Profile of Colchester’s most deprived wards*(2004**)

St. Anne's

St. Andrew's

Harbour Berechurch

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*According to the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 **Using most recent public data available at the time of producing this document (March 2004)

Colchester Borough Council

CONTENTS

(i) INTRODUCTION………………………………………….. 3 3. EDUCATION, SKILLS AND TRAINING…………….. 61 3.1 Students…….………………………………………. 62 (ii) METHODOLOGY………………………………………… 5 3.2 Basic Skills…….……………………………………. 66 3.3 Qualifications……………………………………….. 68 (iii) WARD SUMMARIES……………………………………. 8 3.4 Education, Skills and Training deprivation………. 72

4. INCOME AND BENEFITS…………………………….. 73 1. POPULATION………………..……………………………. 23 4.1 Household Income ....……………………………... 74 1.1 Population……………………………………………… 24 4.2 Income Index for older people……………………. 75 1.2 Population by Age……………………………………... 25 4.3 Income Deprivation………………………………… 76 1.3 Household Composition…….………………………… 26 4.4 Child Poverty…………………………………….…. 77 1.4 Ethnic Group…………………………………………… 30 4.5 Income Support Claimants………………………... 78 1.5 Religion………………………………………………… 31 4.6 Working family tax credit claimants………………. 81

2. EMPLOYMENT AND WORK…………………………….. 32 5. HEALTH AND DISABILITY…………………………… 82 2.1 Economic Activity……………………………………… 33 5.1 Health deprivation and disability….……………… 83 2.2 Employment Deprivation……………………………... 39 5.2 Limiting Long-Term Illness...……………………… 84 2.3 Unemployed People…………………………………... 40 5.3 Health and disability benefits………………..……. 85 2.4 VAT Registered Enterprises…………………………. 46 5.4 Conceptions………………………………………… 88 2.5 Economic Inactivity……………………………………. 48 2.6 Approximated social grade…………………………… 54 7. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESS TO SERVICES.………. 91 7.1 Geographical access to services ………………... 92 (i) INTRODUCTION

This document gives a snapshot profile of the four wards that are most ‘deprived’ in Colchester according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000. These wards are Berechurch, Harbour, St Andrew’s and St Anne’s (see map in Appendix 1). Throughout this document these four wards will be referred to as the ‘deprived’ wards.

Table 1 shows the rank of the four ‘deprived’ wards in relation to the rest of the wards in England (where a rank of 1 means that it is the most deprived ward in England and a rank of 8,414 means that it is the least deprived). According to this index, St Andrew’s was the most deprived of all wards in Colchester and was in the 10% most deprived wards nationally. The remaining three wards were amongst the 30% most deprived wards nationally. All of these wards are also in the 20% most deprived in the East of England region. Table 1: Index of Multiple Deprivation (ID 2000)

St Andrew’s St Anne’s Harbour Berechurch England Rank 552 2066 2119 2193 (of 8414 wards) Source: Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Crown Copyright, 2002

This profile compiles information from a range of sources to document different aspects of deprivation. The result is a better understanding of specific needs in each of these wards. The intention is to use this information to help local communities and policy makers plan and target services more accurately.

3 (ii) METHODOLOGY

Data used in this profile

As explained above, this profile was produced in order to present a comprehensive picture of the four most ‘deprived’ wards in Colchester. The authors aimed to bring together the most recent data that could be accessed about these wards at the time of producing this document (March 2004). These come from a variety of sources and may refer to different time periods.

Structure of the profile

The data is presented and analysed on a thematic basis and organised under the seven main chapter headings listed below. The main indicators that were used are also summarised below: 1. Demographic overview 4. Income and benefits Census (2001) Colchester Borough Council Housing Needs Survey (2002) 2. Employment and work Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000) Census (2001) Department for Work and Pensions (2002) Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000) Inter-Departmental Business Register (2000) 5. Health and disability Census (2001) 3. Education, skills and training Department for Work and Pensions (2002) The basic skills agency (1997) Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000) Census (2001) Oxford University (1998) 6. Geographical access to services Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000)

4 Ward based summaries

The ward-based summary at the beginning of the profile is intended to give an overall picture of each section for each of the ‘deprived’ wards. For conciseness and to avoid duplication, these summaries consist of brief bullet-point reviews and do not contain data. However, they do signpost back to the original analysis where actual data references can be found.

How the data is analysed

Where possible, the data in this profile has been recorded in relation to: • other ‘deprived’ wards • all wards in Colchester • the averages for Colchester, Essex, the Eastern region and England

Data accuracy

All data in this profile has, where possible, been presented to one decimal place. In some cases, wards with apparently the same score will be given different ranks according to their actual score.

Additional wards in the charts

Although Berechurch, Harbour, St Andrew’s and St Anne’s were the most ‘deprived’ wards in Colchester overall, according to their overall rankings on the Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000) (see Table 1, page 4), there may be other wards that experience greater need in relation to particular issues (e.g. unemployment). Where this is the case, other wards have been incorporated into charts and analysed in pink font so that they are not overlooked.

Interpreting the charts

Most data discussed in this profile is presented in graphs similar to the example (Graph x) pictured overleaf. These graphs give numerical and proportional data for each of the ‘deprived’ wards. As noted above, these graphs also feature any other wards where

5 their position ranks within the top four in the borough for that particular issue, either numerically or proportionally. Where it has been possible, graphs also present comparative data for the Colchester, Essex, the East of England region and England.

Graph x: Example

557 20 600

16 500 359 331 400 12 273 213 300 (No.) (%) 8 200 4 8.1 5.7 100 5.5 5.4 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.9 5.3 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town Colchester Essex East England St

% in population aged 16-74 Actual number

The graphs should be read as follows: • The bars represent the proportions (%) while the red line graphs represent actual numbers. • The blue bars represent the proportions for the four ‘deprived’ wards and the other geographical comparators (i.e. Berechurch, Harbour, St Andrew’s, St Anne’s, Colchester, Essex, the Eastern Region and England). • The yellow bars represent the proportions for any other wards that rank within the four highest in the borough for that particular indicator. The red line chart represents the actual numbers for each indicator. The values are displayed in the green box above the line graph.

6 Queries/ Comments on the profile

This profile was produced by Emma West and Mandy Jones at the Colchester Borough Council Social and Economic Regeneration team. If you have any queries or comments on this profile, please contact:

Mandy Jones OR Emma West Research Co-ordinator Project and Research Officer [email protected] [email protected] ( 01206 282501) ( 01206 282501)

Note: The information contained in this document was, as far as is known, correct at the date of publication. Colchester Borough Council cannot, however, accept responsibility for any error or omission.

Crown Copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller HMSO. Colchester Borough Council holds a Click-use license permitting reproduction (License Number: C02W0001762).

The maps in this publication are reproduced from Ordinance Survey material with the permission of Ordinance Survey on behalf of the controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Colchester Borough Council 100023706 (2004). The Ordinance Survey mapping included within this publication is provided by Colchester Borough Council under licence agreement from the Ordinance Survey in order to fulfil its public function as the local authority. Persons viewing this mapping should contact Ordinance Survey copyright for advice where they wish to licence Ordinance Survey mapping for their own use.

7 (iii) WARD SUMMARIES

The following pages contain a brief ward based summary of each section from this profile. This is intended to give an overall picture of each of the four ‘deprived’ wards according to the data analysed in each section of the profile. For conciseness and to avoid duplication, these summaries do not contain data, but signpost back to the section of the profile where the data references can be found.

8 Population Summary

Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 1) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 1) • the lowest actual number of lone parent households with • the smallest population of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section dependent children of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 1.1) 1.3.1) • the smallest proportion of people in the working age • the highest proportion of lone parent households with no population (aged 16-74) of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section dependent children in Colchester (Section 1.3.2) 1.2.1) • a very low proportion of multi-person households ‘all • the smallest number of older people (aged 65+), but the students’ (Section 1.3.3) highest proportion of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 1.2.1) • the joint lowest proportion of multi-person households, • a slightly higher proportion of lone parent households all other, along with Harbour, out of the ‘deprived’ wards with dependent children and lone parent households – although this was exactly equal to the Colchester with no dependent children than the Colchester average (Section 1.3.4) averages (Sections 1.3.1 and 1.3.2) • a lower proportion of people from minority ethnic groups • no multi-person households ‘all students’ (Section 1.3.3) than the Colchester average (Section 1.4) • the joint lowest proportion of multi-person households • the joint lowest proportion of people that had ‘no religion’ ‘all other’, along with Berechurch, of the ‘deprived’ wards out of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 1.5.2) – although this was exactly equal to the Colchester average (Section 1.3.4) • a lower than average proportion of people from minority ethnic groups for Colchester (Section 1.4) • a lower than proportion of Christian people than the Colchester average (Section 1.5.1) • a slightly higher proportion of people that had ‘no religion’ than the Colchester average (Section 1.5.2)

9 Population Summary (continued) St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 1) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 1) • the second largest population of all 27 wards in • a large population – the third largest of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 1.1) Colchester (Section 1.1) • the second highest proportion of working age people • the highest proportion of working age people (aged 16- (aged 16-74) of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 74) of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 1.2.1 1.2.1) • the largest actual number of older people (aged 65+) of • the smallest proportion of older people (aged 65+) of the the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 1.2) ‘deprived’ wards and fourth lowest of all 27 wards in the • the lowest proportion of lone parent households, both borough (Section 1.2) with dependent children and with no dependent children • the highest level of lone parent households with of the ‘deprived’ wards (Sections 1.3.1 and 1.3.2) dependent children of all 27 wards in Colchester, both • a slightly higher proportion of multi-person households numerically and proportionally (Section 1.3.1) ‘all students’ than the Colchester average (Section • the second highest proportion of lone parent households 1.3.3) with no dependent children of all 27 wards in Colchester • a slightly higher proportion of multi-person households (Section 1.3.2) ‘all other’ than the Colchester average (Section 1.3.4) • the highest level of multi-person households ‘all • a slightly lower proportion of people from minority ethnic students’, both numerically and proportionally, of all 27 groups than the Colchester average (Section 1.4) wards in Colchester (Section 1.3.3) • the highest proportion of Christian people in its • the highest proportion of multi-person households ‘all population of the ‘deprived’ wards, although marginally other’ of the ‘deprived’ wards, and third highest of all 27 lower than the Colchester average (Section 1.5.1) wards in the borough (Section 1.3.4) • the joint lowest proportion of people that had ‘no religion’ • the highest proportion of people from minority ethnic of the ‘deprived’ wards (along with Berechurch), groups of the ‘deprived’ wards, and the second highest although this was slightly higher than the Colchester of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 1.4) average (Section 1.5.2) ’ • the lowest proportion of Christian people of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 1.5.1) • the highest proportion of people that had no religion of the ‘deprived’ wards and fourth highest of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 1.5.2) 10 Employment and Unemployment Summary Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) • the highest proportion of people in full time employment • a marginally higher proportion of people in full time out of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 2.1.1) employment than the Colchester average (Section 2.1.1) • a slightly higher proportion of part time employees than • the highest proportion of people in part time employment the Colchester average (Section 2.1.2) of the ‘deprived’ wards (Section 2.1.2) • the highest number of people that were self employed, • the joint highest proportion of people that were self and the joint highest proportion, of the four ‘deprived’ employed of the four ‘deprived’ wards (along with wards (along with Harbour), but fewer than the Harbour), but fewer than the Colchester average Colchester average (Section 2.1.3) (Section 2.1.3) • the fewest employment deprived people of the ‘deprived’ • the second highest level of employment deprived people wards, although it ranked fifth highest of all 27 wards in of all wards in Colchester (Section 2.2) the borough (Section 2.2) • the joint second highest proportion of unemployed • the lowest proportion of economically active people that people in the economically active population (along with were unemployed of the 'deprived’ wards, although it New Town) of all wards in the borough (Section 2.3.1) was slightly higher than the Colchester average (Section • a slightly lower proportion of young people (aged 16-24) 2.3.1) in its unemployed population than the Colchester • a slightly lower proportion of young people (aged 16-24) average (Section 2.3.2a) in its unemployed population than the Colchester • the highest proportion of people that were unemployed average (Section 2.3.2a) in its young population (aged 16-24) of all wards in • a slightly higher proportion of people that were Colchester (Section 2.3.2b). unemployed in its young population (aged 16-24) than • the highest proportion of older people (aged 50+) that the Colchester average (Section 2.3.2b) were unemployed of the ‘deprived’ wards – which was • a slightly lower proportion of older people (aged 50+) exactly equal to the Colchester average (Section 2.3.3) that were unemployed than the Colchester average • the lowest proportion of people that were long term (Section 2.3.3) unemployed of the ‘deprived’ wards, which was • a marginally higher than the Colchester average level of marginally higher than the Colchester average (Section people that were long term unemployed (Section 2.3.4) 2.3.4)

11 Employment and Unemployment Summary (continued)

St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) • the second lowest proportion of people in full time • only a marginally lower proportion of people in full time employment of all 27 wards in the borough (Section employment than the Colchester average (Section 2.1.1) 2.1.1) • marginally more people in part time employment than • marginally fewer people in part time employment than the Colchester average (Section 2.1.2) the Colchester average (Section 2.1.2) • a slightly lower proportion of people that were self • the second lowest proportion of people that were self- employed than the Colchester average – the fifth lowest employed of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.1.3) of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 2.1.3) • the highest proportion of employment deprived people of • the fourth highest proportion of employment deprived all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.2) people of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.2) • the highest proportion of unemployed people in the • a higher proportion of unemployed people in the economically active population (aged 16-74) of all 27 economically active population than the Colchester wards in Colchester (Section 2.3) average (Section 2.3) • the highest level of young people (aged 16-24) in its • the lowest proportion of young people (aged 16-24) in its unemployed population, both numerically and unemployed population of the ‘deprived’ wards – but proportionally, of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section slightly higher than the Colchester average (Section 2.3.2a) 2.3.2a) • the fifth highest proportion of unemployed people in its • a higher proportion of unemployed people in its young young population (aged 16-24) of all 27 wards in population (aged 16-24) than the Colchester average Colchester (Section 2.3.2b) (Section 2.3.2b) • the lowest proportion of older people (aged 50+) that • a lower proportion of older people (aged 50+) that were were unemployed of the ‘deprived’ wards and the third unemployed than the Colchester average (Section 2.3.3) lowest of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.3.3) • a slightly higher proportion of people that were long term • the second highest proportion of people that were long unemployed than the Colchester average (Section 2.3.4) term unemployed in its unemployed population of all wards in the borough (Section 2.2.4)

