced by, other components of the Sun-Earth system. This progress is being driven, in part, by new technologies and their effective utilization at NCAR, including: advanced observing facilities for field studies and the Sun, powerful high-performance computing capabilities, valuable research data sets that describe the state of the Sun- Earth system, and widely used state-of-the-science community models that are providing improved capabilities for predictions of weather (including catastrophic events), air quality, hydrology, climate variability and change, and space weather.
    [Show full text]
  • Edison Pettit Papers: Finding Aid
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9q2nb3w2 No online items Edison Pettit Papers: Finding Aid Processed by Ronald S. Brashear in March 1998. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Edison Pettit Papers: Finding Aid mssPettit papers 1 Overview of the Collection Title: Edison Pettit Papers Dates (inclusive): 1920-1969 Collection Number: mssPettit papers Creator: Pettit, Edison, 1889-1962. Extent: 6 boxes (3,100 pieces) Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: This collection contains the papers of astronomer Edison Pettit (1889-1962), who was on the staff of the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories. The correspondence is chiefly with other astronomers in the United States and deals with astronomy in general including Pettit's work at Mount Wilson, telescopes, and ultraviolet light research. The rest of the collection is made up of manuscripts, notes, notebooks and printed items. Language: English. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining necessary permissions rests with the researcher.
    [Show full text]
  • JOHN ADAM FLEMING January 28,187/'-July 29,1956
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES J O H N A D A M F LEMING 1877—1956 A Biographical Memoir by M E R L E A . T UVE Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1967 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. JOHN ADAM FLEMING January 28,187/'-July 29,1956 BY MERLE A. TUVE OHN ADAM FLEMING, who devoted his life to the study of ter- restrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity (perhaps the Jmost elusive of earth sciences), passed away quietly in San Mateo, California, on July 29, 1956. A resident of Chevy Chase, Maryland, for more than forty years, he was the retired Direc- tor of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie In- stitution of Washington, where he had served forty-two years before his retirement in 1946. Dr. Fleming was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, January 28, 1877, the son of Americus Vespucius Fleming and Katherine Barbara (Ritzmann) Fleming. He was married twice, first to Henrietta Catherine Barbara Ratjen on June 17, 1903, at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and after her death in 1912 he married her sister, Carolyn Ratjen, in 1913. He attended the University of Cincinnati during 1895-1899, majoring in civil engineering and chemistry, and received his B.S. degree in Civil Engineering "with highest distinction." The honorary degree of D.Sc. was conferred on him by the University of Cincinnati in 1933 and by Dartmouth College in 1934. After graduating from the University of Cincinnati he was employed as Assistant Engineer for the complete redesigning of the Convention Building for the Sanderbund Society at 104 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Cincinnati.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress Toward Implementation of the 2013 Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics
    Prepublication Copy – Subject to Further Editorial Correction Progress Toward Implementation of the 2013 Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics A Midterm Assessment ADVANCE COPY NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE BEFORE February 3, 2020 at 2:00 p.m. EST ___________________________________________________________________________________ PLEASE CITE AS A REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE Committee on the Review of Progress Toward Implementing the Decadal Survey – Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences A Consensus Study Report of PREPUBLICATION COPY – SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This study is based on work supported by Contract XXXXXX with the XXXXXXXX. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any agency or organization that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: XXX-X-XXX-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: X-XXX-XXXXX-X Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/XXXXX Cover: Copies of this publication are available free of charge from Space Studies Board National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWS and NOTES Stimulus He Has Given Through His Own Research and Special Efforts to the Advance of Scientific Oceanography Throughout the World
    462 BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY processes and the geology of the sea floor, and for the NEWS AND NOTES stimulus he has given through his own research and special efforts to the advance of scientific oceanography throughout the world. The medal was presented during the Academy's 100th Annual Meeting. American Geophysical Union Presents Awards Dr. Revelle returned to academic life in February of The American Geophysical Union presented three this year after an eighteen-month leave to serve as science awards at the annual Honors Meeting, held in the Great advisor to the Secretary of the Interior. On his return, Hall, National Academy of Sciences, on 18 April 1963. in addition to his post as director of Scripps Institution The twenty-fifth award of the William Bowie Medal of Oceanography at Lajolla, he assumed new duties as was made to Merle Anthony Tuve, director of the De- University Dean of Research at the University of Cali- partment of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution. fornia. During his long association with Scripps Insti- This award is made "for unselfish cooperation in research" tution (from Ph.D. degree in 1936 to director since 1950) by a scientist who must be outstanding for his con- Dr. Revelle has seen it become the largest oceanographic tributions to fundamental geophysics and must be consid- center in the world. In recent years he has also served ered worthy of distinction in this country and abroad. as the director of the Lajolla campus of the University of Among Dr. Tuve's many distinguished contributions to California and dean of its School of Science and geophysics are his early work on particle physics for Engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Award Governing Society
