NVIDIA Opengl Extension Specifications
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Energy-Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Energy-Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next- Generation Software-Defined and Cognitive Radios A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering by Fang-Li Yuan 2014 c Copyright by Fang-Li Yuan 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Energy-Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next- Generation Software-Defined and Cognitive Radios by Fang-Li Yuan Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Dejan Markovic,´ Chair Dedicated radio hardware is no longer promising as it was in the past. Today, the support of diverse standards dictates more flexible solutions. Software-defined radio (SDR) provides the flexibility by replacing dedicated blocks (i.e. ASICs) with more general processors to adapt to various functions, standards and even allow mutable de- sign changes. However, such replacement generally incurs significant efficiency loss in circuits, hindering its feasibility for energy-constrained devices. The capability of dy- namic and blind spectrum analysis, as featured in the cognitive radio (CR) technology, makes chip implementation even more challenging. This work discusses several design techniques to achieve near-ASIC energy effi- ciency while providing the flexibility required by software-defined and cognitive radios. The algorithm-architecture co-design is used to determine domain-specific dataflow ii structures to achieve the right balance between energy efficiency and flexibility. The flexible instruction-set-architecture (ISA), the multi-scale interconnects, and the multi- core dynamic scheduling are also proposed to reduce the energy overhead. We demon- strate these concepts on two real-time blind classification chips for CR spectrum anal- ysis, as well as a 16-core processor for baseband SDR signal processing. -
Relief Texture Mapping
Advanced Texturing Environment Mapping Environment Mapping ° reflections Environment Mapping ° orientation ° Environment Map View point Environment Mapping ° ° ° Environment Map View point Environment Mapping ° Can be an “effect” ° Usually means: “fake reflection” ° Can be a “technique” (i.e., GPU feature) ° Then it means: “2D texture indexed by a 3D orientation” ° Usually the index vector is the reflection vector ° But can be anything else that’s suitable! ° Increased importance for modern GI Environment Mapping ° Uses texture coordinate generation, multi-texturing, new texture targets… ° Main task ° Map all 3D orientations to a 2D texture ° Independent of application to reflections Sphere Cube Dual paraboloid Top top Top Left Front Right Left Front Right Back left front right Bottom Bottom Back bottom Cube Mapping ° OpenGL texture targets Top Left Front Right Back Bottom glTexImage2D( GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X , 0, GL_RGB8, w, h, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, face_px ); Cube Mapping ° Cube map accessed via vectors expressed as 3D texture coordinates (s, t, r) +t +s -r Cube Mapping ° 3D 2D projection done by hardware ° Highest magnitude component selects which cube face to use (e.g., -t) ° Divide other components by this, e.g.: s’ = s / -t r’ = r / -t ° (s’, r’) is in the range [-1, 1] ° remap to [0,1] and select a texel from selected face ° Still need to generate useful texture coordinates for reflections Cube Mapping ° Generate views of the environment ° One for each cube face ° 90° view frustum ° Use hardware render to texture -
Shippensburg University Investment Management Program
Shippensburg University Investment Management Program Hold NVIDIA Corp. (NASDAQ: NVDA) 11.03.2020 Current Price Fair Value 52 Week Range $501.36 $300 $180.68 - 589.07 Analyst: Valentina Alonso Key Stock Statistics Email: [email protected] Sector: Information Technology Revenue (TTM) $13.06B Stock Type: Large Growth Operating Margin (TTM) 28.56% Industry: Semiconductors and Semiconductors Equipment Market Cap: $309.697B Net Income (TTM) $3.39B EPS (TTM) $5.44 Operating Cash Flow (TTM) $5.58B Free Cash Flow (TTM) $3.67B Return on Assets (TTM) 11.67% Return on Equity (TTM) 27.94% P/E $92.59 Company overview P/B $22.32 Nvidia is the leading designer of graphics processing units that P/S $23.29 enhance the experience on computing platforms. The firm's chips are used in a variety of end markets, including high-end PCs for gaming, P/FCF 44.22 data centers, and automotive infotainment systems. In recent years, the firm has broadened its focus from traditional PC graphics Beta (5-Year) 1.54 applications such as gaming to more complex and favorable Dividend Yield 0.13% opportunities, including artificial intelligence and autonomous driving, which leverage the high-performance capabilities of the Projected 5 Year Growth 17.44% firm's graphics processing units. (per annum) Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................3 Company Overview ....................................................................................................................................................4 -
Manycore GPU Architectures and Programming, Part 1