12 VAT Registered Enterprises and Economic Inactivity Summary

Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) (According to the most recent data– see Chapter 2) • the fourth lowest number of VAT registered enterprises • the second highest number of VAT registered of all 27 of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.4.1) - all of wards in Colchester (Section 2.1.4) – the majority of which had under 50 employees (Section 2.4.2) which had less than 50 employees • a slightly lower proportion of people that were • a few VAT registered enterprises in the larger economically inactive than the Colchester average employee size-band (50-249 employees) (Section (Section 2.5.1) 2.4.2) • a lower proportion of people that were economically • a slightly lower proportion of people that were inactive ‘retired’ than the Colchester average (Section economically inactive than the Colchester average 2.5.2) (Section 2.5.1) • the lowest proportion of economically inactive students • the highest proportion of people that were of the ‘deprived’ wards, ranking eighth of all wards in economically inactive ‘retired’ of the four ‘deprived’ Colchester (Section 2.5.3) wards, however, this was lower than the Colchester average (Section 2.5.2) • the lowest proportion of economically inactive people looking after the home/family of the ‘deprived’ wards, • a slightly lower proportion of economically inactive and was the only one of the ‘deprived’ wards which fell students than the Colchester average (Section 2.5.3) below the Colchester average (Section 2.5.4) • a slightly higher proportion of economically inactive • a higher proportion of people that were permanently sick people looking after the home/family than the or disabled than the Colchester average (Section 2.5.5) Colchester average (Section 2.5.4) • the lowest proportion of economically inactive people that were permanently sick or disabled of the ‘deprived’ wards, but the fourth highest of all Colchester wards (Section 2.5.5)

13 VAT Registered Enterprises and Economic Inactivity Summary (continued)

St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) • the lowest number of VAT registered enterprises of all • the second lowest number of VAT registered enterprises 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.4.1) - all of which had of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.4.1) - all of under 50 employees (Section 2.4.2) which had under 50 employees (Section 2.4.2) • the highest level of economically inactive people of all • a marginally higher proportion of people that were 27 wards in the borough, both proportionally and economically inactive than the Colchester average numerically (Section 2.4.1) (Section 2.5.1) • the lowest proportion of economically inactive retired • a slightly lower proportion of economically inactive people of the ‘deprived’ wards – which was fifth lowest retired people than the Colchester average (Section of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 2.5.2) 2.5.2) • the second highest proportion of economically inactive • a slightly lower proportion of economically inactive students of all 27 wards in Colchester – in fact, nearly students than Colchester average (Section 2.5.3) three times the Colchester average (Section 2.5.3) • a slightly higher proportion of economically inactive • the highest number of economically inactive people people looking after the home/family than Colchester looking after the home/family of all 27 wards in average (Section 2.5.4) Colchester (Section 2.5.4) • a higher proportion of people who were permanently • the highest proportion of economically inactive people sick or disabled than the Colchester average (Section who were permanently sick or disabled of all 27 wards in 2.5.5) Colchester (Section 2.5.5)

14 Approximated Social Grade Summary

Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) • the second lowest proportion of people in the ‘Higher • the third lowest proportion of people in the ‘Higher and and Intermediate Managerial / Administrative / Intermediate Managerial / Administrative / Professional’ Professional’ social grade category of all 27 wards in the social grade category of all 27 wards in the borough, borough, and was nearly 10% lower than the Colchester and was nearly 10% lower than the Colchester average average (Section 2.6.1) (Section 2.6.1) • the second lowest proportion of people in the • only a slightly smaller proportion of people in the ‘Supervisory, Clerical, Junior Managerial, Administrative ‘Supervisory, Clerical, Junior managerial, Administrative and Professional’ social grade category of all 27 wards and Professional’ social grade category than the in Colchester (Section 2.6.2) Colchester average, yet it ranked fifth lowest of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 2.6.2) • the highest proportion of people in the ‘skilled manual workers’ social grade category of the ‘deprived’ wards, • a higher proportion of skilled manual workers than the which was third highest of all 27 wards in Colchester Colchester average (Section 2.6.3) (Section 2.6.3) • the third highest proportion people in the ‘Semi - Skilled • the second highest proportion of people in the ‘Semi - and Unskilled Manual Workers’ social grade category of Skilled and Unskilled Manual Workers’ social grade all 27 wards in Colchester, and was nearly 5% above category of all 27 wards in Colchester, and was nearly the Colchester average (Section 2.6.4) 10% above the Colchester average (Section 2.6.4) • the fourth highest proportion of people in the ‘On State • the fourth highest number of people in the ‘On State Benefit, Unemployed or Lowest Grade Workers’ social Benefit, Unemployed or Lowest Grade Workers’ social grade category of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section grade category and the fifth highest proportion of all 27 2.6.5) wards in Colchester (Section 2.6.5

15 Social Grade Summary (continued)

St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 2) • the lowest proportion of people in the ‘Higher and • the highest proportion of people in the ‘Higher and Intermediate Managerial / Administrative / Professional’ Intermediate Managerial / Administrative / Professional’ social grade category of all 27 wards in Colchester, and social grade category of the ‘deprived’ wards, yet this was some 15% below the Colchester average (Section was still the fifth lowest of all 27 wards in Colchester 2.6.1) (Section 2.6.1) • the lowest proportion of people in the ‘Supervisory, • the highest proportion of people in the ‘Supervisory, Clerical, Junior Managerial, Administrative and Clerical, Junior Managerial, Administrative and Professional’ social grade category of all 27 wards in Professional’ social grade category of the ‘deprived’ Colchester, and was some 10% below the Colchester wards, yet this was still the sixth lowest of all 27 wards in average (Section 2.6.2) Colchester (Section 2.6.2) • a slightly higher proportion of people in the ‘skilled • a marginally higher proportion of skilled manual workers manual workers’ social grade category than the than the Colchester average (Section 2.6.3) Colchester average (Section 2.6.3) • the fifth highest proportion of people in the ‘Semi - • the highest level of people in the ‘Semi - Skilled and Skilled and Unskilled Manual Workers’ social grade Unskilled Manual Workers’ social grade category of all category of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.6.4) 27 wards in Colchester, and was double the Colchester • a slightly highest proportion of people in the ‘On State average proportion (Section 2.6.4) Benefit, Unemployed or Lowest Grade Workers’ social • the highest proportion of people in the ‘On State Benefit, grade category than the Colchester average and was Unemployed or Lowest Grade Workers’ social grade sixth highest of all 27 wards in the borough (Section category of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 2.6.5) 2.6.5)

16 Education, Skills and Training Summary

Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 3) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 3) • the fourth lowest proportion of students aged 16-17 of all • the third lowest proportion of students aged 16-17 of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 3.1.1) 27 wards in Colchester (Section 3.1.1) • the lowest proportion of students aged 18-74 of the • the lowest number of students aged 18-74 of the ‘deprived’ wards and less than half the Colchester ‘deprived’ wards and less than half the Colchester average (Section 3.1.2) average (Section 3.1.2) • the lowest proportion of people aged 16-60 with poor • the fourth highest proportion of people aged 16-60 with literacy skills of the ‘deprived’ wards, although this was poor literacy skills of all 27 wards in the borough still significantly higher than the Colchester average (Section 3.1.1) (Section 3.2.1) • the fifth highest proportion of people aged 16-60 with • the fourth highest proportion of people aged 16-60 with poor numeracy skills of all 27 wards in the borough poor numeracy skills of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 3.2.2) (Section 3.2.2) • the fifth highest proportion of people aged 16-74 with no • the second highest level of people aged 16-74 in qualifications of all 27 wards in Colchester, but Colchester with no qualifications of all 27 wards in numerically it ranked just 9 of all 27 wards (Section Colchester (Section 3.3.1) 3.3.1) • the lowest proportion of people aged 16-74 with 5+ • the third lowest proportion of people aged 16-74 with 5+ GCSE’s or equivalent qualifications (including higher GCSE’s or equivalent qualifications (including higher level qualifications) of all 27 wards in Colchester level qualifications) of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 3.3.2) (Section 3.3.2) • the fourth lowest proportion of primary school pupils who • the fifth lowest proportion of primary school pupils who gained Key Stage 2 scores of level 4 and above of all 27 gained Key Stage 2 scores of level 4 and above of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 3.3.3) wards in the borough (Section 3.3.3) • the second highest level of education, skills and training • the fourth highest level of education, skills and training deprivation of all wards in Colchester (Section 3.4) deprivation of all wards in Colchester (Section 3.4)

17 Education, Skills and Training Summary (continued)

St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 3) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 3) • the lowest proportion of students aged 16-17 of all 27 • the fifth lowest proportion of students aged 16-17 of all wards in Colchester, however it had the third highest 27 wards in Colchester, however it had the second number of students in this age group (Section 3.1.1) highest number of students in this age group (Section 3.1.1) • the second highest level of students aged 18-74 of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 3.1.2) • a slightly lower proportion of students aged 18-74 than the Colchester average, but the sixth highest number of • the highest level of people aged 16-60 with poor literacy students of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 3.1.2) skills of all 27 wards in Colchester (Sections 3.2.1) • the second highest level of people aged 16-60 with poor • the highest level of people aged 16-60 with poor literacy skills of all 27 wards in Colchester (Sections numeracy skills of all 27 wards in Colchester (Sections 3.2.1) 3.2.2) • the second highest level of people aged 16-60 with poor • the highest level of people with no qualifications of all 27 numeracy skills of all 27 wards in Colchester (Sections wards in the borough, in fact, nearly 10% more people 3.2.2) than the Colchester average (Section 3.3.1) • the fifth highest proportion of people with no • the fourth lowest proportion of people aged 16-75 with qualifications of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5+ GCSE’s or equivalent qualifications (including higher 3.3.1) level qualifications) of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 3.3.2) • the highest proportion of people aged 16-75 with 5+ GCSE’s or equivalent qualifications (including higher • the lowest proportion of primary school pupils who level qualifications) of the ‘deprived’ wards, but was the gained Key Stage 2 scores of level 4 and above of all 27 fifth lowest of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 3.3.2) wards in Colchester (Section 3.3.3) • a lower proportion of primary school pupils who gained • the highest level of education, skills and training Key Stage 2 scores of level 4 and above (Section 3.3.3) deprivation of all 27 wards in Colchester and the fifth highest of all 284 wards in Essex (Section 3.4) • the third highest level of education, skills and training deprivation of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 3.4)

18 Income and Benefits Summary

Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 4) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 4) • the second lowest average level of income of all 27 • the highest average level of income of the ‘deprived’ wards in Colchester (Section 4.1) wards, but the fifth lowest of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.1) • the lowest proportion of older people (aged 65 and over) on income related benefits of the ‘deprived’ wards, but • the highest proportion of older people (aged 65 and had the seventh highest of all 27 wards in Colchester over) on income related benefits of all 27 wards in and was well above the borough average (Section 4.2) Colchester (Section 4.2) • the third highest proportion of people on a low income of • the lowest proportion of people on a low income of the all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.3) ‘deprived’ wards, but the fourth highest of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.3) • the second highest level of child poverty of all 27 wards in Colchester, ranking 16 of all 284 wards in Essex • the third highest level of child poverty of all 27 wards in (Section 4.4) Colchester ranking 18 of all 284 wards in Essex (Section 4.4) • the lowest proportion of Income Support claimants of the ‘deprived’ wards, ranking fifth highest of all 27 wards in • the lowest number of Income Support claimants of the the borough (Section 4.5) ‘deprived’ wards, but proportionally it had the second highest level of claimants of all 27 wards in the borough • the joint third highest level of lone parents claiming (Section 4.5) Income Support, with St Anne’s, of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.5.1) • the second highest level of lone parents claiming Income Support, of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section • the fourth highest proportion of Income Support 4.5.1) claimants with a disability of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.5.2) • the third highest proportion of Income Support claimants with a disability of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section • the fourth highest number of Working Family Tax Credit 4.5.2) claimants and the fifth highest proportion of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.6) • a higher proportion of Working Family Tax Credit claimants than the Colchester average (Section 4.6)

19 Income and Benefits Summary (continued)

St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 4) (According to the most recent data – see Chapter 4) • the lowest average level of income of all 27 wards in • the third lowest average level of income of all 27 wards Colchester (Section 4.1) in Colchester (Section 4.1) • the third highest proportion of older people (aged 65 and • the fourth highest proportion of older people (aged 65 over) on income related benefits of all 27 wards in and over) on income related benefits of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.2) Colchester (Section 4.2) • the highest proportion of people on a low income of all • the second highest proportion of people on a low income 284 wards in Essex (Section 4.3) of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.3) • the second highest level of child poverty of all 284 wards • the fifth highest level of child poverty of all 27 wards in in Essex (Section 4.4) Colchester, ranking 20 of all 284 wards in Essex (Section 4.4) • the highest level of Income Support claimants, both numerically and proportionally, of all 27 wards in the • the third highest proportion of Income Support claimants borough (Section 4.5) of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 4.5) • the highest level of lone parents claiming Income • a higher proportion of lone parents claiming Income Support, both proportionally and numerically, of all 27 Support than the Colchester average (Section 4.5.1) wards in Colchester (Section 4.5.1) • joint fifth highest proportion of Income Support claimants • the highest level of Income Support claimants with a with a disability, along with New Town, of all 27 wards in disability, both proportionally and numerically, of all 27 Colchester (Section 4.5.2) wards in Colchester (Section 4.5.2) • the third highest proportion of Working Family Tax Credit • the highest level of Working Family Tax Credit claimants of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.6) claimants, both proportionally and numerically, of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 4.6)