    Award Governing Society Award Name Academy of American Poets Academy Fellowship Academy of American Poets Harold Morton Landon Translation Award Academy of American Poets James Laughlin Award Academy of American Poets Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize Academy of American Poets Raiziss/de Palchi Translation Awards Academy of American Poets Wallace Stevens Award Academy of American Poets Walt Whitman Award Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Chemistry Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Computer Science Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Economics Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Mathematics Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Molecular Biology Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Neuroscience Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Physics Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Sloan Research Fellowship-Ocean Sciences American Academy In Rome Rome Prize American Academy In Rome Residency American Academy of Actuaries Jarvis Farley Service Award American Academy of Actuaries Robert J Myers Public Service Award American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow American Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign Honorary Members American Academy of Arts and Sciences The Hellman Fellowship in Science and Technology American Academy of Arts and Sciences Award for Humanistic Studies American Academy of Arts and Sciences Emerson-Thoreau Medal American Academy of Arts and Sciences Founders Award American Academy of Arts and Sciences Talcott Parsons Prize American
    [Show full text]
  • Edited by Don Share and Christian Wiman the Open Door One Hundred Poems, One Hundred Years of Poetry Magazine
    Edited by DON SHARE and CHRISTIAN WIMAN The Open Door One Hundred Poems, One Hundred Years of Poetry Magazine hen Harriet Monroe founded Poetry magazine in Chicago in 1912, she began with an image: the Open Door. “May W the great poet we are looking for never find it shut, or half-shut, against his ample genius!” For a century, the most important and enduring poets have walked through that door—William Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens in its first years, Rae Armantrout and Kay Ryan in 2011. And at the same time, Poetry continues to discover the new voices who will be read a century from now. Poetry’s archives are incomparable, and to celebrate the magazine’s centennial, editors Don Share and Christian Wiman combed them to “The histories of modern poetry and of create a new kind of anthology, energized by the self-imposed limita- Poetry in America are almost interchange- tion to one hundred poems. Rather than attempting to be exhaustive able, certainly inseparable.” —A. R. Ammons or definitive—or even to offer the most familiar works—they have assembled a collection of poems that, in their juxtaposition, echo across a century of poetry. Adrienne Rich appears alongside Charles S EPTEMBER 224 p. 51/2 x 9 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-75070-5 Bukowski; poems by Isaac Rosenberg and Randall Jarrell on the two Cloth $20.00/£13.00 E-book ISBN-13: 978-0-226-75073-6 world wars flank a devastating Vietnam War poem by the lesser-known POETRY George Starbuck; August Kleinzahler’s “The Hereafter” precedes “Pru- frock,” casting Eliot’s masterpiece in a new light.
    [Show full text]
  • Sidney J. Weinberg, Jr., Senior Trustee Mary Lou Zoback
    2007-2008 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR 2007-2008 SCIENCE YEAR BOOK 1530 P Street, NW Washington DC 20005 Phone: 202.387.6400 Carnegie Institution Fax: 202.387.8092 www.ciw.edu FOR SCIENCE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE INSTITUTION FOR CARNEGIE YEAR BOOK The paper used in manufacturing this year book contains 30% post-consumer recycled fiber. By using recycled fiber in place of virgin fiber, the Carnegie Institution preserved 13.25 trees, saved 38 pounds of waterborne waste, saved 5,627 gallons of water, and prevented 1,226 pounds of greenhouse gasses. The energy used to print the report was produced by wind power. Using this energy source for printing saved 2,627 pounds of CO2 emissions, which is the equivalent to saving 1,786 miles of automobile travel. Design by Tina Taylor, T2 Design Printed by Monroe Litho ISSN 0069-066X Department of Embryology 3520 San Martin Dr. / Baltimore, MD 21218 410.246.3001 Geophysical Laboratory 5251 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. / Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8900 Department of Global Ecology 260 Panama St. / Stanford, CA 94305-4101 650.462.1047 The Carnegie Observatories 813 Santa Barbara St. / Pasadena, CA 91101-1292 626.577.1122 Las Campanas Observatory Casilla 601 / La Serena, Chile Department of Plant Biology 260 Panama St. / Stanford, CA 94305-4101 650.325.1521 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism 5241 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. / Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8820 Office of Administration 1530 P St., N.W. / Washington, DC 20005-1910 202.387.6400 www.ciw.edu 2007-2008 YEAR BOOK The President’s Report July 1, 2007 - June 30, 2008 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE Former Presidents Former Trustees Daniel C.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin and Development of the American Geophysical Union, 1919-1952
    Transactions, American Geophysical Union Volume 35, Number 1 February 1954 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 1919-1952 J. A. Fleming Abstract--The American Geophysical Union has to do with those theoretical and ap­ plied sciences relating to the Earth, its configuration, its structure, and the natural forces acting upon and within it. Since the founding of the Union in 1919, it has gradually developed so that in 1952, with nearly 5000 members, it is perhaps the principal organ­ ization in the United States of America acting as a clearing house for new scientific thoughts and ideas relating to Geophysics. Sponsored by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, the Executive Committee of the Union is the Committee on Geophysics of the Council and the National Committee for the United States of America of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The wide-spread special interests of the eight Sections of the Union are expressed in papers presented at the annual meetings, in the regional meetings (often held in co­ operation with other scientific organizations), and in the Union's Transactions, which were formerly published annually and published bimonthly since 1945. Symposia on timely subjects are annual features of the General Assemblies. The fields of the Sections of the Union are: (a) Geodesy,- (b) Seismology: (c) Me­ teorology: (d) Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity; (e) Oceanography; (f) Volcanology; (g) Hydrology; and (h) Tectonophysics. The American Geophysical Union has made every endeavor in the past 33 years to increase coordination and collaboration of interests, both nationally and internationally, and to maintain continuity of the functions of the International Union of Geodesy and Geo­ physics, thus protecting for future international activities those relations so essential to geophysical investigations, especially during World War II.
    [Show full text]