Lecture 19: Manycore GPU Architectures and Programming, Part 1 Concurrent and Mul=core Programming CSE 436/536, [email protected] www.secs.oakland.edu/~yan 1 Topics (Part 2) • Parallel architectures and hardware – Parallel computer architectures – Memory hierarchy and cache coherency • Manycore GPU architectures and programming – GPUs architectures – CUDA programming – Introduc?on to offloading model in OpenMP and OpenACC • Programming on large scale systems (Chapter 6) – MPI (point to point and collec=ves) – Introduc?on to PGAS languages, UPC and Chapel • Parallel algorithms (Chapter 8,9 &10) – Dense matrix, and sorng 2 Manycore GPU Architectures and Programming: Outline • Introduc?on – GPU architectures, GPGPUs, and CUDA • GPU Execuon model • CUDA Programming model • Working with Memory in CUDA – Global memory, shared and constant memory • Streams and concurrency • CUDA instruc?on intrinsic and library • Performance, profiling, debugging, and error handling • Direc?ve-based high-level programming model – OpenACC and OpenMP 3 Computer Graphics GPU: Graphics Processing Unit 4 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Image: h[p://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/opengl/CG_BasicsTheory.html 5 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) • Enriching user visual experience • Delivering energy-efficient compung • Unlocking poten?als of complex apps • Enabling Deeper scien?fic discovery 6 What is GPU Today? • It is a processor op?mized for 2D/3D graphics, video, visual compu?ng, and display. • It is highly parallel, highly multhreaded mulprocessor op?mized for visual -
Generating Real Time Reflections by Ray Tracing Approximate Geometry
Generating Real Time Reflections by Ray Tracing Approximate Geometry Master’s thesis in Interaction Design and Technologies JOHAN FREDRIKSSON, ADAM SCOTT Department of Interaction Design and Technologies CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Master’s thesis 2016:123 Generating Real Time Reflections by Ray Tracing Approximate Geometry JOHAN FREDRIKSSON, ADAM SCOTT Department of Computer Science Division of Interaction Design and Technologies Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Generating Real Time Reflections by Ray Tracing Approximate Geometry JOHAN FREDRIKSSON, ADAM SCOTT © JOHAN FREDRIKSSON, ADAM SCOTT, 2016. Supervisor: Erik Sintorn, Computer Graphics Examiner: Staffan Björk, Interaction Design and Technologies Master’s Thesis 2016:123 Department of Computer Science Division of Interaction Design and Technologies Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Cover: BVH encapsulating approximate geometry created in the Frostbite engine. Typeset in LATEX Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 iii Generating Real Time Reflections by Ray Tracing Approximated Geometry Johan Fredriksson, Adam Scott Department of Interaction Design and Technologies Chalmers University of Technology Abstract Rendering reflections in real time is important for realistic modern games. A com- mon way to provide reflections is by using environment mapping. This method is not an accurate way to calculate reflections and it consumes a lot of memory space. We propose a method of ray tracing approximate geometry in real time. By using approximate geometry it can be kept simple and the size of the bounding volume hierarchy will have a lower memory impact. The ray tracing is performed on the GPU and the bounding volumes are pre built on the CPU using surface area heuris- tics. -
Lecture: Manycore GPU Architectures and Programming, Part 1
Lecture: Manycore GPU Architectures and Programming, Part 1 CSCE 569 Parallel Computing Department of Computer Science and Engineering Yonghong Yan [email protected] https://passlab.github.io/CSCE569/ 1 Manycore GPU Architectures and Programming: Outline • Introduction – GPU architectures, GPGPUs, and CUDA • GPU Execution model • CUDA Programming model • Working with Memory in CUDA – Global memory, shared and constant memory • Streams and concurrency • CUDA instruction intrinsic and library • Performance, profiling, debugging, and error handling • Directive-based high-level programming model – OpenACC and OpenMP 2 Computer Graphics GPU: Graphics Processing Unit 3 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Image: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/opengl/CG_BasicsTheory.html 4 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) • Enriching user visual experience • Delivering energy-efficient computing • Unlocking potentials of complex apps • Enabling Deeper scientific discovery 5 What is GPU Today? • It is a processor optimized for 2D/3D graphics, video, visual computing, and display. • It is highly parallel, highly multithreaded multiprocessor optimized for visual computing. • It provide real-time visual interaction with computed objects via graphics images, and video. • It serves as both a programmable graphics processor and a scalable parallel computing platform. – Heterogeneous systems: combine a GPU with a CPU • It is called as Many-core 6 Graphics Processing Units (GPUs): Brief History GPU Computing General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPUs) GPUs with programmable shading Nvidia GeForce GE 3 (2001) with programmable shading DirectX graphics API OpenGL graphics API Hardware-accelerated 3D graphics S3 graphics cards- single chip 2D accelerator Atari 8-bit computer IBM PC Professional Playstation text/graphics chip Graphics Controller card 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Source of information http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Processing_Unit 7 NVIDIA Products • NVIDIA Corp. -