20 Health and Disability Summary

Berechurch had: Harbour had: (According to the most recent data see Chapter 5) (According to the most recent data see Chapter 5) • the second highest level of health deprivation and • the third highest level of health deprivation and disability disability of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.1) of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.1) • a higher proportion of people with a limiting long-term • the highest level of people with a limiting long-term illness than the Colchester average (Section 5.2) illness of the ‘deprived’ wards – the second highest in Colchester after West Mersea (Section 5.2) • the second highest level of people claiming Disability Living Allowance of the four ‘deprived’ wards (Section • the fourth highest proportion of people claiming 5.3.1) Disability Living Allowance of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.3.1) • the lowest proportion of Attendance Allowance claimants of the ‘deprived’ wards, although the proportion of • a higher proportion of Attendance Allowance claimants claimants was slightly higher than the Colchester than the Colchester average (Section 5.3.2) average (Section 5.3.2) • the fourth highest number of conceptions in the • the lowest number of conceptions in the population aged population aged under 18 of all 27 wards in Colchester under 18 of all four ‘deprived’ wards, ranking seven of all (Section 5.4.1) 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.4.1) • the second highest conception rate for women aged • the lowest number of conceptions for women aged under 20 of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.4.2) under 20 of the ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 7 of all 27 • the lowest conception rate for women of all ages of the wards in the borough (Section 5.4.2) deprived wards, ranking seven of all 27 wards in • the fifth highest conception rates for women of all ages Colchester (Section 5.4.3) of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.4.3)

21 Health and Disability Summary (continued)

St Andrew’s had: St Anne’s had: (According to the most recent data see Chapter 5) (According to the most recent data see Chapter 5) • the highest level of health deprivation and disability of all • the fourth highest level of health deprivation and 27 wards in Colchester and sixth highest of all 284 disability of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.1) wards in Essex (Section 5.1) • the sixth highest level of people with a limiting long-term • the fourth highest level of people with a limiting long- illness of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.2) term illness of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.2) • the fifth highest proportion of people claiming Disability • the highest level of people claiming Disability Living Living Allowance and the third highest actual number of Allowance, both proportionally and numerically, of all 27 claimants of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 5.3.1) wards in the borough (Section 5.3.1) • the second highest proportion of Attendance Allowance • the highest proportion of Attendance Allowance claimants of the ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 7 of all 27 claimants of the ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 6 of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.3.2) wards in Colchester (Section 5.3.2) • the second lowest number of conceptions in the • the highest number of conceptions in the population population aged under 18 of the ‘deprived’ wards and aged under 18 of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section was sixth highest of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.4.1) 5.4.1) • the highest number of conceptions for women aged • joint third highest number of conceptions for women under 20 of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 5.4.2) aged under 20, along with Highwoods and Lexden, of all 27 wards in the borough (Section 5.4.2) • the third highest conception rates for women of all ages of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.4.3) • the sixth highest conception rates for women of all ages of all 27 wards in Colchester (Section 5.4.3)

22 1. POPULATION

23 1. POPULATION

1.1 Population • Graph 1 shows that in 2001 there were 9,361 people in Graph 1: Population (all people) St Andrew’s – making this the largest population of the four ‘deprived’ wards. 14,000 12,000 10,530 • In fact, St Andrew’s had the second largest ward 9,361 10,000 8,367 8,763 8,627 population of all 27 wards in the borough. 8,000 5,701 • With 5,701 people, Harbour had the smallest population (No.) 6,000 4,000 of the four ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 13 out of the 27 2,000 wards in Colchester. 0 Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Prettygate Shrub End Berechurch

• Shrub End had the highest population in the borough St (10,530 people) and Prettygate had the third highest (8,627 people).

Source: Table UV40, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

24 1.2 Population by age

1.2.1 Working age population* (aged 16-74) • Table 2 below shows that St Andrew’s had the second highest number of working age people (aged 16-74) of all wards in Colchester. In proportional terms, it also had the highest proportion of the ‘deprived’ wards (73.2%), although this ranked just 12 of all 27 wards in Colchester. • Harbour had the second lowest proportion of working age people (aged 16-74) of all 27 wards in Colchester (69.5%). This was the lowest of the ‘deprived’ wards. • Berechurch and St Anne’s had very similar levels of people in their working age populations, both numerically and proportionally. Berechurch had 6,025 people aged 16 to 74 (72.0%), whilst St Anne’s had 6,247 (71.3%).

1.2.2 Older people • Table 2 also shows that St Andrew’s had the smallest proportion of older people (aged 65+) in its population (10%) of the ‘deprived’ wards. • This was fourth lowest of all 27 wards in the borough and was well below the Colchester average of 14.7%. • Harbour had the smallest actual number of older people (aged 65+) of the ‘deprived’ wards, however, with 871 people aged 65 and above, compared to 940 in St Andrew’s. • Proportionally, however, Harbour had the highest level of older people (aged 65+) of the ‘deprived’ wards (15.3%), although this ranked just 13 of all 27 wards in the borough. • St Anne’s had the largest actual number of older people (1189).

Table 2: Population by age (Census 2001) Berechurch Harbour St Andrew’s St Anne’s All % All % All % All %

16-74 6025 72.0 3962 69.5 6852 73.2 6247 71.3 65+ 1101 13.2 871 15.3 940 10.0 1189 13.6 Source: Table UV40, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

* Throughout this document, ‘working age population’ refers to people aged between 16 and 74 25 1.3 Household Composition

1.3.1 Lone parent households with dependent children • Graph 2 shows that of all 27 wards in the borough, St Andrew’s had the highest level of lone parent Graph 2: Lone parent households households with dependent children*, both with dependent children proportionally and numerically. 489 15 600 • Proportionally, there were 12.7% in St Andrew’s, which 202 287 299 12 264 83 296 was more than double the Colchester average of 6.1% 9 400 and well above the ward with the next highest proportion 6 8.3 200 3 8.2 8.212.7 8.0 8.9 7.8 6.1 5.8 5.8 7.1 (Highwoods at 8.9%). 0 0 • St Anne’s had the lowest proportion of lone parent households with dependent children (8.0%) of the (%) ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 6 out of all 27 wards in the (No.) borough. Proportion households (%) Actual number • Berechurch had the lowest actual number of lone parent households with dependent children (264 households), Source: Table UV68, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 ranking 6 of all wards in the borough. • New Town had the second highest number of lone parent households with dependent children (299 households) and Highwoods had the third highest (296 households). • In proportional terms, Highwoods had the second highest level (8.9%) and East Donyland had the third highest (8.3%).

* ‘Dependent children’ in the 2001 Census were children under 16 years; or under 19 and in full time education

26 1.3.2 Lone parent households with dependent children • Graph 3 shows that St Andrew’s had the highest number of lone parent households with no dependent children in Graph 3: Lone parent households Colchester. with no dependent children • Proportionally, however, Berechurch had slightly more 163 6 175 lone parents with no dependent children at 4.3% 137 79 108 72 150 compared to the 4.2% in St Andrew’s. 4 99 113 125 100 • Of the ‘deprived’ wards, St Anne’s had the smallest 2 proportion of lone parent households with no dependent 75 4.33.2 4.2 2.7 3.0 3.6 3.6 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.3 0 50 children (2.7%), ranking 13 overall in the borough. Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Shrub End Tiptree Bergholt Colchester Essex East England West • In proportional terms, Tiptree and West Mersea had the St (%) third and fourth highest levels of lone parent households (No.) with no dependent children at 3.6%. Proportion households (%) Actual number • In numerical terms, Shrub End had third highest level of lone parent households with no dependent children (113 Source: Table UV68, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 households) and Tiptree had fourth highest (108 households).

27 1.3.3 Multi - person households, ‘all students’ • Graph 4 shows that in 2001, St Andrew’s had a large proportion of ‘all students’ multi – person households at Graph 4: Multi-person households, 4.4%, compared to the other ’deprived’ wards, as well as all students 168 the England (0.4%) and regional (0.2%) averages. 8 200 31 150 0 69 • This was highest proportion in the borough – numerically 4 3 100 33 20 36 as well as proportionally. 0.9 50 4.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0 0.9 1.8 0 2.0 1.7 0 Wivenhoe Colchester Essex East England • At 0.9%, the proportion of ‘all students’ multi - person Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Castle New Town Wivenhow Quay Cross households in St Anne’s was just above the borough St (%)

average of 0.6%. (No.) • Harbour had no multi - person households that are all students. Proportion households (%) Actual number • In proportional terms, Wivenhoe Cross had the second highest level of multi-person households ‘all students’ (2.0%), New Town had the third highest (1.8%) and Source: Table UV68, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 Wivenhoe Quay had the fourth highest (1.7%). • In numerical terms, New Town had the second highest number of multi-person households ‘all students’ (69 households) and Wivenhoe Quay had the third highest (36 households).

28 1.3.4 Multi – person households*, all other • Graph 5 shows that in 2001, St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of all other types of multi – person Graph 5: Multi-person households, households out of the ‘deprived’ wards. all other 187 • At 3.2 % this was well above the Colchester average of 6 196 250 0.6%. 5 200 60 82 4 124 73 56 150 • In proportional and numerical terms, however, the levels 3 86 100 of multi-person households ‘all other’ in Castle and New 2 Town were well above those in St Andrew’s. 1 50 2.3 2.33.2 2.4 5.3 3.4 3.2 5.1 2.3 1.7 2.0 2.6 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Castle Church Mile End New Town Colchester Essex East England • In proportional terms, Castle had the highest proportion Christ in the borough at 5.3%, New Town was second highest St (5.1%), Christ Church was third highest (3.4%) and Mile (%) End was joint fourth with St Andrew’s (3.2%). (No.) Proportion households (%) Actual number • In numerical terms, New Town had the highest number (196 households), Castle had the second highest (187 Source: Table UV68, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 households).

29 1.4 Ethnic Group • Graph 6 shows that in 2001, at 11.5%, St Andrew’s had the second highest proportion of people from minority Graph 6: Total ethnic minority groups* ethnic groups* in the borough (11.5%). 50 766 1423 1500 • This was well above the Colchester average of 7.7%, 40 762 and even higher than the 5.8% in Essex. 1021 407 767 1000 • The proportions of people from minority ethnic groups in 30 284 567 the remaining ‘deprived’ wards were all much closer to, 20 448 but below, the Colchester average. 500 • Harbour had the smallest proportion, at 5.1% of the 10 5.4 5.111.5 6.6 11.4 10.1 9.2 7.4 43.0 7.7 5.6 8.6 13.1 population. 0 0 Berechurch Harbour St Andrew's St Anne's Castle New Town Shrub End Wivenhoe Colchester Essex East England Christ Church • Wivenhoe Cross had by far the highest proportion of Cross (%) people from ethnic minority groups in its population (No.) (43%). Numerically, however, the difference between St as % all people Actual number Andrew’s (1021 people) and Wivenhoe Cross (1423 people) is not so large. Source: Table UV09, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

• Significantly, both Wivenhoe Cross and St Andrew’s *‘Minority ethnic groups’ include all people that wards also had by far the highest proportions of classified themselves in ethnicity categories other students aged 18-74 of all 27 wards in Colchester (see than ‘White British’ in the 2001Census. Section 3.1.2). • In proportional terms, Castle and Christ Church had the These include people that classified themselves as: third and fourth highest levels of people from minority • ‘White Irish’ ethnic groups of all wards in Colchester. • ‘Other White’ • In numerical terms, Shrub End and New Town had the • ‘Mixed’ third and fourth highest numbers of people from minority • ‘Asian/Asian British’ ethnic groups in the borough. • ‘Black/Black British’ • ‘Chinese/Other’

30 1.5 Religion

According to the 2001 Census, the majority of people in Colchester were either Christian (71.6%) or had ‘no religion’ (18.5%). This section looks exclusively at these populations since the remaining religion categories* amount to very low numbers at ward level. Data for these smaller populations tend to be less reliable since the Office for National Statistics (ONS) have made Small Cell Adjustments so that individuals cannot be identified.

1.5.1 Christian people • Graph 7 shows that at 70.6%, St Anne’s had the highest proportion of Christian people in its population out of the Graph 7: Christian people four ‘deprived’ wards. 74.1 • The proportions of Christian people in all four of these 76 72.1 71.7 7000 70.2 5974 70.6 71.6 72 68.5 wards, however, were below the averages for 6189 6000 68 5870 63.8 5000 Colchester (71.6%) and Essex (74.1%). 64 60 4000 3906 • Graph 7(a) in Appendix 1 shows how the proportions of 56 3000 Christian people in the ‘deprived’ wards compares to the Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St rest of the borough. Rural wards such as Dedham and (%)

Langham tend to have higher Christian populations (No.) (81.0%). as % all people Actual number • Of the ‘deprived’ wards, St Andrew’s had the lowest proportion of people who described their religion as Christians, at just 63.8%. Source: Table UV15, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 • In proportional terms, there were only four wards in the borough with lower levels of Christian people than there were in St Andrew’s. These were Castle (61.6%), Christ Church (60.7%), Wivenhoe Cross (60.0%) and New * The remaining religion categories in the 2001 Census Town (59.3%). include Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh and any other religion 2. EMPLOYMENT AND WORK

32 2. EMPLOYMENT AND WORK

2.1 Economic Activity Graph 9: Full-time employees 2.1.1 Full time employees (aged 16-74) 2692 1701 2624 • Graph 9 shows that all of the ‘deprived’ wards, with the 50 3000 2188 exception of St Andrew’s, were very close to or above 40 2500 30 Colchester’s average proportion of economically active* 2000 No. (%) 20 1500 full-time employees (42.1%). 10 44.7 42.931.9 42.0 42.142.0 42.6 40.8 0 1000 • Berechurch had the highest proportion of people in full- Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St time employment out of the ‘deprived’ wards, at 44.7%, making it the seventh highest ward in Colchester.

• Graph 9(a) overleaf shows that the proportion of full time % in population aged 16-74 Actual number employees in St Andrew’s is the second lowest out of all 27 wards in the borough at 31.9%. It is also over 10% below the Colchester average. • Graph 9(a) also shows that Wivenhoe Cross had by far the lowest proportion of full time employees at just Source: Table KS09AN, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 20.1%. This is less than half the Colchester average * ‘Economically active’ describes all people aged 16 - 74 who (42.0%). were working in the week before the 2001 Census. In addition, • It is worth noting that Wivenhoe Cross has a large the category includes people who were not working but were student population because of its proximity to the looking for work and were available to start work within 2 University of Essex. Section 2.4.3 shows that 46.8% of weeks. Full-time students who are economically active are also people in Wivenhoe Cross are economically inactive included. students. This student population could account for the low proportion of economically active people in full time employment. Chart 9(a): Full time employees (all wards)

60 3696 4000 3457 3500 2995 2692 3000 2546 2624 45 2408 2277 2279 2500 2104 2188 2000

(%) 1701

1635 (No.) 1482 150715601502 1368 1422 1373 1500 30 885 753 753 757 710 1000 591 614 500 53.7 51.6 51.4 49.2 47.6 45.9 44.7 44.6 44.3 44.2 43.6 42.9 42.0 41.0 41.0 40.9 40.8 40.4 38.7 38.4 37.3 36.5 35.9 34.2 33.4 31.9 20.1 15 0

e n e ur a 's rch ay e o en e Tey urch tree ree Tey d s ross hu nne's p tygat t gham er rew C ub End ile End Castle ks Ch anw tanway Ti G John's Lex M ar St S Harbour et rea Pyefleet M nd ighwoods st Donyland St A St G Lan H Shr New Town M i Ash Pr Berec hr est est St A C ivenhoe Quay and W W East h and Winstr ght d c Ei W Wivenhoe ordham and St an Bir F d edham or lt and D opf C rgho Be est W

% in population aged 16-74 Actual number

Source: Table KS09AN, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

34 2.1.2 Part time employees • Graph 10 shows that the proportions of economically active part-time employees in all four ‘deprived’ wards Graph 10: Part-time workers were above the averages for Essex (12.5%), the East (12.5%) and England (11.8%). 821 860 847 15 1000

• Harbour had the highest proportion of part time 10 547 800 employees out of the ’deprived’ wards at 13.8%. (%)

5 600 (No.) 13.612.6 13.6 12.8 12.5 12.5 11.8 • Of the ‘deprived’ wards, St Andrew’s (12.6%) was the 0 13.8 400 only ward where the proportion of part-time employees Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St was marginally below the Colchester average of 12.8%. • Graph 10(a) overleaf shows that Harbour ranked seventh and St Andrew’s ranked 21 out of all 27 wards % in population aged 16-74 Actual number in Colchester. • In numerical terms, Shrub End had the highest number of part-time workers (1,000) of all 27 wards in Colchester. Source: Table KS09AN, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, • In proportional terms, St John’s had the highest level of part-time workers (15.2%) of all 27 wards in the borough.

35 Chart 10(a): Part time workers (all wards)

16 1200

14 1000 1000 847 860 12 810 821 783 715 800 10 675 634 652 582 573 8 547 552 600 (%)

493 488 (No.) 478 457 463 6 393 400 295 265 4 245 251 233 244 171 200 2 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.4 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.6 13.3 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.5 11.9 11.7 10.7 10.0 6.9 0 0

ur y n a 's le n s ay rch o eet e ay ch en s and bour Te l tree w d End t Tey hu St p gham rew e ast Tow John's tanw ar il C ea rub EndH ec Pyef Ti Chur Lex w St S r Lan And M ighwoods PrettygateGr Sh St Anne's and Marks ist t Ne Be hr S H venhoe Quay East Donyl West Mers C i dham d West Stan W Wivenhoe Cro or Eight Ash Gree F an Birch and Winstree and rd edham and t D opfo rghol C

West Be

% in population aged 16-74 Actual numbers

Source: Table KS09AN, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

36 2.1.3 Self-employed people • Graph 11(a) overleaf shows that all four of the ‘deprived’ wards had low proportions of people that were self– Graph 11: Self-employed people employed in relation to other wards in Colchester.

• In fact, of all 27 wards in Colchester, St Andrew’s had 20 426 423 500 330 400 the second lowest proportion of economically active, 282 10 300

self-employed people (4.8%). (%) 9.8 9.3 (No.) 7.1 8.7 8.3 200 6.8 0 7.1 4.8 100 • Graph 11 shows that this is very low compared to the Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England

Colchester average of 8.7%, and much lower than the St Essex average of 9.8%. • Of the four ‘deprived’ wards, Berechurch and Harbour jointly had the highest proportions of people that were % in population aged 16-74 Actual number self-employed (7.1%), although, this was also below the Colchester average. • In numerical terms, however, Berechurch had a far Source: Table KS09AN, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 higher number of people that were self-employed (426 people) than Harbour (282 people). • Graph 11(a) overleaf also shows that in both proportional and numerical terms, Wivenhoe Cross had by far the lowest level of people that were self-employed of all 27 wards. At 3.2%, this amounted to just 114 people. • Again, it is worth noting that Wivenhoe Cross has a large student population because of its proximity to the University of Essex. Section 2.4.3 shows that 46.8% of people in Wivenhoe Cross are economically inactive students. This student population could account for the low proportion of people that are self-employed in this ward.

37 Chart 11(a): Self employed people (all wards)

18.0 700

16.0 631 606 600 14.0 539 500 484 12.0 472 471 417 416 426 423 10.0 401 388 400 379 371 349 349 (%)

330 (No.) 8.0 318 281 282 292 290 303 300 6.0 205 200 165 4.0 142 114100 2.0 16.3 15.8 14.6 14.0 13.4 12.9 12.4 11.3 10.9 10.6 10.5 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.4 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.3 5.2 4.8 3.2 0.0 0

t e y y s r h e m ch ay a nd le ' u te ss ree ea en r u st o rc a fle t s e Te E a hn u oods ro e Stour er Q yland o tyg C ngha tanway Tiptre rks Lexden e n C ch t w drew's Py nd a M a Stanw Mile t J Harb e rub Endn e a sh Gr st Chu Do S re St Anne'sigh h o Great Tey d Wins st M ri er New TownP H S h m n e A enho B St A n a W ht h a Ch iv East ive h ig W rd am andirc L E W Fo h B d an Ded olt h rg Copforde and West S t B s e W

% of people in economically active population Number

Source: Table KS09AN, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

38 2.2 Employment deprivation (ID 2000) • Table 3 shows that, according to the Employment domain in the Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000), St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of ‘employment deprived’ people out of all wards in Colchester at 10.51%, and was sixth highest of all 284 wards in Essex. • Berechurch had the fewest ‘employment deprived’ people of all four ‘deprived’ wards, although it was still the fifth highest of all 27 wards in Colchester. • Castle also had a high score for employment deprivation (11.08%). In fact, it had the third highest proportion of ‘employment deprived’ people out of all 27 wards in Colchester.

Table 3: Employment deprivation * (ID 2000) Berechurch Harbour St Andrew’s St Anne’s Castle Score 10.51 11.10 17.04 10.94 11.08 (%) Essex Rank 52 41 6 45 50 (out of 284 wards) Colchester rank 521 43 (out of 27 wards) Source: Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Crown Copyright, 2002

Employment deprivation is one domain within the Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000). ‘Employment deprived’ are defined as those who want to work but are unable to do so through unemployment, sickness or disability. The domain measures forced exclusion from the world of work. This is seen as a separate deprivation from the income deprivation to which lack of employment may lead. The indicators in this domain constitute non-overlapping counts of those excluded from the labour market through unemployment, ill health or disability. (Source: Indices of Deprivation (2000), Regeneration Research Summary, Number 31, 2000).

The table above shows the proportion of people that are classified as being employment deprived. Additionally, the score for each ward is ranked in relation to the 284 wards in Essex and the 27 wards in Colchester, where the ward with a rank of 1 was the most deprived ward. 2.3 Unemployed people*

2.3.1 Unemployed people (as % people aged 16-74) • Graph 12 shows that, of all the wards in Colchester, St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of people that were Graph 12: Unemployed people unemployed (4.0%).

• This is well above the averages for Colchester (2.3%), 277 Essex (2.5%) and East of England (2.6%). 6 225 300 183 195 • All four of the ‘deprived’ wards have a higher level of 4 155 129 90 200 unemployment than the Colchester average, St 2 100 2.6 3.3 4.0 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.6 3.4 Andrew’s is the only ‘deprived’ ward where 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Church New Town End Shrub Colchester Essex East England unemployment is higher than the England average Christ (5.0%). St (%) (No.) • In proportional terms, New Town (3.3%) and Christ Church (2.9%) also had high levels of unemployed as % in population aged 16-74 Actual number people in their population aged 16-74. • In numerical terms, Shrub End had the third highest number of unemployed people of all 27 wards in Source: Table KS09HP, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 Colchester (195 people).

*Unemployed people are not in employment, but are available to start work in the next 2 weeks and have either looked for work in the last 4 weeks or are waiting to start a new job (2001 Census). 2.3.2 Young people and unemployment

a) Young people (aged 16-24) (as % unemployed population)

• Graph 13 shows that St Andrew’s had the highest Graph 13: People aged 16-24 in unemployed number of people aged 16 to 24 that were unemployed 98 population out of all wards in the borough (98 people). 40 69 19 32 24 100 44 37 50 57 • St Andrew’s also had the highest proportion of people 30 75 aged between 16 and 24 years in its unemployed population at 35.4%. 20 50 • This is far higher than the average for Colchester 10 25 28.428.7 35.4 27.3 30.7 29.2 31.7 32.030.8 26.9 26.3 26.0 25.7 (26.9%). 0 0 Berechurch Harbour St Anne's New Town End Shrub St John's Stanway Colchester Essex East England St Andrew's West Bergholt and Eight Ash Green • In fact, all four of the ‘deprived’ wards had a higher %) (

than average proportion of young people in their (No.) unemployed populations.

• St Anne’s had the lowest proportion at 27.3% out of the as % unemployed population aged 16-74 Actual number ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 11 out of all 27 wards in the borough. Source: Table KS09HP, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 • Numerically, however, St Anne’s had the second highest number of people aged 16 to 24 that were unemployed of the ‘deprived’ wards (50 people), which was fourth highest in the borough. • In proportional terms, Stanway had the second highest level of young people in their unemployed population (32.0%), St John’s had the third highest (31.7%) and West Bergholt had the fourth highest (30.8%). • In numerical terms, New Town had the second highest number of young people that were unemployed (69 people) and Shrub End had the third highest (57 people).

41 b) Unemployed young people (aged 16-24) • Graph 14 shows that Harbour had the highest Graph 14: Unemployed in population aged 16-24 proportion of people that were unemployed in the 98 population aged 16-24 out of all wards in Colchester. 10 69 100 8 37 50 57 44 26 14 24 75 • At 6.3%, this was well above the averages for 6 50 Colchester (3.8%) and Essex (4.8%), but only 4 2 25 slightly higher than the national average (5.7%). 4.3 6.3 5.1 4.7 5.5 5.5 4.2 4.0 5.2 3.8 4.8 4.8 5.7 0 0 • All four of the ‘deprived’ wards had a higher %) (

proportion of unemployed young people than the (No.) Colchester average. • In proportional terms, Christ Church (5.5%) Marks Tey (5.5%) and West Bergholt and Eight Ash Green (5.2%) had high proportions of unemployed people in % in population aged 16-24 Actual number their populations aged 16-24. Source: Table KS09HP, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

42 2.3.3 Unemployed older people (aged 50+) Graph 15: People aged 50+ in unemployed • Graph 15 shows that of the ‘deprived’ wards, St population Andrew’s had the lowest proportion of unemployed 29 people aged 50 and above (10.5%). 23 30 24 24 30

• Numerically, however, St Andrew’s had the second 20 20 highest number of unemployed people aged 50 and 10 10 above out of all wards in the borough (29 people). 15.517.8 10.5 13.1 17.8 21.3 20.8 18.6 0 0 • Harbour had the highest proportion of unemployed Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St %) (

people aged 50 and above (17.8%) out of the ‘deprived’ (No.) wards.

• This is identical to the borough average and below the % in unemployed population aged 16-74 Actual number England average of 18.6%. • Graph 15(a) overleaf shows that this is relatively low Source: Table KS09HP, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 compared to other wards in the borough, however, ranking just 16 out of 27. • In proportional terms, rural wards such as Dedham and Langham, Great Tey and Birch and Winstree had the highest levels of older people in their unemployed N.B. It was not possible to calculate the proportion of people populations at 40.6%, 31.9% and 35.4% respectively. that are unemployed in the older population as a whole (i.e. aged 50 and above) because the ONS age categories were • In numerical terms, however, Tiptree had more older incompatible with the ONS unemployment data categories. people that were unemployed than any other ward in Colchester. With 37 people, this is nearly three times the number in Dedham and Langham – the ward with the highest proportion of unemployed older people.

43 Grapg 15(a): Older people in unemployed population (aged 50+)

45 37 40

40 35

35 29 27 30 26 30 24 24 23 23 23 25 21 21 25 20 20 20 (%) 20 16 16 16 16 (No.) 14 13 13 15 15 11 9 9 8 8 10 10 4 3 5 5 40.6 39.1 35.4 31.8 29.6 28.1 25.6 25.0 24.5 24.2 21.9 21.0 18.3 18.2 18.1 17.8 17.8 17.4 17.2 15.5 14.6 14.3 13.1 11.6 10.5 8.6 8.2 0 0

e y y h e m ee et ay l e's nd Tey r e een our hn's End u E r ross rbour oods ast nst G St tygat C o le C eat i Tiptreeyefl Lexden tanwa i Ann ub r P h ret Stanwayt J M Ha t Church oe Q echurc Langha W s S t S s ghw St ew Town Andrew's hr G A P ri Marks Te Hi N S h enh Ber St and and West Mersea venhoe C ast Donyland h ght ham and i Wes E c d Wiv ir Ei W B nd For and edham d D or opf C Bergholt a est W

% in unemployed population number

Source: Table KS09HP, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

44 2.3.4 Long-term unemployed* • Graph 16 shows that Harbour had the lowest proportion of long-term unemployed people in its unemployed Graph 16: Long-term unemployed population of the ‘deprived’ wards, at 25.6%. This is in line with the average for Colchester (25%).