Brno University of Technology Rendering Of
BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA INFORMAČNÍCH TECHNOLOGIÍ DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA ÚSTAV POČÍTAČOVÉ GRAFIKY A MULTIMÉDIÍ RENDERING OF NONPLANAR MIRRORS ZOBRAZOVÁNÍ POKŘIVENÝCH ZRCADEL MASTER’S THESIS DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE AUTHOR Bc. MILOSLAV ČÍŽ AUTOR PRÁCE SUPERVISOR Ing. TOMÁŠ MILET VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE BRNO 2017 Abstract This work deals with the problem of accurately rendering mirror reflections on curved surfaces in real-time. While planar mirrors do not pose a problem in this area, non-planar surfaces are nowadays rendered mostly using environment mapping, which is a method of approximating the reflections well enough for the human eye. However, this approach may not be suitable for applications such as CAD systems. Accurate mirror reflections can be rendered with ray tracing methods, but not in real-time and therefore without offering interactivity. This work examines existing approaches to the problem and proposes a new algorithm for computing accurate mirror reflections in real-time using accelerated searching for intersections with depth profile stored in cubemap textures. This algorithm has been implemented using OpenGL and tested on different platforms. Abstrakt Tato práce se zabývá problémem přesného zobrazování zrcadlových odrazů na zakřiveném povrchu v reálném čase. Zatímco planární zrcadla nepředstavují v tomto ohledu problém, zakřivené povrchy se v dnešní době zobrazují především metodou environment mapping, která aproximuje reálné odrazy a nabízí výsledky uspokojivé pro lidské oko. Tento přístup však nemusí být vhodný např. v oblasti CAD systémů. Přesných zrcadlových odrazů se dá dosáhnout pomocí metod sledování paprsku, avšak ne v reálném čase a tudíž bez možnosti interaktivity. -
Cuda-Gdb Cuda Debugger
CUDA-GDB CUDA DEBUGGER DU-05227-042 _v5.0 | October 2012 User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction.........................................................................................1 1.1 What is CUDA-GDB?...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Supported Features...................................................................................... 1 1.3 About This Document.................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2. Release Notes...................................................................................... 3 Chapter 3. Getting Started.....................................................................................6 3.1 Installation Instructions..................................................................................6 3.2 Setting Up the Debugger Environment................................................................6 3.2.1 Linux...................................................................................................6 3.2.2 Mac OS X............................................................................................. 6 3.2.3 Temporary Directory................................................................................ 7 3.3 Compiling the Application...............................................................................8 3.3.1 Debug Compilation.................................................................................. 8 3.3.2 Compiling for Fermi GPUs........................................................................ -
235-242.Pdf (449.2Kb)
Eurographics/ IEEE-VGTC Symposium on Visualization (2007) Ken Museth, Torsten Möller, and Anders Ynnerman (Editors) Hardware-accelerated Stippling of Surfaces derived from Medical Volume Data Alexandra Baer Christian Tietjen Ragnar Bade Bernhard Preim Department of Simulation and Graphics Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany {abaer|tietjen|rbade|preim}@isg.cs.uni-magdeburg.de Abstract We present a fast hardware-accelerated stippling method which does not require any preprocessing for placing points on surfaces. The surfaces are automatically parameterized in order to apply stippling textures without ma- jor distortions. The mapping process is guided by a decomposition of the space in cubes. Seamless scaling with a constant density of points is realized by subdividing and summarizing cubes. Our mip-map technique enables ar- bitrarily scaling with one texture. Different shading tones and scales are facilitated by adhering to the constraints of tonal art maps. With our stippling technique, it is feasible to encode all scaling and brightness levels within one self-similar texture. Our method is applied to surfaces extracted from (segmented) medical volume data. The speed of the stippling process enables stippling for several complex objects simultaneously. We consider applica- tion scenarios in intervention planning (neck and liver surgery planning). In these scenarios, object recognition (shape perception) is supported by adding stippling to semi-transparently shaded objects which are displayed as context information. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism -Color, shading, shadowing, and texture 1. Introduction from breathing, pulsation or patient movement. Without a well-defined curvature field, hatching may be misleading by The effective visualization of complex anatomic surfaces is a emphasizing erroneous features of the surfaces. -