• St Andrew’s had the second highest proportion of 86 13 100 7 22 people that were classified as long-term unemployed 40 33 48 41 63 40 40.6 75 people in its unemployed population (25.8%) in 30 31.1 30.4 29.9 30.1 30.3 50 Colchester. In numerical terms, this amounts to some 90 20 25.8 25.6 26.2 28.0 25.1 26.5 27.1 people. 10 25 0 0 Berechurch Harbour St Andrew's St Anne's Great Tey Highwoods Lexden Town New Colchester Essex East England • In proportional terms, Dedham and Langham had the Dedham andLangham (%) highest level in Colchester of long-term unemployed (No.) people at 40.6%. However, it is worth pointing out that numerically this is just 13 people. % in unemployed population aged 16-74 Actual number • Other wards with high proportions of long-term unemployed people in their populations include Great Source: Table KS09HP, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 Tey (30.4%), Lexden (30.1%). • In numerical terms, New Town had the second highest number (63 people) and Highwoods had the fourth highest (41 people).

*A person was defined as ‘long term unemployed’ if the year they last worked was 1999 or earlier (2001 Census)

45 2.4 VAT registered enterprises

2.4.1 Total VAT registered enterprises • Graph 17 shows that Harbour had a total of 305 VAT registered enterprises. This was 7.1% of all VAT Graph 17: Number of VAT Registered Enterprises registered enterprises in the borough. 350 • In fact, of all 27 wards in Colchester, Harbour had the 300 second highest number of VAT registered enterprises. 250 • Interestingly, the remaining three ‘deprived’ wards were 200 at the opposite end of the scale. With just 35 VAT 150 registered enterprises, St Andrew’s had the fewest of all 100 50 the wards in Colchester. St Anne’s the second fewest 70 305 60 0 35

and Berechurch had the fourth fewest of all the wards in Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's

Colchester. St

• Castle ward had the highest level of VAT registered (No. ) enterprises in Colchester. With a total of 755, this accounts for 17.6% of all VAT registered enterprises in the borough. • This is not surprising since Castle is the ward that Inter-Departmental Business Register, Office for National Statistics, March 2000 includes the town centre.

46 2.4.2 Employment size-band Graph 18: VAT Registered Enterprises with 1-49 • Graph 18 shows that all VAT registered enterprises in employees four all of the ‘deprived’ wards were reasonably small, 350 with less than 50 employees. 300 250 • The only exception to this is in Harbour ward where 300 200 out of the total 305 VAT registered enterprises had less 150 than 50 employees. 100 50 70 300 60 35 • Graph 19 shows that the remaining five VAT registered 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's

enterprises in Harbour had between 50-249 employees. St

• Harbour ward was the only one of the ‘deprived’ wards (No.) that had VAT registered enterprises of this size-band. In fact, it was one of just six wards in the borough that had VAT registered enterprises of this size-band. Inter-Departmental Business Register, Office for National Statistics, March 2000

Graph 19: VAT Resgistered Enterprises with 50-249 employees 6 5 4 3 5 2 1 0 00 0 Andrew's St Anne's Harbour Berechurch St (No.)

Inter-Departmental Business Register, Office for National Statistics, March 2000

47 2.5 Economic Inactivity

2.5.1 Economically inactive* (aged 16-74) • Graph 20 shows that, according to the 2001 Census, St Andrew’s had the highest number of people that were Graph 20: Economically inactive economically inactive out of the four ‘deprived’ wards 2890 60 3000 (2,890 people). 1887 2042 50 1983 • Proportionally, it also had the second highest level of 1207 1398 1828 economically inactive people (42.2%). This is well 40 1086 2000 above the Colchester average of 31.3%. 30 • At 31.7%, St Anne’s also had a higher level of 20 1000 economically inactive people than the Colchester 10 30.0 30.542.2 31.7 36.5 34.7 37.3 57.7 31.3 31.2 30.8 33.1 average, ranking 8 in the borough. 0 0 Berechurch Harbour St Andrew's St Anne's Lexden Prettygate Mersea Wivenhoe Colchester Essex East England West Cross • In proportional terms, Wivenhoe Cross had the highest (%) level of economically inactive people out of all 27 Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 (No.) wards, at 57.7%. % in population aged 16-74 Actual number • Other wards which had higher than average proportions of economic inactivity in the borough Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 include West Mersea (37.3%), Lexden (36.5%) and Prettygate (34.7%). • In numerical terms, Wivenhoe Cross had the second highest level of economic inactivity (2,042 people) and Prettygate had the fourth highest (1,887 people).

* According to the 2001 Census, the ‘economically inactive’ population included people aged 16-74 that were retired, students (excluding those students who were working or in some other way were economically active), looking after family/ home, and permanently sick/ disabled. Additionally, a person who is looking for work but is not available to start work within two weeks is counted as economically inactive.

48 N.B. The fact that people are economically inactive does not necessarily mean that they are also socially excluded. Economic inactivity is a broad category that encompass’ a wide range of people. Although certain segments of the economically inactive population might experience greater ‘deprivation’, the social and economic circumstances of people within and between each of these categories can vary enormously.

Below is a more detailed analysis of economic inactivity in the four deprived wards. Economic inactivity data is cross-matched with other data to gain a more comprehensive picture of the characteristics of each ward.

2.5.2 Economically inactive retired people • Graph 21 shows that, at 11.8%, Harbour had the highest Graph 21: Economically inactive - proportion of economically inactive retired people aged retired people 16-74 out of the four ‘deprived’ wards. However, this 25.0 707 698 1000 20.0 593 ranked just 16 out of all wards in Colchester. 469 15.0 500 • Interestingly, Harbour also had the highest level of 10.0 5.0 11.2 14.6 14.0 11.7 11.8 8.7 12.6 13.5 people aged 65+ on means tested benefits of all 27 0.0 0 wards in the borough according to the Help the Aged Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St

Income Index 2003 (see Section 4.2). (%) (No.) • The proportion of economically inactive retired people aged 16-74 in Berechurch was very close to that of % in population aged 16-74 Actual number Harbour at 11.7%. • St Andrew’s had the lowest proportion of economically inactive retired people out of the ‘deprived’ wards at Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 8.7%, ranking 23 of the 27 wards in Colchester. • Although there were fewer economically inactive retired • Graph 21(a) overleaf shows that the highest levels of people in St Andrew’s, this had the third highest level of economically inactive retired people live in West Mersea people aged 65+ on means tested benefits in the (22.3%) and Prettygate (19.6%). borough according to the Help the Aged Income Index • Interestingly, according to the Help the Aged (2003) 2003 (see Section 4.2). Income Index for Older People, West Mersea and • All of the four ‘deprived’ wards fell below the Colchester Prettygate had the lowest proportions of people aged average of 12.6% for economically inactive retired 65+ on income related benefits out of all wards in people. Colchester.

49 Graph 21 (a): Economically inactive - retired in population 16-74

25.0 1200 1091 1063

1000 20.0 865 812 800 701 695 707 698 15.0 632 567 593 536 600 (%) 507 498 509 488 469 (No.) 440 10.0 388 357 400 288 274 291 236 206 224 5.0 157 200

22.3 19.6 18.4 18.2 17.2 16.1 15.6 15.4 14.7 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.5 12.2 12.1 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.2 11.0 9.5 8.7 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.3 0.0 0

t y y y r y d y d s s m n a a e ch n d sea tree w u r w's o os r p astle u E re r tygate Q at Te C b End C Lexden ngha Ti e rks Te arbour tanwach ile d u wo a Pyeflee Stan oe a H S re M n h Pret St John's h Gr e St Anne's A ig d L n M st t Shr H New Town n e B S West Me ve Christ Church ight Ash Gree East Donylan W Wi d E n Wivenhoe nd Birch andFordham Winstre and Stou a rd a Dedham a fo p holt o g C t Ber

Wes

% in population aged 16-74 No.

Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 50 2.5.3 Economically inactive students (in population aged 16-74) • Graph 22 shows that St Andrew’s had the second highest proportion of economically inactive students of Graph 22: Economically inactive students all wards in the borough at 13.9%. This is well above the 1656 Colchester average of 5.6%. 50 2000

• The level of economically inactive students in St 40 1500 Andrew’s is not surprising since it is situated adjacent to 30 950 Wivenhoe Cross ward, where the University of Essex is 493 1000 156 110 308 313 located. 20 278 500 10 5.6 13.9 • Berechurch had the lowest proportion of economically 2.6 2.87.3 46.8 3.0 3.6 4.7 0 4.9 5.9 7.5 0 inactive students out of the ‘deprived’ wards at 2.6%, Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Castle New Town Wivenhow Wivenhow Colchester Essex East England Cross Quay ranking 23 out of all 27 wards in the borough. St (%)

Geographically, this is also furthest from the University (No.) of the four ‘deprived’ wards. % in population aged 16-74 Actual number • In proportional terms, Wivenhoe Cross had, by far, the highest proportion of economically inactive students at Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 46.8%. As noted above, this is to be expected since the University of Essex is located in Wivenhoe Cross. • Other wards that had high proportions of economically inactive students include Wivenhoe Quay, which had the third highest (7.5%), and New Town, which had the fourth highest (7.3%). • In numerical terms, the third and fourth highest numbers of economically inactive students in the borough were located in New Town (493 people) and Castle (313 people).

51 2.5.4 Economically inactive looking after the home/family (as % population aged 16-74) • Graph 23 shows that in 2001, St Andrew’s had the Graph 23: Economically inactive people looking after highest number of people aged 16-74 that were the home/family economically inactive and looking after the home or 20 600 family (566 people) 438 588 16 425 500 • At 8.3%, this was jointly the second highest in the 384 566 309 400 borough in proportional terms. 12 285 177 300 • This was well above the Colchester average of 6.5%. It 8 was also higher than the averages for Essex (7.2%) and 200 England (6.5%). 4 100 6.47.2 8.3 7.0 8.5 8.3 7.6 8.2 6.5 7.2 6.7 6.5 0 0 Berechurch Harbour St Andrew's St Anne's and Stour Highwoods Shrub End Colchester Essex East England Dedham and • In fact, of the four ‘deprived’ wards, Berechurch was the Fordham Langham only ward where the proportion of people that were (%) economically inactive looking after the home or family (No.) fell below the Colchester average. % in population aged 16-74 Actual number • In proportional terms, other wards with high levels of economically inactive people looking after the Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 home/family include Dedham and Langham (8.5%), Fordham and Stour (8.3%) and Shrub End (8.2%). • In numerical terms, other wards with higher numbers of economically inactive people looking after the home/family include Shrub End (588 people) and Highwoods (425 people).

52 2.5.5 Economically inactive people that were permanently sick/disabled • Graph 24 shows that of all the wards in Colchester, St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of people who were Graph 24: Economically inactive - permanently permanently sick or disabled (8.1%). sick/disabled 557 • This is almost double the Colchester average of 4.3%. 20 600 16 500 • Numerically, there are also far more people that are 359 331 400 economically active permanently sick or disabled in St 12 273 213 300 (No.) Andrew’s than in the other wards, at 557 people. (%) 8 200 • The proportions of people that are permanently sick or 4 100 disabled are above the averages for Colchester (4.3%), 5.5 5.48.1 5.8 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.9 5.3 Essex (4.0%), East of England (3.9%) and England 0 0 (5.3%). • Of the four deprived wards, the lowest level of economic inactivity due to people being permanently sick or % in population aged 16-74 Actual number disabled was in Harbour at 5.4%. However, it is interesting to note that this was the fourth highest of all Source: Table UV28, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 wards in Colchester. • In numerical terms, New Town had the fourth highest number of people that are being permanently sick or disabled in the borough.

53 2.6 Approximated social grade*

2.6.1: Higher and intermediate: managerial/administrative/professional • Graph 25 shows that in all four of the ‘deprived’ wards, the proportion of people in households graded in the Graph 25: Approximate social grade: Higher and ‘Higher and Intermediate: Managerial / Administrative / intermediate managerial/administrative/professional Professional’ social grade category was below the Colchester average of 24.6%. 1,255 25 1198 1500 20 944 734 763 • With the exception of New Town, the ‘deprived’ wards 15 1000 ranked lowest in Colchester for the proportions of people 10 500 in this social grade. 5 15.3 16.9 10.7 18.6 18.2 24.6 23.5 23.5 22.2 0 0 • St Andrew’s had the lowest proportion of people in this Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town Colchester Essex East England St (%)

social grade category of all 27 wards in Colchester (No.) (10.7%). • St Anne’s had the highest proportion of people in this % population aged 16+ in households Actual number social grade category of the ‘deprived’ wards (18.6%), yet was still the sixth lowest of all 27 wards in Colchester. Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 • In proportional terms, New Town had the fourth lowest level of people in this social grade category (18.2%). • Graph 25(a) overleaf shows that, in numerical terms, the lowest levels of people in this social grade category included East Donyland (359 people), Wivenhoe Cross (456 people), Copford and West Stanway (484 people) * Approximated Social Grade is the socio-economic and Marks Tey (515 people). classification used by the Market Research and Marketing Industries. This has been approximated from information collected by the 2001 Census.

54 Graph 25(a): Approximated social grade - higher and intermediate manegerial/administrative/professional

4500% 2000 1780 4000% 1678 1800 1593 1523 1493 1600 3500% 138913831378 13131304 1400 1255124312281219 3000% 119811801159 1200 2500% 944 1000 (%) 2000% 763 742 734 (No.) 688 800 1500% 558 515 484 456 600 359 1000% 400

500% 200 30.9 35.1 26.1 25.2 25.3 23.9 32.5 19.3 40.3 31.9 18.6 20.5 29.2 31.6 18.2 29.6 28.9 15.3 10.7 31.7 16.9 31.6 28.5 24.9 33.8 23.9 19.3 0% 0

nd ay ch 's uay n's ree am leet and oods E astle End bour Tey Tey l e hur Q nne's ptree oh Town Stour s Cross il anw C Lexdenub C A Ti J inst drew ar ny hw St t t n H reat Pyef o M rettygate s St S W nd Langh Stanway Hig P Shr i New a G Mark t D hr BerechurchSt A est s venhoe and West Mersea C i am and W Ea W rch Wivenhoe Bi Fordh and edham D

ergholt and Eight Ash Green Copford B t

Wes

% population aged 16+ in households No.

Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 55 2.6.2: Supervisory, Clerical, Junior Managerial, Administrative, Professional • Graph 26 shows that, of the four ‘deprived’ wards, St Anne’s had the highest proportion of people in the Graph 26: Approximate social grade: ‘Supervisory, Clerical, Junior Managerial, Administrative, Supervisory/ clerical/ junior managerial/ Professional’ social grade category (30.2%). However, administrative/ professional this was sixth lowest of all 27 wards in the borough. 40 2,040 2,500 30 1,514 1,224 1,539 2,000 1,500 • The proportion of people in Harbour in this social grade 20 1,000 category was only slightly lower (28.2%). 10 24.6 28.2 21.5 30.2 30.8 31.8 30.4 29.7 500 0 0 • In fact, the proportions of people in this social grade Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St

category in St Anne’s and Harbour were not far below (%)

the average for Colchester (30.8%) and the proportion in (No.) St Anne’s was higher than the England average of 29.7%. % population aged 16+ in households Actual number • Graph 26(a) overleaf shows that St Andrew’s had the lowest proportion in this social grade of all wards in the borough (21.5%) and Berechurch had the second lowest Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 (24.6%). • In proportional terms, Shrub End had the third lowest proportion of people in this social grade category of all 27 wards in the borough (24.8%) and East Donyland had the fourth lowest (25.9%). • In numerical terms, Copford and West Stanway and East Donlyland had the joint lowest number of people in this social grade category (482 people), Wivenhoe Cross had the third lowest (604 people) and Pyefleet had the fourth lowest (684 people).

56 Graph 26 (a): Approximated social grade: Supervisory, clerical/ junior management/administrative/professional

40.0 2500 2165 35.0 2038 2026 2040 1996 1952 1840 1878 2000 30.0 1773 1553 15141539 25.0 1394 1374 1500 1294 1272 1273 1198 1224 20.0 1108 (%) (No.) 760 1000 15.0 789 684 719 604 10.0 482 482 500 5.0 36.8 35.1 35.0 34.3 34.0 33.7 33.6 33.1 32.9 32.8 32.7 32.7 32.5 32.5 32.3 32.0 31.7 31.6 31.1 31.1 30.9 30.2 28.2 25.9 24.8 24.6 21.5 0.0 0

t e y d d h ey ea e l ch m ay ey en nd ur ds n n c T s fle r a w T d hn's E to way o w's e h o n o nne's rbour yla E ur e er Cast hu g an at tygate S w Cross a n b h dr rks M C t e Lex d ta Tiptree A Py an t J Mile n S H o rec n st st L t S Gr S igh sh Green hoe Qua St D hru Ma e ri d s New Town Pret a H A n S n m nhoe st Be St A W Ch a ht e a a We h g E m rd Wiv Wive ha d Fo Birch and Winstree e D rgholt and Ei Copford and e

est B W

% population aged 16+ in households No.

Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 57 2.6.3: Skilled Manual Workers • Graph 27 shows that of the four ‘deprived’ wards Berechurch had the highest proportion of people in the Graph 27: Approximate social grade: ‘Skilled Manual Workers’ social grade category, at Skilled manual workers 19.4%. This was third highest of all wards in the borough. 1,188 2,021 2,500 • However, this was not much higher than the level of 30 1,279 1,196 405 2,000 people in this category in the other four ‘deprived’ wards. 779 1,161 20 1,500 • In fact, the proportion of people in this social grade 1,000 10 category in all four ‘deprived’ wards are fairly level. All of 500 which are above the averages for Colchester (15.7%) 19.4 17.9 17.9 17.6 21.8 28.3 19.1 15.7 15.1 15.6 15.1 0 0 and England (15.1%). Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Donyland End Shrub Tiptree Colchester Essex East England East St (%) • In proportional terms, Shrub End had by far the highest (No.) proportion of people in this category, at 28.3%. East Donyland had the second highest level at 21.8% and % population aged 16+ in households Actual number Tiptree had fourth highest at 19.1%. • In numerical terms, Shrub End had the highest number Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 of people in this category (2,021 people).

58 2.6.4: Semi - Skilled and Unskilled Manual Workers • Graph 28 shows that, at 30.4%, the proportion of people in St Andrew’s in the ‘Semi - Skilled and Unskilled Graph 28: Approximate social grade: Manual Workers’ social grade category was almost Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers double the Colchester average of 30.4%. • This was well above the averages in the other three 2,175 2,500 30 1,496 1,332 ‘deprived’ wards. 884 1,315 2,000 1,500 • Of these, St Anne’s had the lowest proportion of people 20 1,000 in this category at 19.7%. However, this was still fifth 10 500 highest of all 27 wards in Colchester. 24.3 20.3 30.4 19.7 20.0 15.3 14.6 15.5 17.0 0 0 • In proportional terms, New Town ward had the third Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town Colchester Essex East England St (%) highest level of people in ‘semi-skilled and unskilled (No.) manual workers’ households (20.0%).

• In numerical terms, New Town ward had the fourth % population aged 16+ in households Actual number highest number of people in ‘semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers’ households (1,332 people). Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

59 2.6.5: On State Benefit, Unemployed, Lowest Grade Workers • Graph 29 shows that, at 19.6%, St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of people in the ‘On State Benefit, Graph 29: Approximate social grade: Unemployed, Lowest Grade Workers’ social grade On state benefit, unemployed, lowest grade workers category of all 27 wards in the borough. • St Anne’s had a much smaller proportion in this 1,404 1,500 1025 1027 category, at just 13.8%. This is slightly higher than the 30 1,009 934 Colchester average of 13.6%. 727 1,000 20 • The proportions in Harbour and Berechurch were in between the levels of St Andrew’s and St Anne’s, both 10 500 with some 16%, ranking 4 and 5 overall in the borough. 16.4 16.7 19.6 13.8 16.8 17.7 13.6 15.0 15.0 16.0 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Prettygate Mersea Colchester Essex East England This was equal to the England average of 16%. West St (%) • In proportional and numerical terms, West Mersea had (No.) the second highest level of people in this category (17.7% or 1,027 people) and Prettygate had the third % population aged 16+ in households Actual number highest (16.8% or 1,025 people).

Source: Table UV50, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

60 3. EDUCATION, SKILLS AND TRAINING

61 3. EDUCATION, SKILLS AND TRAINING

3.1 Students 3.1.1 Students (aged 16-17) • Graph 30 shows that St Andrew’s had the lowest proportion of students in the population aged 16-17 out Graph 30:Students (aged 16-17) of all wards in Colchester (61.0%). Numerically, however, it had the third highest number 145 112 166 173 • 80 119 200 of students in this age group in the borough (166 60 150 people). 40 100 • Similarly, St Anne’s had the second highest number of 20 50 66.2 70.0 61.0 71.5 63.0 77.1 76.9 78.1 77.6 students aged 16-17 (173 people), but proportionally it 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town Colchester Essex East England

ranked just 23 out of all 27 wards with 71.5%. St (%) (No.) • The proportion of students in all four of the ‘deprived’ wards fell below the Colchester average for students in this age group (77.1%). % in population aged 16-17 Actual number • In fact, Graph 30(a) overleaf shows that the proportions of students in this age group in all four of Source: Table KS103N, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 the ‘deprived’ wards were amongst the lowest of all wards in Colchester. • In numerical terms, Graph 28(a) shows that the there are smaller numbers of students aged 16-17 in rural • In proportional terms, New Town was the only ward wards such as Pyfleet (41 people), Copford and West that had a smaller proportion of students than any of Stanway (43 people), Dedham and Langham (46 the four ‘deprived’ wards (63.0%). In fact, it was people) and Wivenhoe Cross (48 people). second lowest in the borough.

62 Graph 30 (a): Students aged 16-17 (all wards)

100 185 200 173 90 166 180 160 159 152 80 145 160 70 140 121 123 119 116 115 112 60 107 111 120 101 105 105 50 91 92 100 (%) (No.) 40 80 59 51 52 30 48 46 60 43 41 20 40

10 20 92.3 91.7 88.6 88.5 88.3 85.6 85.3 84.5 84.3 83.9 82.1 82.0 81.6 81.0 80.4 80.0 78.8 77.2 76.6 74.9 73.5 72.6 71.5 70.0 66.2 63.0 61.0 0 0

s e e n s ch n ay ur en et l ee tree to d way e and r rch Tey t Tey pt bour rew's gham tygat S Cast hu Tow John's anw Lex tan ks yefl ea Ti ar Mile End et St S ar P H w St st Chur and Gr ighwoods St Anne's i Pr M H Shrub End Ne hr est Berec St And C and Wins ivenhoe Quay West Mersea h W East Donyl Wivenhoe Cro d dham W irc or ham and Lan B F ed D ford an op rgholt and Eight Ash CGree

West Be

As % of population aged 16-17 Actual number

Source: Table KS103N, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

63 3.1.2 Students (aged 18-74) • Graph 31 shows that St Andrew’s had the second highest number of students aged 18-74 of all wards in Graph 31:Students (aged 18-74) Colchester (1,063 people). • Proportionally, this was also second highest in the 1,063 borough at 16.2%. This was well above the 20 1,500 15 Colchester average of 5.9%. 1,000 10 307 127 87 500 • Berechurch had the lowest proportion of students in 5 this age group of all four ‘deprived’ wards (2.2%), 2.2 2.3 16.2 5.1 5.9 2.5 3.2 4.5 0 0 ranking 20 overall in the borough. Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Colchester Essex East England St (%) (No.) • Graph 29(a) shows that in proportional and numerical terms, Wivenhoe Cross had the highest level of students aged 18-74. With 1,063 students, this was % in population aged 18-74 Actual number 56.9% of the population. • In proportional terms, other wards with higher levels of Source: Table KS103N, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 students aged 18-74 included Wivenhoe Quay (8.7%) and New Town (8.3%). • In numerical terms, other wards with higher levels of students aged 18-74 included New Town (543 people) and Castle (334 people).

64 Graph 31 (a): Students aged 18-74 (all wards)

60 2500

50 1982 2000

40 1500

30

(%) 1063 (No.) 1000 20 543 334 314 307 500 10 167 153 158 127 101 72 70 103 129 103 138 115 125 87 41 68 45 41 32 45 44 56.9 16.2 8.7 8.3 6.4 5.7 5.1 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 0

n e a n ch en nd rch e ur oss ew's d and E s o tree tree r Tow oods ygat s Tey hu gham er t Tey St p Castle Anne's t ile End k tanway ub Ti Lex et Pyefleet onyl Harbour ec M ea And ighw St John'sr M D ar S Lan New ist ChurSt P M Shr er Gr and St hr H B est C and W and Wins East West Stanway h Wivenhoe Cr Wivenhoe Quay d dham or Eight Ashirc Gree F B edham and D t Copford an rghol

West Be

as % of population aged 18-74 Actual number

Source: Table KS103N, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002

65 3.2 Basic skills

3.2.1: Literacy skills • Graph 32 shows that St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of people aged 16-60 with poor literacy skills. Graph 32: Population with poor literacy skills This represented over one third of the total population at (aged 16-60) 34.1% and was the highest of all 27 wards in Colchester. 40 1,787 1,412 2,500 • This was well above the Colchester average of 20.8%. 30 1,206 1,239 1,442 2,000 1,500 20 392 • Berechurch had the lowest proportion of people with 1,000 poor literacy skills of the ‘deprived’ wards (24.9%), 10 500 24.9 25.134.1 30.2 27.0 16.9 20.8 21.7 24.0 0 0

although this is above the Colchester average. Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Donyland Mile End Colchester Essex England East St (%) • In proportional terms, East Donyland had the third (No.) highest level of people with poor literacy skills in the borough, although this amounted to just 392 people numerically. % in population aged 16-60 Actual number • In numerical terms, Mile End had the second highest level of people with poor literacy skills out of all 27 wards Source: The Basic Skills Agency, 1997 © Copyright 2001 in the borough (1,442 people), although proportionally this was well below the Colchester average (16.9%).

66 3.2.2: Numeracy skills • Graph 33 shows that levels of the population aged 16- 60 with poor numeracy skills in the four ‘deprived’ wards follow a similar general pattern to that of literacy Graph 33: Population with poor numeracy skills skills. (aged 16-60)

• Again, the levels of people with poor numeracy skills in 50 2,065 2,500 all four of the ‘deprived’ wards were above the 40 1,512 2,000 1,291 1,274 1,299 Colchester average of 20.6%. 30 1,500 20 440 1,000 • St Andrew’s had the highest level of people with poor 10 500 26.7 25.8 39.4 32.3 30.3 15.3 20.6 21.2 24.0 numeracy skills in the borough at 39.4% (2065 people) 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Donyland Mile End Colchester Essex England East

and St Anne’s had the second highest, at 32.3% (1512 St (%) people). (No.) • In proportional terms, East Donyland was third highest proportion in the borough, with 30.3% of people in the % in population aged 16-60 Actual number poor numeracy skills category. Numerically, however, it was just 440 people. Source: The Basic Skills Agency, 1997 © Copyright 2001 • In numerical terms, Mile End had the third highest number of people with poor numeracy skills in the borough (1299 people). As a proportion of the population however, this was just 15.3% of the population.

67 3.3 Qualifications

3.3.1: People with no qualifications • Graph 34 shows that all four of the ‘deprived’ wards had higher than average levels of people aged 16-74 with no Graph 34: People with no qualifications qualifications in 2001.

2,503 • In all of these wards, the proportions of people in the 50 2,085 3,500 1,251 1,793 40 1,948 3,000 population with no qualifications were well above the 2,500 Colchester average of 25%. 30 2,000 20 1,500 1,000 • St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of people with no 10 34.6 31.636.5 31.2 32.3 25.0 28.7 27.9 28.9 500 0 0

qualifications (36.5%). This was more than 10% above Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Tiptree Colchester Essex East England St

the Colchester average of people with no qualifications. (%) (No.) • Berechurch had the second highest proportion of people with no qualifications in Colchester, while Harbour and St Anne’s ranked 4 and 5. % in population aged 16-74 Actual number • Numerically, however, Harbour had significantly less people in this category than the other ‘deprived’ wards Source: Table KS13P, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 (1,251 people) and ranked 9 out of 27 wards. • In proportional terms, Tiptree had the third highest proportion of people with no qualifications (32.3%) and numerically it had the fourth highest level (1,793 people).