GPU Architecture:Architecture: Implicationsimplications && Trendstrends
GPUGPU Architecture:Architecture: ImplicationsImplications && TrendsTrends DavidDavid Luebke,Luebke, NVIDIANVIDIA ResearchResearch Beyond Programmable Shading: In Action GraphicsGraphics inin aa NutshellNutshell • Make great images – intricate shapes – complex optical effects – seamless motion • Make them fast – invent clever techniques – use every trick imaginable – build monster hardware Eugene d’Eon, David Luebke, Eric Enderton In Proc. EGSR 2007 and GPU Gems 3 …… oror wewe couldcould justjust dodo itit byby handhand Perspective study of a chalice Paolo Uccello, circa 1450 Beyond Programmable Shading: In Action GPU Evolution - Hardware 1995 1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006-2007 NV1 GeForce 256 GeForce4 GeForce FX GeForce 6 GeForce 7 GeForce 8 1 Million 22 Million 63 Million 130 Million 222 Million 302 Million 754 Million Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors Transistors 20082008 GeForceGeForce GTX GTX 200200 1.41.4 BillionBillion TransistorsTransistors Beyond Programmable Shading: In Action GPUGPU EvolutionEvolution -- ProgrammabilityProgrammability ? Future: CUDA, DX11 Compute, OpenCL CUDA (PhysX, RT, AFSM...) 2008 - Backbreaker DX10 Geo Shaders 2007 - Crysis DX9 Prog Shaders 2004 – Far Cry DX7 HW T&L DX8 Pixel Shaders 1999 – Test Drive 6 2001 – Ballistics TheThe GraphicsGraphics PipelinePipeline Vertex Transform & Lighting Triangle Setup & Rasterization Texturing & Pixel Shading Depth Test & Blending Framebuffer Beyond Programmable Shading: In Action TheThe GraphicsGraphics PipelinePipeline Vertex Transform -
2.5D 3D Axis-Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) Albedo Alpha Blending
This page is dedicated to describing the commonly used terms when working with CRYENGINE V. As a use case, you may find yourself asking questions like "What is a Brush", "What is a Component", or Overview | Sections | # | A | B | C | D | E "What is POM?", this page will highlight and provide descriptions for those types of questions and more. | F | G | H | I | J | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R Once you have an understanding of what each term means, links are provided for more documentation | S | T | V | Y | Z and guidance on working with them. 2.5D Used to describe raycasting engines, such as Doom or Duke Nukem. The maps are generally drawn as 2D bitmaps with height properties but when rendered gives the appearance of being 3D. 3D Refers to the ability to move in the X, Y and Z axis and also rotate around the X, Y, and Z axes. Axis-aligned Bounding Box A form of a bounding box where the box is aligned to the axis therefore only two points in space are (AABB) needed to define it. AABB’s are much faster to use, and take up less memory, but are very limited in the sense that they can only be aligned to the axis. Albedo An albedo is a physical measure of a material’s reflectivity, generally across the visible spectrum of light. An albedo texture simulates a surface albedo as opposed to explicitly defining a colour for it. Alpha Blending Assigning varying levels of translucency to graphical objects, allowing the creation of things such as glass, fog, and ghosts. -
Real-Time Recursive Specular Reflections on Planar and Curved Surfaces Using Graphics Hardware
REAL-TIME RECURSIVE SPECULAR REFLECTIONS ON PLANAR AND CURVED SURFACES USING GRAPHICS HARDWARE Kasper Høy Nielsen Niels Jørgen Christensen Informatics and Mathematical Modelling The Technical University of Denmark DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark {khn,njc}@imm.dtu.dk ABSTRACT Real-time rendering of recursive reflections have previously been done using different techniques. How- ever, a fast unified approach for capturing recursive reflections on both planar and curved surfaces, as well as glossy reflections and interreflections between such primitives, have not been described. This paper describes a framework for efficient simulation of recursive specular reflections in scenes containing both planar and curved surfaces. We describe and compare two methods that utilize texture mapping and en- vironment mapping, while having reasonable memory requirements. The methods are texture-based to allow for the simulation of glossy reflections using image-filtering. We show that the methods can render recursive reflections in static and dynamic scenes in real-time on current consumer graphics hardware. The methods make it possible to obtain a realism close to ray traced images at interactive frame rates. Keywords: Real-time rendering, recursive specular reflections, texture, environment mapping. 1 INTRODUCTION mapped surface sees the exact same surroundings re- gardless of its position. Static precalculated environ- Mirror-like reflections are known from ray tracing, ment maps can be used to create the notion of reflec- where shiny objects seem to reflect the surrounding tion on shiny objects. However, for modelling reflec- environment. Rays are continuously traced through tions similar to ray tracing, reflections should capture the scene by following reflected rays recursively un- the actual synthetic environment as accurately as pos- til a certain depth is reached, thereby capturing both sible, while still being feasible for interactive render- reflections and interreflections.