68 3.3.2: People with 5 or more GCSEs or equivalent (including higher level qualifications) • Graph 35 shows that Berechurch had the lowest proportion of people aged 16-74 with 5 or more GCSEs Graph 35: People with 5+ qualifiactions (including or equivalent qualifications out of all wards in Colchester higher level qualifiactions) (35.8%). 2,659 2,577 • All of the four ‘deprived’ wards were below the averages 50 2,159 1,517 2,077 3,500 40 3,000 for Colchester (50%) and England (47.6%). 2,500 30 2,000 20 1,500 • St Anne’s had the highest proportion of people with 5 or 1,000 10 more GCSEs or equivalent qualifications (including 35.8 38.3 38.8 41.3 37.4 50.0 44.5 46.6 47.6 500 0 0 higher level qualifications) of the ‘deprived’ wards Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Tiptree Colchester Essex East England St (%) (41.3%). However, this ranked just 23 of all 27 wards in (No.) the borough. • St Andrew’s had the second highest proportion of the % in population aged 16-74 Actual number ‘deprived’ wards (38.8%). This may be higher than might be expected for a ward with the overall level of deprivation experienced by St Andrew’s because of the Source: Table KS13P, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 high proportion of students that live in St Andrew’s (see Section 3.1.2). Although it is worth noting that this still ranked just 24 of all 27 wards in the borough. • In proportional terms, Tiptree had the second lowest proportion of people with this level of qualification in the borough at 37.4%. In numerical terms, Tiptree had the fourth lowest level.

69 3.3.3: Primary school Key Stage 2 scores of level 4+ • Graph 36 shows that in 1998, St Andrew’s had the lowest proportion of primary school pupils entered for Graph 36: Primary school pupils who gained Key Key Stage 2 gaining scored of level 4 or above of all Stage 2 scores of level 4 and above wards in Colchester (42.3%). 155 145 125 60 200 • Harbour had the highest proportion of primary school 110 25 150 pupils who gained Key Stage 2 scores of level 4 and 40 above of the ‘deprived’ wards (59.2%). However, this 45.5 100 20 50 ranked just 23 of all 27 wards in the borough. 55.4 59.2 42.3 54.3 0 0 • In proportional terms, East Donyland had the second Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Donlyland East St (%) lowest proportion in the borough at 45.5% and in (No.) numerical terms it had the lowest actual number at just 25 pupils. % primary school pupils at Key Stage 2 Actual number • Graph 36(a) overleaf shows that, in numerical terms, Great Tey had the second lowest number of primary school pupils entered at Key Stage 2 that gained scores Source: Primary school pupils at Key Stage 2, summer 1998, Oxford University. of level 4 and above (30 pupils), Fordham had the third lowest (35 pupils) and Great and Little Tey had the fourth lowest (40 pupils).

70 Graph 36 (a): Primary school pupils who gained Key Stage 2 scores of at least 4 and above (1998)

90 300

80 240 250 70 215 210 195 200 195 60 185 200 170 50 150 155 145 140 145 130 150 (%) 125 125 40 (No.) 105 110 90 30 80 100

20 50 55 50 40 35 50 30 25 10 83.3 78.6 78.4 77.8 77.8 77.4 76.9 75.0 72.7 72.3 72.2 72.2 69.8 69.6 69.4 69.0 67.7 67.6 66.1 64.3 63.8 62.7 59.2 55.4 54.3 45.5 42.3 0 0

e rd e n 's eet ey nd ree ree ch l T reen End Tey and ew dham ygat t e E pt t Castle opfo l G inst Ti Tow ub tanway Anne's et Pyef rea C ivenho Lexden Harbourechur . De Fordham Mi W ew hr S t Donyl St. Mary's Pr G W N S Marks St. John's er S and B St. Andr West Mersea East Little Horkesleyng d Eight Ash an Boxted and Langham t ch/Messi Great and ir B ghol er t B es W

% school pupils No.

Source: Primary school pupils at Key Stage 2, summer 1998, Oxford University.

71 3.4: Education, skills and training deprivation (ID2000) • Table 4 below shows that according to the Education, Skills and Training domain in the Index of Multiple Deprivation (ID2000), St Andrew’s was the most deprived of all wards in Colchester. • In fact, St Andrew’s had the fifth highest level of education, skills and training deprivation of 284 wards in Essex. It also ranked 90 out of 8,414 wards in England. • Berechurch was second most deprived in Colchester, with a county ranking of 33. • Harbour had the lowest ranking out of the ‘deprived’ wards – although it ranked just fourth most deprived in the borough, nationally it ranked 1,151.

Table 4: Education, skills and training deprivation (ID2000) Berechurch Harbour St St Anne’s Andrew’s England Rank 907 1,151 90 914 (out of 8,414 wards) Essex Rank 33 47 5 36 (out of 284 wards) Colchester Rank 2413 (out of 27 wards) Source: Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Crown Copyright, 2002

Education, skills and training deprivation is one domain within the Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000). This table shows the ranking of each of the four ‘deprived’ wards on this domain in relation to the 8,414 wards in England and in relation to the 27 wards in Colchester, where the ward with rank of 1 was the most ‘deprived’ ward.

72 4. INCOME AND BENEFITS

73 4. INCOME AND BENEFITS

4.1: Household income • Graph 37 shows that in 2002, Harbour ward had the highest average income of the four ‘deprived’ wards at £18,531. However, this was the fifth lowest of all 27 Graph 37: Average Gross Income (£) - excluding wards in Colchester. benefits (including zero income households) • In fact, the average incomes in all four of the ‘deprived’ wards were well below the Colchester average of 30,000 £24,065, and even further below the regional average 25,000 of £27,000. 20,000 15,000 • St Andrew’s had the lowest average income of all 27 Income (£) 17,10918,531 13,574 17,655 17,906 24,065 27,000 22,500 wards in Colchester, at £13,574. This is some £3,500 10,000 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Wivenhoe Colchester East England Cross

less than the average for Berechurch, the ward that St came closest in terms of earnings. • Wivenhoe Cross had the fourth lowest average level of income of the 27 wards in the borough (£17,906). However, it is worth noting that almost half of the population (aged 16-74) in Wivenhoe Cross (46.8%) Source: Housing Needs Survey, Colchester Borough Council, 2002 were economically inactive students (see Section 2.5.3), which could account for the low income level in this area.

74 4.2: Income Index for older people* (2003) • Table 5 shows that, at 55.3%, St Andrews had the highest proportion of older people (aged 65 and above) on income related benefits of all 27 wards in Colchester. This was more than double the Colchester average (24.5%). • Berechurch had the lowest proportion of claimants out of the ‘deprived’ wards (32.7%), ranking 7 out of all 27 wards in the borough. • The proportion of older people on income related benefits was higher in all four of the ‘deprived’ wards, however, than the averages for Colchester (24.5%), the East (26.8%) and England (30.5%). • Shrub End also had a high rate of older people on income related benefits (43.1%). This was second highest in the borough.

Table 5: Rates for older people on income related benefits Berechurch Harbour St St Shrub Colchester East England Andrew’s Anne’s End Score 32.7 35.5 56.3 38.7 43.1 24.5 26.8 30.5 (% population aged 65+) Colchester Rank 74132 --- (out of 27 wards)

Source: Help the Aged Income Index for Older People (2003)

*The Income Index for Older People shows the rate of older people living on income related benefits. These are people aged 65 or over, who are either a recipient or the partner of a recipient of Income Support or Housing/Council Tax Benefit. The denominator for this group is the total population aged 65 and above.

75 4.3: Income Deprivation* • Table 6 shows that St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of people on a low income of all 284 wards in Essex. • With 40% of households on means-tested benefits, this is well above the proportion in the remaining ‘deprived’ wards in Colchester. St Anne’s had the second highest (26.3%). • However, all four ‘deprived’ wards ranked within the four most income deprived out of all 27 wards in Colchester.

Table 6: Income Deprivation Index* (ID 2000) Berechurch Harbour St St Andrew’s Anne’s Score 24.0 23.3 40.0 26.3 (as % population) Essex Rank 31 36 1 22 (out of 284 wards) Colchester Rank 3412 (out of 27 wards) Source: Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Crown Copyright, 2002

*The income deprivation domain of the index of multiple deprivation (2000) represents the proportion of households on a low income (i.e. receiving income means tested benefits). The table above shows the ranking of each of the four ‘deprived’ wards on this domain in relation to the 8,414 wards in England and in relation to the 27 wards in Colchester, where the ward with rank of 1 was the most ‘deprived’ ward.

76 4.4 Child poverty* • Table 7 below shows that St Andrew’s had the highest level of child poverty out of all 27 wards in Colchester. In fact, at 60.5% of the households with children on means-tested benefits, it has the highest level of child poverty out of all wards in Essex. • St Anne’s had the lowest level of child poverty out of the ‘deprived’ wards – but was still high for Colchester – ranking 5 out of 27. • Castle also had high levels of child poverty, at 41.8%, ranking 4 out of 27.

Table 7: Child Poverty Index* (ID 2000)

Berechurch Harbour St St Andrew’s Anne’s Score 44.0 41.9 60.5 41.7 (as % population) Essex Rank 16 18 1 20 (out of 284 wards) Colchester Rank 2315 (out of 27 wards) Source: Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Crown Copyright, 2002

*The child poverty domain of the index of multiple deprivation represents the proportion of households with children (aged under 16) that are in low income families (i.e. households in receipt of means-tested benefits). This is a sub-set of the income domain and was constructed by combining the indicators within the income domain for children under 16 only. The table above shows the ranking of each of the four ‘deprived’ wards on this domain in relation to the 8,414 wards in England and in relation to the 27 wards in Colchester, where the ward with rank of 1 was the most ‘deprived’ ward.

77 4.5 Income Support* claimants • Graph 38 shows that in 2002, St Andrew’s was the ward with the highest level of income support claimants with a Graph 38: Income support claimants total of 960 claimants.

• At 10.9% of the population aged 16 and above, this is 960 more than double the Colchester average (4.6%). It was 15 630 1,000 445 also higher than the average for England (6.3%), as 12 525 560 750 were the proportion of Income Support claimants in all 9 500 four of the ‘deprived’ wards. 6 3 250 6.3 8.4 10.9 7.0 6.7 4.6 4.5 6.3 • Berechurch had the lowest proportion of Income Support 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town Colchester East England

claimants of the four ‘deprived’ wards (6.3%). St (%)

• Harbour had the lowest number of Income Support (No.) claimants out of the ‘deprived’ wards (445 claimants). % population aged 16+ Actual number Proportionally, however, it had the second highest level of claimants of all 27 wards in the borough. Source: Department for Work and Pensions, August 2002 • In proportional and numerical terms, New Town had the third highest level of income support claimants out of all wards in Colchester. With 560 claimants, this was 6.7% of the population aged 16 and above.

*Income Support is a benefit claimed by people with a low income or no income who are not in full time work (under 16 hours a week). It is not paid to unemployed people who are available for and actively seeking work. They are able to claim Jobseeker’s Allowance. The groups of people who can claim Income Support are people who are unfit for work, lone parents, carers and some others. It was replaced in 2003 by Pension Credit for people who are 60 or over.

78 4.5.1: Lone parents claiming Income Support • Graph 39 shows that in 2002, St Andrew’s had the highest number of lone parents claiming Income Graph 39: Lone parents claiming Income Support Support out of all 27 wards in Colchester (315 claimants). 315 • It also had the highest proportion in its population aged 5 350 115 16-59, at 4.9%. This is well above the averages for 4 145 300 135 160 165 250 Colchester (1.8%), the East of England (1.9%) and 3 120 200 England (2.5%). 2 150 100 1 2.7 3.4 4.9 2.7 2.9 2.7 4.1 1.8 1.9 2.5 50 • Of the four ‘deprived’ wards, Berechurch and St Anne’s 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Highwoods New Town End Shrub Colchester East England

jointly had the lowest proportions of lone parent St (%) claimants at 2.7%. (No.) • Proportionally, Harbour had the second highest level of % in population aged 16-59 Actual number Source: loneDepartment parent for Work claimants and Pensions, inAugust the 2002 borough (3.4%), yet it ranked just 7 out of all 27 wards for the actual number of claimants (115 claimants). Source: Department for Work and Pensions, August 2002 • In proportional terms, Shrub End had the second highest proportion of lone parents claiming Income Support of all 27 wards in Colchester at 4.1%. • In numerical terms, New Town had the second highest number of lone parent Income Support claimants (165 claimants) and Highwoods had the fourth highest number (145 claimants).

79 4.5.2: Income support claimants with a disability Graph 40: Income Support claimants with a disability • Graph 40 shows that in 2002, St Andrew’s ranked highest of all 27 wards in Colchester for the number of 275 people with a disability claiming income support (275 5 300 180 250 claimants). 4 160 130 190 200 3 120 • It also had the proportionally highest level of people with 150 (%) 2 (No.) a disability claiming income support (4.3%). 100 1 50 3.23.9 4.3 3.1 3.1 4.1 2.4 2.1 3.1 • This was much higher than the averages for Colchester 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town End Shrub Colchester East England

(2.4%) and Essex (2.1%). St • The proportions in the remaining three ‘deprived’ wards are also higher than the Colchester and Essex % in population aged 16-59 Actual number averages.

• Of these wards, St Anne’s had the lowest proportion, at Source: Department for Work and Pensions, August 2002 3.1%. • In proportional terms, Shrub End had the second highest proportion of Income Support claimants with a disability of all 27 wards in Colchester (4.1%), but ranked just 8 for the actual number. • In numerical terms, New Town had the second highest number of people with a disability claiming income support out of all 27 wards in the borough.

80 4.6: Working Family Tax Credit* claimants • Graph 41 shows that in 2000, St Andrew’s had the highest level of Working Family Tax Credit claimants Graph 41: Working Family Tax Credit claimants out of the 27 wards in Colchester. With 280 claimants, (2000) this was 5.7% of the population aged 16-59. 280 • Interestingly, in contrast to the number of people 6 245 235 300 claiming Income Support, there was a higher number 195 185 190 of Working Family Tax Credit claimants in Berechurch 4 200 60 (which ranked 4) than in St Anne’s (which ranked 5) 2 100 and Harbour (which ranked 6). 3.9 3.75.7 4.5 4.3 2.5 5.4 2.6 2.1 2.3 3.0 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Donyland Mile End End Shrub Colchester Essex East England East

• Proportionally, Berechurch had fewer Working Family St Tax Credit claimants than St Anne’s, at 3.9% (%) (No.) compared to 4.5%. % in population aged 16-59 Actual number • All four ‘deprived’ wards had a greater proportion of Working Family Tax Credit claimants than the averages for Colchester (2.6%), Essex (2.1%) or Source: Department for Work and Pensions, August 2000 England (3.0%). • In proportional terms, Shrub End had the second highest proportion of Working Family Tax Credit claimants in the borough (5.4%) and East Donyland had the fourth highest (4.3%). • In numerical terms, Mile End had the second highest level of Working Family Tax Credit claimants, although proportionally, it ranked just 9.

*Working Families Tax Credit was a benefit claimed by workers on a low income who were responsible for children. It topped up wages for people working 16 hours or more a week (savings limits applied). This benefit came into effect from 1999 onwards (replacing Family Credit) but was replaced in 2003 by Working Tax Credit.

81 5. HEALTH

82 5. HEALTH AND DISABILITY

5.1: Health Deprivation and Disability Rank (ID2000) • Table 8 below shows that St Andrew’s had the highest level of health deprivation and disability of all 27 wards in Colchester. • In fact, St Andrew’s had the sixth highest level of health deprivation and disability of all 284 wards in Essex. • All four of the ‘deprived’ wards ranked above all other wards in Colchester for Health Deprivation and Disability. Berechurch had the second, Harbour had third and St Anne’s had the fourth highest.

Table 8: Health Deprivation and Disability Rank (ID2000) Berechurch Harbour St Andrew’s St Anne’s England rank 2,754 2,919 1,254 3,163 (of 8,414 wards) Essex Rank 33 37 6 41 (of 284 wards) Colchester Rank 231 4 (of 27 wards) Source: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Crown Copyright, 2002

*The Health Deprivation and Disability rank was taken from the health deprivation and disability domain of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (2000). This identifies people whose quality of life is impaired by either poor health or disability. (Source: Indices of Deprivation (2000), Regeneration Research Summary, Number 31, 2000)

83 5.2: Limiting long-term illness* • Graph 42 shows that St Anne’s had the lowest proportion of people with a limiting long-term illness out Graph 42: Limiting long-term illness of the ‘deprived’ wards, at 17.5%. • The proportions of people with a limiting-term illness in 1,749 1,093 1,532 1330 1395 all four of the ‘deprived’ wards, however, were above the 20 1,477 2,000 averages for Colchester (15.9%), Essex (16.4%) and the 15 1,500 East of England (16.2%). 10 1,000 No. • Harbour had the highest level of people with a limiting 5 500 17.719.2 18.7 17.5 18.9 20.1 15.9 16.4 16.2 17.9

long-term illness out of the ‘deprived’ wards at 19.2%. (% population ) 0 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Castle Mersea Colchester Essex East England West

• Numerically, however, Harbour had the lowest level of St people with a limiting long-term illness out of the ‘deprived' wards (1,093 people), ranking just 11 out of all 27 wards. % total population Actual number • In proportional terms, West Mersea had the highest proportion of people with a limiting long-term illness of Source: Table UV22, 2001 Census, ONS. © Crown Copyright, 2002 all 27 wards in Colchester (20.1%) and Castle had the third highest (18.9%). • In numerical terms, West Mersea had the fourth highest proportion of people with a limiting long-term illness of all wards in the borough (1,395 people).

* According to the 2001 Census, a limiting long-term illness was a self assessment of whether or not a person has a limiting long-term illness, health problem or disability which limits their daily activities or the work they can do, including problems that are due to old age.

84 5.3: Health and Disability Benefits

5.3.1 Disability Living Allowance claimants • Graph 43 shows that in 2002 St Andrew’s had the Graph 43: People claiming Disbility Living Allowance highest level of Disability Living Allowance claimants of (2002) all 27 wards in Colchester. With 555 claimants, this 555 amounted to 5.9% of the population aged 0-59. 10 600 395 8 365 285 300 • St Anne’s had the smallest proportion of Disability Living 6 250 400 (%) Allowance claimants of the ‘deprived’ wards (4.2%), 4 200 (No.) although this was a little higher than the Colchester 2 4.74.4 5.9 4.2 4.6 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.9 0 0 average (3.3%). Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Mile End End Shrub Colchester East England St • Numerically, however, St Anne’s had the third highest proportion of Disability Living Allowance claimants in the borough. % in population aged 0-59 Actual number • In proportional terms, Mile End ward had the third highest proportion of Disability Living Allowance Source: Department for Work and Pensions, Information and Analysis Directorate, claimants in Colchester and ranked 6 for the actual Information Centre, August 2002. © Crown Copyright 2003. number. • In numerical terms, Shrub End ward had the third highest actual number of Disability Living Allowance claimants, but ranked just 17 out of all 27 wards for the proportion of claimants.

Disability Living Allowance is a non means tested benefit claimed by people who are under 65, with care and mobility needs. National research has shown that Disability Living Allowance is an under-claimed benefit. The figures shown could therefore underestimate the proportion of people under 65 with care and mobility needs in each ward.

85 5.3.2 Attendance Allowance Claimants • Graph 44 shows that, in 2002, the proportions of people claiming Attendance Allowance in the population aged Graph 44: People claiming Attendance Allowance 65 and above in all four of the ‘deprived’ wards were (2002) higher than the Colchester average (13.6%).

20 145 160 200 250 • Of these, St Andrew’s had the highest proportion of 165 people claiming Attendance Allowance (17.0%), ranking 15 200 150 5 of all 27 wards in the borough. 10 (%) 100 (No.) 5 50 • The proportion of people claiming Attendance Allowance 15.0 16.7 17.0 16.8 13.6 12.6 12.9 13.6 0 0 East in St Anne’s was not far below (16.8%), ranking 6 of all Berechurch Harbour Andrew's Anne's St Colchester Essex England 27 wards in Colchester. St • Numerically, St Anne’s ranked highest of all the ‘deprived’ wards and was third highest in the borough. % population aged over 65 Actual number • Berechurch had the lowest proportion of people claiming Attendance Allowance of the ‘deprived’ wards (15.0%), Source: Department for Work and Pensions, Information and Analysis Directorate, ranking 10 out of all 27 wards in the borough. Information Centre, August 2002. © Crown Copyright 2003. • Graph 45(a) overleaf shows that in proportional terms, Copford and West Stanway ward had the highest Attendance Allowance is a non means tested benefit proportion of Attendance Allowance claimants in the claimed by people, aged 65 and over, with care needs. borough (19.8%). National research has shown that Attendance Allowance is • In proportional terms, East Donyland had the second an under-claimed benefit. The figures shown could therefore highest proportion of Attendance Allowance claimants underestimate the proportion of people aged 65 and over (19.0%), Shrub End had the third highest (17.5%) and with care needs in each ward. Castle had the fourth highest (17.2%). • In numerical terms, West Mersea had the highest number of Attendance Allowance claimants (245 people), Castle had the second highest (215 people), Prettygate had the third highest (180 people) and Shrub End had the fourth highest (180 people).

86 Graph 44(a): Attendance Allowance claimants (all wards)

25.0 300

245 250 20.0 215 200 180 180 200 170 15.0 165 160 155 145 140 150 (%) 125 (No.) 110 10.0 100 100 85 85 85 100 65 60 60 55 55 60 55 5.0 40 35 50

19.819.0 17.5 17.2 17.016.8 16.7 15.415.3 15.0 13.7 13.413.2 13.2 13.1 12.9 12.6 12.4 11.911.7 11.6 10.9 10.7 10.6 10.0 9.7 8.6 0.0 0

le n h e e ay nd eet ree and sea E uay urch l tour ross tre ast nne's oods Tow er Q h ef ipt S ygat tanway C A anw y T ks Tey t ins rub End Harbour echurc M P Lexden et e C Donyl h ghw ew St Mile t C ar r LanghamSt John's W S St N er Great Tey is M P St Andrew's Hi B est hr W ivenhoeC and venho and East h W c Eight Ash Green Wi ir and West S Fordham and d B d edham or D opf C

West Bergholt an

% in population aged 65+ Number

Source: Department for Work and Pensions, Information and Analysis Directorate, Information Centre, August 2002. © Crown Copyright 2003.

87 5.4 Conceptions

5.4.1: Conceptions for females aged under 18 • Graph 45 shows that in 2000, St Andrew’s had the highest number of conceptions for females aged under Graph 45: Conceptions for females under 18 years 18 in the borough (22 conceptions). • The number of conceptions in St Andrew’s were exactly double the level in Lexden and Shrub End, the wards 50 with the next highest number of conceptions (11 40 30 conceptions). 22 20 (No.) 9 11 9 11 • It is worth noting, however, that St Andrew’s had the 10 5 6 0 largest number of people aged 15-17 out of all 27 wards Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Lexden Prettygate End Shrub

in Colchester (see Table 1, Appendix 2), which might in St part account for a higher than average level of conceptions. • Berechurch had the lowest number of conceptions out of the ‘deprived’ wards, with just 5 conceptions. Nonetheless, this is still the seventh highest number of conceptions of all the wards in Colchester. Source: Office for National Statistics © 2002 • In contrast, it is interesting that Lexden had the second highest number of conceptions in the borough since it also had a relatively small population aged 15-17, ranking just 14 out of all 27 wards.

88 5.4.2: Conceptions for females aged under 20 • Graph 46 shows that the number of conceptions in the population aged under 20 broadly tend to follow a similar Graph 46: Conceptions for females under 20 years (2000) pattern to those in the population under the age of 18. Again, Berechurch had the lowest rate for conceptions in • 50 38 this age group out of the ‘deprived’ wards. With 13 40 30 19 15 15 15 conceptions, this was the seventh highest out of all 27 20 13 (No.) 10 wards in Colchester. 0 Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's Highwoods Lexden

• St Andrew’s had the highest conception rates for St females under the age of 20 out of all the wards in Colchester (38 conceptions). • Again, Table 1 (Appendix 2) shows that St Andrew’s had the highest number of people aged 15-19 out of all wards in the borough. This might in part account for a higher than average level of conceptions in this ward. Source: Office for National Statistics © 2002 • In fact, St Andrew’s again had exactly twice as many conceptions as the ward with the next highest number. This was Harbour, with 19 conceptions. • Lexden also was again amongst those wards with the highest conception rates in this age group. At 15 conceptions, this was jointly third highest in Colchester along with Highwoods and St Anne’s. • It is interesting to note that neither Lexden nor Highwoods had particularly high numbers of people aged 15-19. Lexden ranked 14 and Highwoods ranked 11 out of all 27 wards in Colchester for the number of people in this age group.

89 5.4.3: Conception rates for females of all ages • Graph 47 shows that Harbour had the lowest number of conceptions for females of all ages out of the Graph 47: Conception for females of all ages (2000) ‘deprived’ wards, at 82, ranking eleventh of all 27 wards in Colchester. 250 216 • St Andrew’s had the highest number of conceptions for 200 144 131 146 150 122 113 women of all ages out of the ‘deprived’ wards (144 82 100 conceptions). (No.) 50 0 • However, Shrub End and New Town had higher rates Berechurch Harbour Andrew's St Anne's New Town Highwoods End Shrub for females in this age group, meaning that St St Andrew’s ranked third overall for the 27 wards in Colchester. • With 216 conceptions during 2000, Shrub End had far more conceptions overall than St Andrew’s.

Source: Office for National Statistics © 2002

90 6. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESS TO SERVICES

91 6. GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESS TO SERVICES

6.1: Geographical access to services* • Table 9 shows that, St Anne’s had the best geographical access to services of the ‘deprived’ wards, with a ranking of 23 out of all 27 wards in the borough. • Harbour had the worst geographical access to services of the ‘deprived’ wards, with a rank of 13. • Berechurch had the second worst access out of the ‘deprived’ wards, ranking 15 overall in the borough. • In fact, Berechurch, Lexden and Harbour had the worst access of all the ‘town’ wards in Colchester. • Geographical access to services is comparatively good in the ‘deprived’ wards, however, in comparison to rural wards such as Fordham, which ranked highest in Colchester.

Table 9: Geographical Access to services (ID 2000)

Berechurch Harbour St Andrew’s St Anne’s Colchester Rank 15 13 21 23 (out of 27 wards) Source: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Indices of Deprivation 2000 © Copyright, 2002

*Geographical Access to Services is one domain within the Index of Multiple deprivation (2000). This looks at access to certain services for people with a low income. The services in this indicator include access to a post office, food shops, a GP and a primary school. All 27 wards in Colchester are ranked, so that a ranking of 1 indicates that a ward has the worst geographical access to services and a ranking of 27 indicates that a ward has the best access according to this measure.

92 APPENDICES

93 APPENDIX 1

94 APPENDIX 2

Table A: Young people 15 - 17 15 - 19

Berechurch 334 561 Birch and Winstree 207 306 Castle 195 364 Christ Church 167 284 Copford and West Stanway 80 127 Dedham and Langham 80 123 East Donyland 101 155 Fordham and Stour 198 279 Great Tey 97 151 Harbour 226 337 Highwoods 223 358 Lexden 204 321 Marks Tey 101 157 Mile End 158 250 New Town 252 580 Prettygate 348 513 Pyefleet 76 128 Shrub End 333 630 St Andrew's 384 787 St Anne's 358 568 St John's 208 315 Stanway 310 464 Tiptree 284 439 West Bergholt and Eight Ash Green 185 296 West Mersea 226 332 Wivenhoe Cross 75 673 Wivenhoe Quay 175 289

N.B. At the time of producing this table it was not possible to differentiate between males and females in the data age at ward level.

95